1. Communication
The brain:

2. ”…….a man shal more profite, in one wike, by
figures and chartis, well and properly made, than he
shall by only reding or herying the rules of that
science by the space of half a yer at the lest…….”
Thomas Elyot (1531)

3. Robinson og Petcheniks model
U
A
M3
M2
M1
A = World of the cartographer
B = World of the map reader
M1 = Map reader already knows
M2 = Information apprehended by B
M3 = Information missed by B
B
U = Indirectly expanded
knowledge of geographic
content
(Induction)

4. Colour theory



Physical
Physiological
Psychological

5. Art or ……?

6. Visible light
Visible light have wave length between 380 and
740 nm (nanometre 10-9 m)
6

7. Historic primary colours
Primary colours
Secondary
colours
Yellow
Green
Orange
Red
Violet
Blue
Tertiary colours
Yellow
Orange
Red
Violet
Blue
Green
7

8. 8

12. Modern colour combination
12

13. Additiv
mixture of colours
TV screen an
example.
Mixture of red,
green and blue
pixels
Colour depend
strength of each
Of the pixels

14. Subtraktive colour mixture
CMYK



C (Cyan) - M (Magenta) - Y(Yellow) - K (key - black pigment)
K – amount of black
Print
14

15. Graphic print
15

16. Visible light
Visible on screen (RGB)
Visible on print (CMYK)
16

17. Hue

Hue is varioation in wave
length
17

18. Value

The colours location in a
greyscale
18

19. Saturation

The purity of a colour
Low saturation at left – high saturation at right
19

20. Eye
What you see
depends on
who you are!
20

21. Eye
21

22. Distribution of sencory cells

23. Different kinds of cones

24. Colour-blindness
Normally sight
Red - Green
Blue - Yellow

25. Colour-blindness
8% of all men, 0.5% of all
women
Congenital or as result of illness

26. Colour-blindness

27. Ishihara-test

28. Neighbour colours are important?

29. Colour contrasts

30. Lesbarhet
Red text on blue
background is difficult
for the eye
(big difference in refraction index)

31. Svart mot gult
Skandinaviska
Färginstituttet,
Johansson 2002
Hvit mot rødaktig blå
93,1 %
Svart mot hvit
88,6 %
Blått mot gult
Readability
94,2 %
83,2 %
Rødt mot gult
79,5 %
Rødt mot grønt
66,9 %
Blått mot rødt
65,8 %
Blått mot grønt
55,4 %
Svart mot rødt
49,9 %
Mørkegrått mot rødt
48,1 %
Hvit mot gul
46,8 %
Grått mot grønt
Grått mot blått
Lys grå mot gul
44,0 %
43,2 %
42,5 %

32. Psycology and colours

33. Blue

Blue and purple is a colour for kings
Blue water and sky
Blue is the coldest colour
Blue is symbolizing cleanness
The colour of poetry
Blue is sadness and blues
Symbolizes piece

Uncertainty

Blue-eyed, naïve

Conservative politics







34. Grønt
 Comforting effect
 Growth and fertility
 Spring and hope
 Green - go (drive) here
 Greenhorn – rookie - unexperienced
 Jealousi
 Environment
 Freedom – green stripe in Italian flag
34

35. Kalde og varme farger
35

36. Red








Revolution
Love
Blood – rudhira (Sanskrit for
blood)
First colour a baby can
perceive
Stressful – influence on
people’s blood preasure
Anger
Girl
Danger

37. Colour
association
37

38. Complimentary colours



Diametrally location in
colour circle
Greatest contrast
Harmonic
38

48. Avoid yellow on white background

49. Avoid saturated colours
on large areas

50. Grey background is good!

51. Avoid restless line patterns

52. Equidistant grey scale

53. 5%
10%
15%
85%
90%
95%

54. Øyebevegelser

56. Optical illusions

59. Kva er figuren?

60. Which is the dominating figure?

62. Poggendorf’s illusion
Po
62

63. 63

64. Gestalt rules - continuation
64

65. 65

68. Lengd på linjer

69. Lengd på linjer

71. Adelson’s illusjon - Kontraster

72. … a small
test

73. PARIS
IN THE
THE SPRING

74. Two ladies?

75. Bird or fish?

77. Kva dyr er dette?

79. Visual variables and theire qualities
Localization
Size
Value
Texture
Colour
Direction
Shape

80. Godstrafikk med jernbane
Breddeproporsjonalt band

81. Grafisk
variabel
farge

82. Dynamic maps

83. Dynamic variables and their
properties

84. Example on dynamic maps

History of religion

Hurricane – New Orleans

85. Convey time in a dynamic map

86. Typical: text string

87. Visual variables for presenting
time


Order - ordering variables (location, size, value ..)
The visual variable showing time has to be different from
the visual variable for the main phenomenon.

88. How can we perceive the
«time variable»



Focus on main phenomenon – time comprehended by the
periheral-sight
Peripheral-sight is sensitive for value, less sensitive for
colours
Minimizing the eye movement between the main
phenomenon and the time variable

89. Visualization of time - examples

Time illustrated by a linear animation

Time illustrated by a cirkular animation

Time illustrated by a text

Other animations of time

90. Activating legend







Symbols in the legend are interactive
A ghost image of the symbol is “draggable”
The “ghost symbol” can be compared to the animated
symbol in the map
A growing bar is indicating time
When the “ghost symbol” overlap the map symbol more
information is showed in the time bar
For example indication if the animated symbol is larger
or less then the corresponding symbol in the legend
Example

91. Animated legend





For the closer study of selected sites in an animated
map. Selection of site by draggable arrow.
Ghost of animated symbol is showed in legend
Size of ghost symbol corresponds to size of animated
map symbol
Position of ghost symbol is also adapted to the
legend
Example

92. Animated legend with tracking



To better study the variation in the animated
map symbol over a certain period of time
The variation is represented by a curve in the
time-indicator
Example 1
Example 2

93. Multiple tracks




To compare animated symbols in different
sites
Choice of sites by arrows
Colour-code on the different sites
Example

94. Combination of time bar and legend



Colours from the choropleth map in the time
indicator
Tracks/curves are indicating the history of the
situation in the area
Example

95. Animations
– static information


”Theme wheel”
”Rehabilitation of pie-chart”

96. Thank you !