Social security

By:
-Vishnu Das
Govt. Medical college
JAGDALPUR.

Definition:
According to I.L.O, “Social security is the protection which
society provides for its members through a series of public
measure, against the economic and social distress that
otherwise would be caused by the substantial stoppage of
earning resulting from :-
sickness
 maternity
injury
unemployment
old age and
death.

Purpose of social security
 To give individuals and families the confidence that their level of
living and quality of life will not erode by social or economic
eventuality.
 To provide medical care and income security against the
consequences of defined contingencies
To facilitate the victims physical and vocational rehabilitation
To prevent or reduce ill health and accidents in the occupations
To protect against unemployment by maintenance and promotion
of job creation
To provide benefit for the maintenance of any children.

Objectives:
COMPENSATION
RESTORATION
PREVENTION

Approaches:
Social assistance:
 A method to provide benefits as of right to persons,
usually of small means in amounts sufficient to meet a
minimum standards of living from general revenues of
the state.
 Characteristics feature of this is the beneficiaries do not
make any contribution towards various benefits which
are made available to them.
 It is a “Non-contributory benefits” towards the
maintenance of vulnerable groups such as children,
mothers, aged peoples, disabled etc.

Social Insurance
•A method to provide benefits as a matter of right for
persons of small earnings, in amounts which combine
the contributions of the beneficiaries with subsidies
from the employer and the state
•Characteristics feature of this is the beneficiaries,
employers and the Government make contributions to-wards
the creation of common pool, out of which benefits
are paid to the members in the event of any contingencies.
•Suitable where the class of workers to be covered is
sufficiently well organized, legally regulated and
financially stable.

Social Assistance :
A method to provide benefits
as of right to persons usually of
small means in amounts
sufficient to meet a minimum
standards of living from
general revenues of the state.
Non contributory
Social insurance :
A method to provide benefits as a
matter of right for persons of small
earnings, in amounts which
combine the contributions of the
beneficiaries with subsidies from
the employer and the state.
Contributory

Cannot be claimed as a
matter of right (Provided)
Can be claimed as a matter
of right
For the vulnerable groups
of the community
(children, mothers,
invalids, aged people,
disabled)
For the well-organized,
legally regulated, financially
stable community.

Contingencies of Social Security:
Medical Care
Sickness Benefit
Unemployment Benefit
Old Age Benefit
Employment Injury
Benefit
Family Benefit
Maternity Benefit

History of social security
Δ. FIRST PHASE:
A study on social security (ILO 1984) describes three
stages in its modern evolution according to this view, the
initial response was “paternalistic private charity and
poor relief was provided to the indigent”, but harsh
conditions and stigma made this form of provision
politically unacceptable
ΔSECOND PHASE::
As a reaction of first phase , in the second phase
insurance schemes were developed based on
compulsory premium that entitled the participants to
pensions and sick pays.

In time these programs were expended to include
wider coverage and contingencies
Δ .THIRD PHASE:
In this phase the concept of “prevention and
universality “were introduced with the aim of
maintaining and enhancing the quality of life.
(REFERENCE FROM:ILO 1984,p. 17)

Social Security Schemes in
India:
Preventive Schemes
Promotional Schemes
Protective Schemes

PREVENTIVE SCHEMES
Preventive Schemes are the Schemes aimed at
risk prevention. In the strategy of social
management of risks, preventive approach
tries to prevent poverty and helps people
under below poverty line to come above
poverty line. Preventive health care,
vaccinations against diseases forms part of
the preventive strategies. Majority of the
schemes are of social assistance in nature.

Promotional Schemes
Promotional social security schemes are mainly of Social
Assistance type, where to guarantee minimum standards of
living to vulnerable groups of population, the
Governments at the State and Center draft schemes
financed from the general revenues of the Government.
These are the strategies of risk mitigation. These
guarantee:
Food and Nutritional Security
Employment security
Health Security
Education Security
Women Security

Examples of schemes in the Promotional Social
Security
Food for work
Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
Antyodaya
Rural Landless Labourers Employment Guarantee
Schemes
Programmes of Integrated Rural Development Project
Sakshara Bharath
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
Public Distribution System
Reservations for the disabled in services
Special educational institutions for the disabled
persons etc.

Protective Social Security Programmes
The protective social security programmes help the poor in
removing/reducing contingent poverty. In India, the
protective social security programmes have been designed
to address the contingent poverty or the contingencies
defined by the ILO.
Old-age income needs
Survival benefits
Medical need of insured families
Widow and children/dependant economic needs
Maternity benefits
Compensation for loss of employment and
Work injury benefits

schemes for
working class in
the
“organized
sector “

 Employee’s State Insurance (ESI) Act
1948
 Employee’s Provident Fund (EPF) Act
1952
Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923
Maternity Benefit Act 1961
Payment of Gratuity Act 1972

1. Employees’ State Insurance (ESI)
Beneficiaries:
 Small factories employing 10 or more employees
whether power is used in the process of manufacture or
not.
 Shops
 Hotel and restaurants
 Cinema halls and theatres
 Road motor transport establishments
 Newspaper establishments
 And some private medical and educational institutions
employing 20 or more persons in some state.
 This act covers all employees –manual ,clerical
,supervisory and technical getting up to Rs.15,000 per
month or above.

Administration:
Administration of ESI scheme is entrusted under an
autonomous body called “ESI COOPERATION”.
 Headed by union minister for labour.
 Consists of members representing central and state
government, employers and employees organizations,
medical professionals and parliament.

Contribution :
- Employees : 1.75% of wages.
-Employers : 4.75% of total wage bill.
*employees getting wages below Rs. 70/day*, are exempted
from payment of contributions.
Benefits:
- Full and comprehensive healthcare and medical
benefits for insured workers and their families.
- Payment of the full average wage for 12 weeks for
confinement /miscarriage, or sickness arising out of
pregnancy.
- Payment of funeral expenses in cash on death of
insured person (not exceeding Rs.5000)

 In case of death as a result of employment injury ,the
dependents of the insured person are eligible for periodical
payments. Pensions @ 70 % of the wages is payable
 Cash payment ,besides free medical treatment ,in the event
of temporary or permanent disablement as a result of
employment or occupational diseases.(@ 70% of wages)
 Sickness benefits ,maximum payable up to 91 days, in any
continuous period of 365 days, the daily rate being about
50% of daily wages.

*Extended sickness benefits:
 In addition to 91 days of sickness benefits ,insured
persons suffering from certain long term diseases are
entitled to extent the sickness benefit for a maximum
period of 2 years .
 34 such extended sickness benefit diseases are payable
like:
Infectious diseases
Neoplasm
Endocrine disorders
Disorders of nervous system
Disorders of cardiovascular system etc.

The extensive coverage of the scheme:
- 6.79 million workers (2.2% of Indian workers) in
170,000 companies/ organizations.
- 30 million persons (less than 3% of the total
population) as included family members
- Maharashtra, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh in the
highest numbers of insured persons reaching over 1
million.

•Comprehensive medical care
- one-eighth of costs provided through the respective
states
- cash benefits (reimbursements) are administered by
the ESI corporation:
1. - through the scheme’s own, hospitals and
dispensaries
2. - through reservation of beds in other hospitals
3. - staffed by competent professionals
4. - appreciated by non-regular workers such as causal
& contract workers

 Limitation and difficulties
- level and quality of medical care
- the dual administrative control of the state
government and corporation
- lack of good healthcare infrastructure
- lower enrolment (150,000 additional workers
per year) but higher requirement of setting up
new infrastructure

Rajiv Gandhi shramik kalyan
yojana:
 ESI cooperation has launched a new yojana for
workers/ employees covered under ESI scheme.
 Unemployment allowance for those who where
rendered unemployed involuntary due to
reattachment or closure of factory or establishment.
 Criteria: the employee must have contributed under
the scheme for at least five years .
 Benefit: allowance for 6 months in the form of
complete payment.

2.Employees’ Provident Fund
(EPF):
-
 Provident fund is a scheme by the Government of
India by which:
* A fixed percentage is deducted from the persons
salary and
* A fixed percentage added by the
company /establishment.
This amount is kept in an account, which
accumulates and is then received back after
retirement.

 a family pension and a deposit-linked insurance
 retirement pension benefits to the workers and his/her
family
 survival benefits in case of death during service [a
maximum of Rs.25,000 is paid]
 covering companies employing over 20 workers

 the minimum service for eligibility is 10 years and
pensionable service of 33 years [50% of the last wages
are paid]
 permitting withdrawal for purposes of life insurance
policies, house building, medical treatment, marriage,
higher education, etc

 Coverage
- approx 20 million workers (6.4% of the working
population) in about 2,64,000 establishments are
enrolled by the different employment sector:
• 51% of enrollees in the manufacturing industries
• over 20% of enrollees in the mining and quarrying
• 5.7% of subscribers in agricultural and allied fields
• 10.4% of subscribers in the unorganised sector
- 42% of the total membership are in the three states of
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal

 The existing provisions of Defined Benefit
Pension and GPF would not be available to the
new recruits in the central Government service,
i.e. to the Government servants joining
Government service on or after 1-1-2004.
( from the official site for :ministry of labour)

3.Workmen’s Compensation
 Scheme
- covering workers in factories, mines, plantations,
railways, and other scheduled employments
- providing compensation to workmen or their survivors
in case of injuries, death, and occupational diseases
sustained during employment service
- the compensation amounts is paid to workers
according to the damage :

 In case of death :40% of monthly wage ,multiplied by
relevant factor or Rs. 20,000; whichever is more.
 In case of total permanent disablement :50% of monthly
wages or Rs.24,000; whichever is more.
 In case of partial disablement the compensation is a % of
that payable in the case of total permanent disablement
and is determined by a qualified medical practitioner.
 In case of temporary disablement 25% of the wages can be
paid half a monthly.

LIST OF INJURIES DEEMED TO RESULT IN PERMANENT TOTAL
DISABLEMENT
Description of Injury
Percentage of loss of
earning
1.Loss of both hands or amputation at higher
sites
 2. Loss of a hand and a foot
 3. Double amputation through leg or thigh, or
amputation
through leg or thigh on one side and loss of
other foot
 4. Loss of sight to such an extent as to render
the claimant
unable to perform any work for which eye-sight
is essential.
 5. Very severe facial disfigurement
 6. Absolute deafness
 100%

LIST OF INJURIES DEEMED TO RESULT IN PERMANENT PARTIAL
DISABLEMENT
Description of Injury
Percentage of loss
of earning
 Amputation through shoulder joint
 Amputation below shoulder with stump
less than [20.32 Cms.] from tip of
acromion
 Amputation form [20.32 Cms.] from tip
of acromion to less than [11.43 Cms.]
below tip of olecranon
 Loss of a hand or of the thumb and four
fingers of one hand or amputation
from[11.43 Cms.] below tip of colcannon
 Loss of thumb
 90
 80
 70
 60
 30

4. Payment of Gratuity
-Gratuity is a lump sum amount that your employer
pays you when you retire or resign from the
organization. An Employee does not contribute any
portion of his salary towards this amount.
-Applicable to various establishments employing over
10 workers
-Eligible to those who have paid a minimum
continuous service of 5 years.

Formula Used :
Gratuity Calculation
In India =
[ (Basic Pay + D.A) x 15 days x No. of years of service ]
26
 Where, D.A = Dearness Allowance.

5. Maternity Benefit
 Scheme
- providing payment of wages for up to 12 weeks for full-time
- (ie,6 weeks prior the date of delivery and 6 weeks after)
- covers o.5% of women workers nationwide.
- some states have introduced special schemes for
extending maternity benefit to landless agricultural
workers.

 In case of miscarriage or MTP on production of proof ,
a woman is entitled to leave with wages for a period of
6 weeks immediately after the day of miscarriage or
abortion.
 Provision of leave with wages for tubectomy operation
for a period of 2 weeks .
 In case of any diseases or any complication arising out
of pregnancy , the lady is allowed to take leave with
full wages for 1 month ,provided she submits proper
documents related.

Some other benefits:
Central Government Health Scheme
(CGHS)
 Established on 1-7-1954 with the objectives of providing
comprehensive medical care facilities to the central
Government employees and their family members and to
avoid cumbersome system of medical reimbursement
 Facilities provided under CGHS through: Dispensaries, poly
clinics and Government / recognized hospitals.

National Social Assistance Programme
 National Old Age Pension Scheme
since 1995
 National Maternity Benefit Scheme
since 1996
 National Family Benefit Scheme

1.National Old Age Pension
Scheme
- Granting monthly pensions to the aged over
65 years, those without subsistence income
or family support.
- paid by the central government under the
NSAP (national social assistance
progamme)Pension amount
The pension amount, as of Union Budget
2012-13 is Rs.200 per month per person
from 60 – 79 years and Rs.500 per month
per person for those 80 years and above and
states are supposed to contribute an equal
amount to the scheme.

- -widows are entitled to a pension for one year; during
the period, skill development for self-employment is
encouraged
- physically disabled are eligible for the monthly pension
if above the age of 45 years, along with receiving free
education, lodging, and boarding facilities in state-run
institutions

 Limitations
- the amount of pension is considered too low to
ensure the minimum subsistence level
- the number of beneficiaries is restricted by state
budgetary limitations and central guidelines

Name of the State
Current amount of pension
(Rs per month)
 Andhra Pradesh
 Arunachal Pradesh
 Assam *
 Bihar
 Gujarat
 Haryana
 Himachal Pradesh
 Jammu & Kashmir
 Karnataka
 Kerala
 Madhya Pradesh
 Maharashtra
 Mizoram
 Orissa
 Punjab
 75
 150
 60*
 100
 200
 100
 125
 100
 110
 150
 100
 100
 100
 200

 Tamil Nadu
 Uttar Pradesh
 Chhattisgarh
 West Bengal **
 Chandigarh
 Delhi
 150
 125
 200
 300**
 200
 200

2.National Maternity
Benefit Scheme
- women in all households below the poverty line are
eligible for maternity benefits, cashing an amount of
Rs.500 for the first and second deliveries respectively
- Stipulating a minimum age of 19 years [around 3% of
babies born of girls aged between 15-19 years]
- the maternity assistance amount in Chhattisgarh is
Rs.500 & in Andhra Pradesh is Rs.900, payable in four
installments,

3.National Family Benefit Scheme
Funding Pattern : 100% funded by the Central
government
- given in the form of lump sum family benefit for
households below the poverty line on the death of the
primary breadwinner in the bereaved family. The
amount of benefit is Rs.10000/- in case of death of
primary breadwinner due to natural or accidental
causes.

Social insurance schemes:
Government Sponsored Socially Oriented Insurance
Schemes
 Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana(AABY)
 Janashree Bima Yojana
 Shiksha Sahayog Yojana (SSY)
 Micro-Insurance Products
 Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)
 Universal Health Insurance Scheme (UHIS)
 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)
 Pilot Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme
(MNAIS)
 Pilot Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)

Shiksha Sahayog Yojana (SSY)
 The scheme was launched on 31st December, 2001.
 Scholarship as a free add-on benefit is provided under both
Janashree Bima Yojana and Aam Admi Bima Yojana to
maximum of two children of the beneficiary studying
between 9th to 12th standard (including ITI courses) @ Rs.
100 per month for each child payable half yearly on 1st July
and 1st January, every year.
 The benefit is without any additional premium.
 Fund has been set up by Govt. of India called "Aam Admi
Bima Yojana Scholarship Fund. Fund is maintained by LIC
of India.

Micro-Insurance Products
 JeevanMadhur" a simple savings related life insurance plan for
low income persons was launched in 2006. On surviving to the
date of maturity, sum assured is paid alongwith vested bonus if
any.
 On death of the policy holder, death benefit amount equal to the
total premiums payable during the entire term of the policy will
be paid alongwith vested bonus if any.
 JeevanMangal", LIC's second Micro Insurance product, was
launched in 2009. It is a term insurance plan with return of
premiums paid on maturity, provided the policy is in force. On
death during the term of the policy, the sum assured under the
basic plan is payable, provided the policy is in force.

Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)
 VPBY meant for senior citizens aged 55 years and
above was launched on 14.7.2003. Under the scheme
the pensioner gets an effective yield of 9% per annum
on the investment.

Universal Health Insurance Scheme
(UHIS)
 The four public sector general insurance companies have
been implementing Universal Health Insurance Scheme for
improving the access of health care to poor families.
 provides for reimbursement of medical expenses upto
Rs.30,000/- towards hospitalization floated amongst the
entire family, death cover due to an accident @ Rs.25,000/-
to the earning head of the family.
 compensation due to loss of earning of the earning
member @ Rs.50/- per day upto maximum of 15 days

 The premium subsidy has been enhanced from Rs.100
to Rs.200 for an individual, Rs.300 for a family of five
and Rs.400 for a family of seven, without any reduction
in benefits.

National Agricultural Insurance Schème
(NAIS)
 The Government of India introduced the scheme from Rabi
1999-2000 season to protect the farmers against losses suffered
by them due to crop failure on account of natural calamities.
 implemented by Agriculture Insurance Company of India
(AICIL). The scheme is available to all the farmers, loanee and
non-loanee, irrespective of size of their holding.
 covers all food crops (cereals, millets and pulses) and oil seeds
and Annual commercial/ horticultural crops
 10% subsidy on premium is available to small & marginal
farmers. NAIS is presently being implemented in 24 States and 2
Union Territories except in States of Punjab & Arunachal
Pradesh.

unorganised sector
organised sector

Unorganised sector worker:
 Means a person who works for wages or income:
directly or through an agency or contractor; or who
works on his own/her own account or is self employed
; in any place of work including his/her home ,field or
any public space and who is not availing the benefits
under ESIC ACT and P.F ACT

 Parliament of India has enacted “unorganised sector
workers social security act 2005”.
 National social security board for unorganised sector
have been constituted by the central government to
exercise the powers confined on and to perform the
functions assigned to. Headed by union minister for
lab our and employment.

Programmes:
 Indira gandhi national old age pension scheme
 National family benefit scheme.
 Jannani suraksha yojana
 Handloom weavers comprehensive welfare scheme.
 Handicraft artisans comprehensive welfare scheme.
 Pension to master craft persons
 National scheme for welfare of fisherman and training and
extension
 Janshree bima yojana
 Aam aadmi bima yojana.
 Rashtriya swastiya bima yojana.

Janani suraksha yojana
 It was launched on 12th April 2005.
 Objectives of this scheme were reducing maternal mortality and
infant mortality through encour-aging delivery at health institu-tions
& focusing at institutional care among women in below
pov-erty line families.
 100 percent centrally spon-sored scheme & it integrates the
benefit of cash assistance with in-stitutional care during ante
natal, natal and immediate post-partum care.

Handlooms Weavers
Comprehensive Welfare Scheme
 Sponsored by : Both Central & State Government.
 The Health Insurance Scheme aims at financially
enabling the weaver community to access the best of
healthcare facilities in the country. The scheme is to
cover not only the weaver but his wife and children, to
cover all pre-existing diseases as well as new diseases .
The ancillary Handlooms workers like those engaged
in warping, winding, dyeing, printing, finishing, sizing,
Jhala making, Jacquard cutting etc. are also eligible to
be covered.

Handicraft artisans' comprehensive
welfare scheme
 Aims at financially enabling the artisans’ community to
access to the best of healthcare facilities in the
country. This scheme covers not only the artisans but his
wife and children .
 ELIGIBILITY TO GET THE COVERAGE
All Craft persons whether male or female, between the age
group of one day to 80 years will be eligible.


 FUNDING PATTERN
i. Contribution by the Govt. of India :
Rs.697/- or Rs. 797/- per annum
ii. Contribution by the handicrafts artisans :
Rs.200/- or Rs. 100/-per annum
Total premium :
Rs. 897/- per annum

Pension to master craft persons
 Development Commissioner (Handicrafts) extends
financial assistance to senior master craft persons
above 60 years of age who are recipients of National
Awards/ National Merit Certificate or State Awards in
Handicrafts.
 This provision helps the old artisans to survive with
the pension benefit and be able to disseminate their
knowledge to the younger generation.
 Also, this encourages new young artisans to practice
handicrafts and devote their fulltime with an assurance
of pensionary benefit.

National scheme on welfare of
fishermen
 Centrally Sponsored Scheme
*objective of the scheme are:
a)to provide basic amenities like housing, drinking water,
community hall etc. for fishers
b)to facilitate better living standards for fishers and their
families
c)to uplift social and economic securities for active fishers
and their dependents and
d)to update knowledge and improving skills of fishers in
regard to modern fishing technology.

 Scheme is operated with the following four components:
1) Development of Model Fishermen Villages
2) Group Accident Insurance for ActiveFishermen
3) Saving-cum-Relief; and
4) Training & Extention.
Funding pattern:
In case of 1st three component of Schemethe assistance is shared on 50:50
basis by the Government of India and State Government and in case of
UT Admn., 100% Assistance is born by the Government of India.
In case of North Eastern States, the assistance is shared on 75:25 basis
between the Government of India and the State Government.
The assistance for Training & Extension is shared on 80:20 basis by the
Government of India and the State Government and in case of UT
Administrations/ FISHCOPFED 100% assistance is given by the
Government of India.

Janashree Bima Yojana
 The objective of the scheme is to provide life insurance protection
to the rural and urban poor persons below poverty line and
marginally above the poverty line.
 ELIGIBILITY:
A person who is
*Aged between 18 and 59 years.
*Below or marginally above poverty line
*A member of any of the approved vocation/occupation groups

 NODAL AGENCY:
A State Government Department which is concerned with the
welfare of any such vocation/occupation group, a Welfare Fund/
Society, Village Panchayat,NGO,Self-Help Group,etc.
 COVERAGE:
-45 occupational groups have been covered under this scheme.
-It includes beediworkers, carpenters, cobblers, fishermen, weavers, persons
with disability employed in different sectors, sweepers, drivers, anganwadi
teachers and members of self-help groups would be extended the insurance
benefits under the scheme.
 Besides providing a life cover of Rs. 30,000 for natural death, Rs. 75,000
amount would be paid to the family in case of death due to accidents.

Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana
 Ministry of Finance, Government of India has approved the
merger of Social Security Schemes viz., Aam Admi Bima
Yojana (AABY) and Janashree Bima Yojana (JBY).
 The merged scheme is renamed “Aam Admi Bima Yojana”
and has come into effect from 01.01.2013.
 Eligibility criteria :
i).The members should be aged between 18 years completed and 59
years nearer birthday.
ii) The member should normally be the head of the family or one
earning member of the below poverty line family (BPL) or
marginally above the poverty line under identified vocational
group/rural landless household.

 Nodal agency : In the case of “Rural Households”, the nodal
agency will mean the State Government/Union Territory
appointed to administer the Scheme.
Premium:
The premium to be charged initially under the scheme will be
Rs.200/- per annum per member for a cover of Rs.30,000/-, out of
which 50% will be subsidized from the Social Security Fund .
In case of Rural Landless Household (RLH) remaining 50 %
premium shall be borne by the State Government/ Union
Territory and in case of other occupational group the remaining
50% premium shall be borne by the Nodal Agency and/or Member
and/or State Government/ Union Territory

Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana
 government-run health insurance scheme for
the Indian poor. It provides for cashless insurance for
hospitalization in public as well private hospitals. The
scheme started enrolling on April 1, 2008 and has been
implemented in 25 states of India.
 project under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
 Every "below poverty line" (BPL) family holding a
yellow ration card pays Rs. 30 registration fee to get
a biometric-enabled smart card containing their
fingerprints and photographs. This enables them to receive
inpatient medical care of up to Rs.30,000 per family per
year in any of the empanelled hospitals

 the scheme has won plaudits from theWorld Bank,
the UN and the ILO as one of the world's best health
insurance schemes. Germany has shown interest in
adopting the smart card based model for revamping
its own social security system, the oldest in the world,
by replacing its current, expensive, system of voucher
based benefits for 2.5 million children.

RATION CARD
 Ration Cards play a vital role in India for Public
Distribution System. Depending on the economic
condition, people can purchase essential things such
as kerosene, sugar and food grains on low cost if they
are carrying any of these cards.

 Below Poverty Line (BPL) Cards:
 Indian Government has introduced BPL Card in order
to provide alleviation for poor people in which only
poor people of the society are eligible for this type of
cards. These people can be bifurcated on daily
livelihood such as flower sellers, card pullers, rickshaw
pullers, black smith, collies, porters etc. These people
are identified by the government employees of the
department and then BPL Card is issued with the
support of Food and Supplies Department.
 In order to get this card, a person has to submit an
application form which has to be duly attested by the
Village Sarpanch or by Municipal Councilor, two group
family photographs (passport size) and finally an
affidavit which has to be duly specified.

 Antyodaya Ration Cards
 Antyodaya Rations Cards are for the families which are
the poorest in India and having income which is below
Rs.250/- (i.e. per capita per month).
 The AAY scheme was launched in December 2000 for
the poorest among the BPL families.5 Individuals in
the following priority groups are entitled to an AAY
card, including: (i) landless agricultural labourers, (ii)
marginal farmers, (iii) rural artisans/craftsmen such as
potters and tanners, (iv) slum dwellers, (v) persons
earning their livelihood on a daily basis in the informal
sector such as porters, rickshaw pullers, cobblers, (vi)
destitute, (vii) households headed by widows or
terminally ill persons, disabled persons, persons aged
60 years or more with no assured means of
subsistence, and (viii) all primitive tribal households.

 This card is being issued along with BPL Card for the
persons whose income is below Rs. 250/- per month.
In order to obtain AAY Card, a person needs to submit
an application form which has to be duly attested by
the Village Sarpanch or by the Municipal Councilor,
two group family photographs (passport size) and
finally an affidavit. After that a ration card is developed
in Green color for Antyodaya beneficiaries. This card
holder will get 35 KG of rice for Rs.3/- per Kg.

Key problems
 Social security policies assumes an homogeneity
among all the unorganised workers.
 But the sector is heterogeneous in terms of:
-Social security needs
-Ability to contribute
-Membership and participation
We can divide the unorganised sector workers into two
categories:

Ultra poor Poor
 Inability to meet basic need.
 Need promotional
upliftment.
 Find difficult to contribute to
social security due to limited
and insecure livelihood.
 Fulfilled basic needs .
 Protective social security
schemes
 Ability to contribute towards
social security is higher.

 Social security :an integral element for poverty alleviation
among ultra poor.
 Improving service delivery system to provide basic needs
 Governance of these institutions needs to be improved in
terms of participation and accountability
 New institutions like “SELF HELP GROUPS “ should be
formed.
 Implementation of subsidies to provide social protection.

Protective security for Poor
 What they need is inclusive, participatory ,
transparent ,and effective social security schemes so
that they do not slip back into poverty.
 GOVT should plan to increase the employment
opportunities for people of this strata.

Conclusions
 About 13% of the working population are covered by the
statutory social protection :
- Some 19.5 million government and public sector workers
- Some 21 million private sector workers
 These major social security laws do not distinguish between
organized and unorganised sectors:
- very few informal economy workers are covered under the
statutory schemes
- because there are many difficulties in establishing
workers-employer relationship and an effective system for
the collection of contribution

 The statutes explicitly exclude groups of workers such as
 those working outside the scheduled industries and
establishments
 those in smaller enterprises
 the very substantial category of the self-employed
(comprising 54% of the workforce)
 Lack of awareness and unity among the informal economy
workers to enforce the laws

Bibliography:
Parks textbook for preventive medicine.
National health programmes of India.
-J.kishore’s(9th edition)
 Official site for Ministry of industries.
Official site for Ministry of finance.
National rural health mission website.
Social security in india:status,issues and ways
forward,by D.Rajashekhar ,isec Bangalore
(Institute for Social and Economic Change)
Life insurance cooperation of India website.
Available from: URLhttp://www.labour.nic.in

Social security

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