Happiness begins from the moment you do something for others. Those who consistently help others, are happy, and do not come across any obstacles in their lives. Research indicates that they are less stressed and experience improved mental health.
The purpose of life is to serve others. However, when doing so, you should not expect something in return; your intention should be to lessen other people’s misery. “Service to others should be sincere and done from the heart; only then it is fruitful.” Do any trees eat their own fruit? No. This teaches us that human beings should not only use their mind, body and speech for themselves, but also to serve others. When you do this, nature in turn will reward you.
Your constant inner intent should be towards helping others. If you are unable to do so for any reason, you can also make sure that you do not hurt anyone. This is an indirect way to help those around you.
Param Pujya Dadashri has given many comprehensive explanations for several reliable methods to fulfill the purpose of life of serving and helping others. However, eternal happiness can only be attained through Self-Realization.
Read more to discover some unfailing methods of helping others…
To read more visit: https://www.dadabhagwan.org/path-to-happiness/humanity/help-others-the-purpose-of-life/
Since times infinite, humans have been trying to know the reality of this world, but they haven’t yet known the truth. What actually has to be known is that Who am I, Who runs this world, and Who created this world.
Usually, if something good happens then one takes the doer ship, whereas if something bad happens then one starts to blame God or his own unfavorable stars. All these are wrong beliefs. God is not prejudiced that he will make you suffer.
Who runs the world? There is no independent doer in this world. Scientific circumstantial evidences are the doer. But due to ignorance, one lives in the illusion of egoism that he is the doer.
Who created this world? Why there is unhappiness in this world? Is there justice in this world? Who runs the world? Who is the doer? In this compilation, Param Pujya Dada Bhagwan has given a very simple and direct understanding of all these questions and revealed the mystery behind doer ship.
Happiness begins from the moment you do something for others. Those who consistently help others, are happy, and do not come across any obstacles in their lives. Research indicates that they are less stressed and experience improved mental health.
The purpose of life is to serve others. However, when doing so, you should not expect something in return; your intention should be to lessen other people’s misery. “Service to others should be sincere and done from the heart; only then it is fruitful.” Do any trees eat their own fruit? No. This teaches us that human beings should not only use their mind, body and speech for themselves, but also to serve others. When you do this, nature in turn will reward you.
Your constant inner intent should be towards helping others. If you are unable to do so for any reason, you can also make sure that you do not hurt anyone. This is an indirect way to help those around you.
Param Pujya Dadashri has given many comprehensive explanations for several reliable methods to fulfill the purpose of life of serving and helping others. However, eternal happiness can only be attained through Self-Realization.
Read more to discover some unfailing methods of helping others…
To read more visit: https://www.dadabhagwan.org/path-to-happiness/humanity/help-others-the-purpose-of-life/
Since times infinite, humans have been trying to know the reality of this world, but they haven’t yet known the truth. What actually has to be known is that Who am I, Who runs this world, and Who created this world.
Usually, if something good happens then one takes the doer ship, whereas if something bad happens then one starts to blame God or his own unfavorable stars. All these are wrong beliefs. God is not prejudiced that he will make you suffer.
Who runs the world? There is no independent doer in this world. Scientific circumstantial evidences are the doer. But due to ignorance, one lives in the illusion of egoism that he is the doer.
Who created this world? Why there is unhappiness in this world? Is there justice in this world? Who runs the world? Who is the doer? In this compilation, Param Pujya Dada Bhagwan has given a very simple and direct understanding of all these questions and revealed the mystery behind doer ship.
Life is nothing but full of adjustments. You have to understand how to adjust everywhere. If you do not adjust anywhere then people will force you to adjust. So why don’t you adjust willingly? For instance, you must have used an umbrella when it started to rain suddenly. In such a situation, you never question, argue, or resist; right? Do you know why? This is because you know there is no point in doing so.
There is a common saying, "the only constant is change". But we fail to embrace change and try to swim against the tide thus wasting our finite energy.
These simple, yet highly effective technique on how to adjust everywhere can bring peace to you and those around you. Read on to know more…
http://www.dadabhagwan.org/path-to-happiness/relationship/adjust-everywhere-key-to-happiness/
Over the course of life, many people become puzzled by circumstances beyond their control – both their own and those of others. While investigating the principle of karma, one may still be left asking, “Why do bad things happen to good people?”
In the book “The Science of Karma”, Gnani Purush (embodiment of Self knowledge) Dada Bhagwan explains a precise definition of karma, and how exactly it works according to spiritual science.
Dadashri offers in-depth answers to questions such as: “What is the law of karma, and how can I master it?”, “What is destiny, and does destiny relate to karma?”, “Can spiritual enlightenment liberate one from karma?”
Dadashri explains that the knowledge of Self is the beginning of true spiritual development. From then, along with understanding the law of karma, one learns to remain with inner peace in daily problems of life.
For those wondering how to live in peace in the midst of life’s challenges, this book is precious.
The concept of paap (demerit karma) ) - punya (merit karma) has been discussed at length by Gnani Purush (the enlightened one) Param Pujya Dadashri in this book. Dadashri has described the concept of ‘paap-punya’ in simple words as giving happiness to others we incur punya and giving trouble anyone, hurting anyone by our words, deeds or behaviour, we incur paap. However, if we do pratikraman (whole hearted repentance) we can get rid of paap and bind punya.
What is the detailed meaning of paap-punya? How is it related to incarnation? What are the results of paap-punya? How does one have to face the consequences of paap-punya? What are the types of paap-punya? What role paap-punya plays in the path to Moksha? Can Punya give us liberation?
All these have been revealed by Param Pujya Dadashri in this book on Paap-Punya. Such reading will definitely help readers increase their awareness about paap-punya which will help answer many puzzles in life and get them closer to Moksha.
Now many districts are engaged in the politics of stage culture what is called Mahotsav- based on an undemocratic and elitist ideas of projecting culture as dance and pop music ignoring the common man and people's collective culture.Even the government sponsored programmes exhibit culture as a part of ruling system that denies the critical analysis. This is against the cultural democracy.These elements celebrate culture once in a year to hypnotize the common mass, and unfortunately , the system and people in power decide the definition of culture suitable to them.
This article is written to show how such trend is dangerous to maintain cultural democracy and perpetuate the intellectual disabilities among the people.
Enjoy!
The Form of Antahkaran (the Mind-Intellect-Chit-Ego complex) (In Oriya)Dada Bhagwan
Antahakaran has four parts: Mind, Intellect, Chit, and Ego.What is Mind? Mind is made up of nodes. In the previous birth, due to ignorance, anything that we had attachment or abhorrence with, their parmanus collect together and become a node. The node, when comes into action in this birth, is known as a thought. When a thought comes, the Ego gets completely involved in it. The second part of Antahakaran is Chit. The nature of chit is to wander.Chit keeps wandering in search of happiness. But since all this worldly happiness is temporary, therefore there never comes an end to its search. After attaining the bliss of Soul, its wandering finally ends.Only Gnani Purush is the one who remains separate from his antahakaran. By residing in their Soul, they can describe its exactness. In this book, Param Pujya Dadashri has given a beautiful and a clear description of Antahakaran.
The religions of the world preserve the knowledge and protect the secrets of ancient powerful mantras.
At the heart of world religion, and among the most powerful mantras in the history of religion, is the Navkar mantra, or Trimantra.
In the book “Trimantra”, Gnani Purush (embodiment of Self knowledge) Dada Bhagwan explains the Trimantra, its mantra meaning, and the extraordinary benefits of its recitation.
Whether wishing to live with no worry while facing problems in everyday life, wondering how to get inner peace, or on a spiritual quest seeking spiritual enlightenment (Self Realization), utilizing Trimantra provides that – and more.
Among the many spiritual books available today, Param Pujya Dadashri’s spiritual guidance about the value of Trimantra, and how to best access its spiritual power, is invaluable.
गांडीव न्यूज़ : पूर्वांचल के दिल की धड़कन Purvanchals No.1 Evening Daily. Gandiv Newsdesk Nichi Baug Varanasi IN, NATIONAL NEWS वाराणसी से प्रकाशित पूर्वांचल में पढ़ा जाने वाला प्रमुख सांध्य दैनिक अख़बार editor@gandiv.news हरहर महादेव
यह पुस्तिका, हज्ज व उम्रा और मस्जिदे नबवी की ज़ियारत के लिए संक्षिप्त गाइड है, जिसमें सार रूप से हज्ज व उम्रा और मस्जिदे नबवी की ज़ियारत से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण और आवश्यक जानकारी प्रस्तुत की गई है। तथा हज्ज व उम्रा और ज़ियारत के दौरान होने वाली त्रुटियों पर चेतावनी दी गई है। साथ ही साथ इसमें हाजियों के लिए अहम निर्देश और नसीहतें हैं।
Tark e jamaat ki waeedain bangla (জামায়াত ত্যঅগ করার শাস্তি সমূহ)dawateislami
এই বয়ানের মধ্যে আপনারা জানতে পারবেন:- দরূদ শরীফের ফযীলত, জামায়াতে সহকারে নামায পড়ার ফযীলত, নামাযের আবশ্যকতা, জামায়াতের সাথে নামায আদয় কর, জামায়াতের সাথে নামায আদয়, যদি জামায়াত ছুটে যাওয়ার ক্ষতি সম্পর্কে জানতে, তবে ....., সন্তানকে মসজিদে থাকার শিক্ষা, মাথার চুল মুণ্ডিয়ে দিলেন, জ্ঞানী কে?, কুফরীর অবস্থায় মৃত্যু হওয়ার ভয়, জামায়াতে নামায বাদশাহী থেকেও উত্তম, জামায়াত চলে যাওয়া আপন সন্তানের মৃত্যু থেকে বেশি কষ্টদায়ক, বাগানকে মিসকীনদের মাঝে বন্টন করে দিলেন, মসজিদ ভরা সংগঠন, জামায়াতের সাথে নামায আদায় করার উপকারীতা ও রহস্য এবং আরো অনেক কিছু।
مدل مرجع فناوری دولت ایران - Iran Technology Reference ModelAmir Mahjoorian
مدل مرجع فناوری به عنوان یکی از شش مدل مرجع چارچوب معماری سازمانی ایران دربردارنده ساختار طبقهبندی فناوریها، استانداردها و ابزارهای فناوری اطلاعات در راستای ارایه سرویسهای فاوا به ذینفعان است. این مدل، طبقهبندی همه فناوریها و استانداردهای فناوری اطلاعات را با نگاه سرویسمحور ارایه نموده و اصول و رهنمونهایی برای استفاده از آن در سطح دستگاههای اجرایی ارایه مینماید
اطلاعات بیشتر در
www.ieaf.ir
http://soea.sbu.ac.ir/
The document reports on the results of experiments measuring the roughness of surfaces bombarded with ions at different energies. The following key results are reported:
1) Bombarding a pristine surface with a roughness of 5.35 nm with ions at energies of 500 eV, 700 eV, 1000 eV and 1200 eV resulted in reduced surface roughnesses of 13 nm, 8 nm, 20 nm, and 24 nm respectively.
2) Exposure of samples to ion bombardment for times ranging from 15 to 60 minutes led to an increase in surface roughness over time.
3) Bombardment of samples with increasing ion fluence from 2.5x1018 cm-2 to 1.0x1019 cm-
This document discusses combining magnetron sputtering plasma and ion source plasma technologies. It shows views of a system that uses both a magnetron sputtering process and ion source, as well as a full view of the combined system and a view of the combined system connected to a power controller rack.
This document discusses components for vacuum systems, including a magnetron gun, main chamber, load lock, components from the DST Project, a turbo molecular pump, and an ion source chamber as well as referencing another project.
1) The document summarizes research on using low-energy ion beams to induce morphological transitions in binary mixtures.
2) Experiments were conducted on CoxSi1-x mixtures using argon ion irradiation. Different energies, fluences, compositions, and angles of incidence resulted in transitions between nano- to microscale patterns including dots, ripples, and hierarchical structures.
3) Compositional variations were also observed, with cobalt enrichment occurring at pattern peaks. This showed that ion irradiation can induce stoichiometric rearrangements in the bulk of binary materials.
Sputtering yield and nanopattern formation study of BNSiO2 (Borosil) at eleva...Dr. Basanta Kumar Parida
Lower sputtering yield of the discharge wall material is a crucial parameter for the performance of Hall Effect Thruster (HET) [1, 2]. In this article, we report the sputtering yield of HET wall
material BNSiO2 (borosil) at elevated temperature ~600 °C using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). We observe a linear increase in the sputtering yield with temperature and it remains stable during long duration experiments using Xe ions. Two different crystallographic orientations of borosil give a
slight variation in the yield. The higher yields for higher operating temperatures is proposed to be due to the thermal spike nature. Microscopic surface morphology shows only different grains of BNSiO2, however high resolution nanoscopic view reveals the formation of nanoripple like structures over different grains [3]. The periodicity of such features increases with ion dose (sputtering time) and temperature in the range of 70-190 nm. Local curvature dependent erosion plays crucial role in such pattern formation [4].
Reference:
1. D.M. Goebel, I. Katz, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion, Ion and Hall Thrusters, 2008.
2. M. Ranjan, A. Sharma, A. Vaid, T. Bhatt, V. Nandalan, M.G. James, H. Revathi, S. Mukherjee, AIP
Adv. 6 (2016) 95224
3. R. M. Bradley, J.M.E. Harper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6 (1988) 2390
4. B. K. Parida, Sooraj K P, S. Hans, V. Pachchigar, S. Augustine, Remyamol T, M. R. Ajith, M. Ranjan;
Nucl. Inst and Methods B, 514 (2022) 1-7
Life is nothing but full of adjustments. You have to understand how to adjust everywhere. If you do not adjust anywhere then people will force you to adjust. So why don’t you adjust willingly? For instance, you must have used an umbrella when it started to rain suddenly. In such a situation, you never question, argue, or resist; right? Do you know why? This is because you know there is no point in doing so.
There is a common saying, "the only constant is change". But we fail to embrace change and try to swim against the tide thus wasting our finite energy.
These simple, yet highly effective technique on how to adjust everywhere can bring peace to you and those around you. Read on to know more…
http://www.dadabhagwan.org/path-to-happiness/relationship/adjust-everywhere-key-to-happiness/
Over the course of life, many people become puzzled by circumstances beyond their control – both their own and those of others. While investigating the principle of karma, one may still be left asking, “Why do bad things happen to good people?”
In the book “The Science of Karma”, Gnani Purush (embodiment of Self knowledge) Dada Bhagwan explains a precise definition of karma, and how exactly it works according to spiritual science.
Dadashri offers in-depth answers to questions such as: “What is the law of karma, and how can I master it?”, “What is destiny, and does destiny relate to karma?”, “Can spiritual enlightenment liberate one from karma?”
Dadashri explains that the knowledge of Self is the beginning of true spiritual development. From then, along with understanding the law of karma, one learns to remain with inner peace in daily problems of life.
For those wondering how to live in peace in the midst of life’s challenges, this book is precious.
The concept of paap (demerit karma) ) - punya (merit karma) has been discussed at length by Gnani Purush (the enlightened one) Param Pujya Dadashri in this book. Dadashri has described the concept of ‘paap-punya’ in simple words as giving happiness to others we incur punya and giving trouble anyone, hurting anyone by our words, deeds or behaviour, we incur paap. However, if we do pratikraman (whole hearted repentance) we can get rid of paap and bind punya.
What is the detailed meaning of paap-punya? How is it related to incarnation? What are the results of paap-punya? How does one have to face the consequences of paap-punya? What are the types of paap-punya? What role paap-punya plays in the path to Moksha? Can Punya give us liberation?
All these have been revealed by Param Pujya Dadashri in this book on Paap-Punya. Such reading will definitely help readers increase their awareness about paap-punya which will help answer many puzzles in life and get them closer to Moksha.
Now many districts are engaged in the politics of stage culture what is called Mahotsav- based on an undemocratic and elitist ideas of projecting culture as dance and pop music ignoring the common man and people's collective culture.Even the government sponsored programmes exhibit culture as a part of ruling system that denies the critical analysis. This is against the cultural democracy.These elements celebrate culture once in a year to hypnotize the common mass, and unfortunately , the system and people in power decide the definition of culture suitable to them.
This article is written to show how such trend is dangerous to maintain cultural democracy and perpetuate the intellectual disabilities among the people.
Enjoy!
The Form of Antahkaran (the Mind-Intellect-Chit-Ego complex) (In Oriya)Dada Bhagwan
Antahakaran has four parts: Mind, Intellect, Chit, and Ego.What is Mind? Mind is made up of nodes. In the previous birth, due to ignorance, anything that we had attachment or abhorrence with, their parmanus collect together and become a node. The node, when comes into action in this birth, is known as a thought. When a thought comes, the Ego gets completely involved in it. The second part of Antahakaran is Chit. The nature of chit is to wander.Chit keeps wandering in search of happiness. But since all this worldly happiness is temporary, therefore there never comes an end to its search. After attaining the bliss of Soul, its wandering finally ends.Only Gnani Purush is the one who remains separate from his antahakaran. By residing in their Soul, they can describe its exactness. In this book, Param Pujya Dadashri has given a beautiful and a clear description of Antahakaran.
The religions of the world preserve the knowledge and protect the secrets of ancient powerful mantras.
At the heart of world religion, and among the most powerful mantras in the history of religion, is the Navkar mantra, or Trimantra.
In the book “Trimantra”, Gnani Purush (embodiment of Self knowledge) Dada Bhagwan explains the Trimantra, its mantra meaning, and the extraordinary benefits of its recitation.
Whether wishing to live with no worry while facing problems in everyday life, wondering how to get inner peace, or on a spiritual quest seeking spiritual enlightenment (Self Realization), utilizing Trimantra provides that – and more.
Among the many spiritual books available today, Param Pujya Dadashri’s spiritual guidance about the value of Trimantra, and how to best access its spiritual power, is invaluable.
गांडीव न्यूज़ : पूर्वांचल के दिल की धड़कन Purvanchals No.1 Evening Daily. Gandiv Newsdesk Nichi Baug Varanasi IN, NATIONAL NEWS वाराणसी से प्रकाशित पूर्वांचल में पढ़ा जाने वाला प्रमुख सांध्य दैनिक अख़बार editor@gandiv.news हरहर महादेव
यह पुस्तिका, हज्ज व उम्रा और मस्जिदे नबवी की ज़ियारत के लिए संक्षिप्त गाइड है, जिसमें सार रूप से हज्ज व उम्रा और मस्जिदे नबवी की ज़ियारत से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण और आवश्यक जानकारी प्रस्तुत की गई है। तथा हज्ज व उम्रा और ज़ियारत के दौरान होने वाली त्रुटियों पर चेतावनी दी गई है। साथ ही साथ इसमें हाजियों के लिए अहम निर्देश और नसीहतें हैं।
Tark e jamaat ki waeedain bangla (জামায়াত ত্যঅগ করার শাস্তি সমূহ)dawateislami
এই বয়ানের মধ্যে আপনারা জানতে পারবেন:- দরূদ শরীফের ফযীলত, জামায়াতে সহকারে নামায পড়ার ফযীলত, নামাযের আবশ্যকতা, জামায়াতের সাথে নামায আদয় কর, জামায়াতের সাথে নামায আদয়, যদি জামায়াত ছুটে যাওয়ার ক্ষতি সম্পর্কে জানতে, তবে ....., সন্তানকে মসজিদে থাকার শিক্ষা, মাথার চুল মুণ্ডিয়ে দিলেন, জ্ঞানী কে?, কুফরীর অবস্থায় মৃত্যু হওয়ার ভয়, জামায়াতে নামায বাদশাহী থেকেও উত্তম, জামায়াত চলে যাওয়া আপন সন্তানের মৃত্যু থেকে বেশি কষ্টদায়ক, বাগানকে মিসকীনদের মাঝে বন্টন করে দিলেন, মসজিদ ভরা সংগঠন, জামায়াতের সাথে নামায আদায় করার উপকারীতা ও রহস্য এবং আরো অনেক কিছু।
مدل مرجع فناوری دولت ایران - Iran Technology Reference ModelAmir Mahjoorian
مدل مرجع فناوری به عنوان یکی از شش مدل مرجع چارچوب معماری سازمانی ایران دربردارنده ساختار طبقهبندی فناوریها، استانداردها و ابزارهای فناوری اطلاعات در راستای ارایه سرویسهای فاوا به ذینفعان است. این مدل، طبقهبندی همه فناوریها و استانداردهای فناوری اطلاعات را با نگاه سرویسمحور ارایه نموده و اصول و رهنمونهایی برای استفاده از آن در سطح دستگاههای اجرایی ارایه مینماید
اطلاعات بیشتر در
www.ieaf.ir
http://soea.sbu.ac.ir/
The document reports on the results of experiments measuring the roughness of surfaces bombarded with ions at different energies. The following key results are reported:
1) Bombarding a pristine surface with a roughness of 5.35 nm with ions at energies of 500 eV, 700 eV, 1000 eV and 1200 eV resulted in reduced surface roughnesses of 13 nm, 8 nm, 20 nm, and 24 nm respectively.
2) Exposure of samples to ion bombardment for times ranging from 15 to 60 minutes led to an increase in surface roughness over time.
3) Bombardment of samples with increasing ion fluence from 2.5x1018 cm-2 to 1.0x1019 cm-
This document discusses combining magnetron sputtering plasma and ion source plasma technologies. It shows views of a system that uses both a magnetron sputtering process and ion source, as well as a full view of the combined system and a view of the combined system connected to a power controller rack.
This document discusses components for vacuum systems, including a magnetron gun, main chamber, load lock, components from the DST Project, a turbo molecular pump, and an ion source chamber as well as referencing another project.
1) The document summarizes research on using low-energy ion beams to induce morphological transitions in binary mixtures.
2) Experiments were conducted on CoxSi1-x mixtures using argon ion irradiation. Different energies, fluences, compositions, and angles of incidence resulted in transitions between nano- to microscale patterns including dots, ripples, and hierarchical structures.
3) Compositional variations were also observed, with cobalt enrichment occurring at pattern peaks. This showed that ion irradiation can induce stoichiometric rearrangements in the bulk of binary materials.
Sputtering yield and nanopattern formation study of BNSiO2 (Borosil) at eleva...Dr. Basanta Kumar Parida
Lower sputtering yield of the discharge wall material is a crucial parameter for the performance of Hall Effect Thruster (HET) [1, 2]. In this article, we report the sputtering yield of HET wall
material BNSiO2 (borosil) at elevated temperature ~600 °C using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). We observe a linear increase in the sputtering yield with temperature and it remains stable during long duration experiments using Xe ions. Two different crystallographic orientations of borosil give a
slight variation in the yield. The higher yields for higher operating temperatures is proposed to be due to the thermal spike nature. Microscopic surface morphology shows only different grains of BNSiO2, however high resolution nanoscopic view reveals the formation of nanoripple like structures over different grains [3]. The periodicity of such features increases with ion dose (sputtering time) and temperature in the range of 70-190 nm. Local curvature dependent erosion plays crucial role in such pattern formation [4].
Reference:
1. D.M. Goebel, I. Katz, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion, Ion and Hall Thrusters, 2008.
2. M. Ranjan, A. Sharma, A. Vaid, T. Bhatt, V. Nandalan, M.G. James, H. Revathi, S. Mukherjee, AIP
Adv. 6 (2016) 95224
3. R. M. Bradley, J.M.E. Harper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6 (1988) 2390
4. B. K. Parida, Sooraj K P, S. Hans, V. Pachchigar, S. Augustine, Remyamol T, M. R. Ajith, M. Ranjan;
Nucl. Inst and Methods B, 514 (2022) 1-7
This document lists the names of various Hindu goddesses and deities in Odia, including Maa Ful Sundari, Kadambabandhi, Gajamuhan, Katak Chandi, Maa Mangala, Maa Biraja, Maa Charchika, Maa Samalei Sambalpur, Baba Akhandalamani, Maa Shyamakali, Maa Baatamangala, Budhithakurani, Bhandaragharani, Bhagabati, Kalia Saanta, Sudarshana, Jagannath, Maa Kanakamani Mauli, Purunaa Patnana Thakurani, Sures
Low energy ion beam nanopatterning of CoxSi1-x Surfaces -Thesis Defense seminarDr. Basanta Kumar Parida
The document summarizes a defense seminar presentation on low energy ion beam nanopatterning of CoxSi1-x surfaces. It discusses various topics related to ion beam nanopatterning including experimental aspects, the effect of ion energy and fluence on morphology, the influence of ion species and incidence angle, and theoretical modeling. It provides details on the deposition of CoxSi1-x films, the ion irradiation experimental setup using different ion sources, and characterization techniques. Morphological transitions from ripples to dots are observed with increasing ion energy or decreasing fluence. Ion species and incidence angle are also found to influence pattern morphology.
The document summarizes research on ion beam nanostructuring of CoxSi1-x binary surfaces and the role of stoichiometry and sample swinging. It discusses (1) how the initial stoichiometry affects pattern evolution, with ripples forming within a narrow stoichiometric window, (2) how substrate swinging introduces anisotropic surface modification and lateral mass transport, affecting morphology. Future work is proposed to better understand mobility effects, silicide formation roles, and potential magnetic and electrical applications of patterned binary surfaces.
Particle physics is the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions. By 1932, the four known elementary particles were the electron, proton, photon, and neutron. Elementary particles are the fundamental building blocks of the universe and have well-documented properties including mass, charge, spin, and lifetime. Some particles decay into others of smaller mass through weak interactions. Quarks are elementary particles that combine to form composite hadrons like protons and neutrons, and have properties like charge, mass, and six flavors including up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. Strangeness is a quantum number denoting the presence of a strange quark and is conserved in strong and electromagnetic interactions.
The document discusses electrolytic processes and smelting used in aluminum production. Bauxite ore is first mined and processed through crushing, milling, and the Bayer process to produce alumina. The alumina is then smelted using the Hall-Heroult process where aluminum ions are reduced at the cathode using an electrolytic cell with carbon anodes and molten cryolite as the electrolyte. Heat over 900°C is required for the electrolytic reduction to produce liquid aluminum and oxygen gas. Images and videos show various stages of the aluminum production process.
The document discusses electrolytic processes and smelting. It describes how electrolysis uses DC current to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions. Smelting involves extracting metals from ores using heat and chemical reducing agents to remove oxygen and produce the pure elemental metal. Specifically, aluminum smelting converts bauxite into alumina using the Bayer process, then uses the Hall-Heroult process to electrolytically reduce alumina at high temperatures into liquid aluminum using carbon anodes and aluminum cathodes in a molten electrolyte bath.
1) Ion beam irradiation was used to nanopattern a Co-Si binary mixture, producing nanoripples that transitioned to mounds at higher fluence. Swinging the substrate during irradiation led to the formation of cauliflower-like structures.
2) Current-voltage measurements on the patterns showed diode-like behavior. Resistance increased with pattern ordering and decreased with larger macro roughness at higher fluence.
3) Swinging speed was found to have an optimum value that roughened the surface more than no swinging or very slow/fast swinging, due to anisotropic mass transport induced by the swinging motion.
This document provides information about an Oriya dictionary published in 1841 containing an English-Oriya dictionary, grammar, and list of official terms. It was later converted to an electronic version in 2009 by an organization called Srujanika. The document also contains copyright information and notes that the electronic version is free to redistribute and modify with acknowledgement to the developers under the GNU license.