The document discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. It provides the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for OCD which includes the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause distress. Common obsessions include contamination, harm, aggression, sex, and washing/checking compulsions. OCD is thought to have a neurobiological basis involving neurotransmitters. Environmental stressors and traumatic brain injury may trigger OCD in susceptible individuals. Comorbidity with other disorders like anxiety, depression and personality disorders is also common.

1. Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
Shazia Khan

2. ● Obsessive compulsive disorder.
● Body dysmorphic disorder.
● Hoarding disorder.
● Trichotillomania-Hair pulling disorder.
● Skin picking disorder.
Obsessive compulsive and related
disoder.

6. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (300.3)
A. Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both:
Obsessions are defined by (1) and (2):
● 1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or impulses that are
experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and
unwanted, and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or
distress.
● 2.The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or
images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action (i.e., by
performing a compulsion).
Compulsions are defined by (1) and (2):
● 1. Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or
mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the
individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or
according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
● 2.The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing
anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation;
however, these behaviors or mental acts are not connected in a realistic
way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent, or are clearly
excessive.

7. B. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g., take more than 1
hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The obsessive-compulsive symptoms are not attributable to the
physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or
another medical condition.

8. ●
● Contamination
● Harm to self others
● Aggressive themes
● Sexual themes
●
● Washing
● Repeating
● Checking
● Touching
SymptomsSymptoms

13. ❑ Neurobiological:
Despite a wealth of research, the exact causes of ocd have not been identified. Ocd is thought
to have a neurobiological basis, with neuroimaging studies showing that the brain function
differently in people with the disoder.An abnormality, or an imbalance in neurotransmitters, is
thought to be involved in ocd.
❑ Environmental:
Enviormental stressors may be a trigger for ocd in people with a tendency toward developing
the condition. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adolescents and children has also been
associated with an increased risk of onset of obsessive-compulsions.
❑ Psychological:
Sigmund Freud-Obsession neurosis. Obsessive symptoms result from unconscious impulses
of an aggressive or sexual nature. These impulses cause extreme anxiety, which is avoided by
the defense mechanisms
▪ Cognitive appraisal of intrusive thought.
▪ Overestimation of danger.
▪ Thought-action fusion.
▪ Thought-suppression.
Causes

15. ● Individual with ocd often have other psychopathology. Many adults with
the disorder have a lifetime diagnosis of any anxiety disorder
(76%,e.g,panic disoder,social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety
disoder,specific phobia)or a depressive or bipolar disorder(63% for any
depressive or bipolar disoder,with the most common being major
depressive disorder(41%).
● Comorbid obsessive –compulsive personality disorder is also common in
individuals with OCD(e.g,ranging from 23% to 32% ).
● For example:
● In individual with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, the
prevalence of OCD is approximately 12% .
● Rates of OCD are also elevated in bipolar disoder; eating disorder ;such
as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa ;and Tourette,s disorder.
Co morbidity: