Occupational Therapy Theory Essay

Occupational Therapy Theory Essay
Introduction
Theory has been described as a set of ideas that help us to better understand and explain the
concepts behind different behaviours (Tufan & Cole, 2008). As described by Duncan (2009),
theories are different ideas that are linked and form the basis for action. (Duncan A.S, E, 2009). In
occupational therapy, theories work alongside conceptual models and frames of reference to guide
therapists in using the most suitable assessment or therapy for their client (Joosten, V.A, 2015). This
essay will discuss the reason theory is used in occupational therapy and how it is implemented in the
OT process.
Purpose of Theory
Theory guides actions and helps therapists carry out their job better (Turpin & Iwama, 2011).
Theory provides occupational therapists with the basis of knowledge for what they practice
(Duncan, A.S., E, 2009). To be able to carry out effective and correct interventions with their clients,
occupational therapists must have to have something to refer to, to ensure what they do is credible
and focused on the occupation (Turpin & Iwama 2008). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is done through following the occupational therapy process which is influenced by conceptual
models. Examples of these models are the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner, G, 2008),
Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (Polatajko, Townsend& Craik,
2007) and PEO. These models influence the occupational therapy practice. Conceptual models are
an important aspect of OT theory as they try to understand how the person, environment and the
occupation are linked (Tufano & Cole, 2008). Also mentioned by Tufano & Cole (2008), is the idea
that the model chosen by the occupational therapist highlights the therapist's outlook on a patient's
ability to engage in their daily occupations (Tufano & Cole,
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The Use Of Personal Digital Assistants, Or Pdas, By...
There has been increase in the use of personal digital assistants, or PDAs, by individuals Traumatic
Brain Injury or TBI. These devices are being used to help TBI patients with everyday activities such
as keeping up with appointments, medication management, daily tasks, etc. Due to behavioral
memory deficits that are common among TBI patients, these daily activities are difficult for these
individuals. In the past "low–tech" items were used such as daily planners and strategically placed
notes, but due to the growth of "high–tech" instruments, such as smartphones, personal computers,
and PDAs, the "low–tech" devices are being used less (Gentry, Wallace, Kvarfordt, Lynch 2008 19–
24). In the early stages of high–tech device use among TBI patients there were three popular
computer programs that were used, but they were contained to desktop computers, which makes
them useless outside of the individual's home. Once PDA's were introduced these programs became
obsolete. An early study of PDA use included the use a program called Psion Organizer. The study
found that most TBI patients with memory deficits preferred the PDA and Psion Organizer over
other low tech instruments. The Psion Organizer software is no longer available and been replaced
with other software such as Palm systems. There has not been a study done on the Palm operating
system. Research has been done on software specifically developed for TBI patients(Gentry,
Wallace, Kvarfordt, Lynch 2008 19–24). The study

Von Recklinghausen 's Disease : An Autosomal Dominant...
Von Recklinghausen's Disease Von Recklinghausen's disease is a disorder that genetic disorder that
is commonly passed on through many generations. Another name for this disorder is
neurofibromatosis type one (NF1) (Reynolds, Browning, Nawroz, & Campbell, 2003). NF1 is
estimated to affect approximately one in every 3,000 people (Reynolds, Browning, Nawroz, &
Campbell, 2003). Since the mid 1900s, medical researchers, genetic scientists, and neuroscientists
have been working to learn as much as possible about this disease. Etiology The etiology of NF1 has
been thoroughly investigated and there is substantial knowledge on the topic. Neurofibromatosis
type one is an autosomal dominant disorder (Rasmussen & Friedman, 2000). In looking at the genes
of those diagnosed with NF1, it was found that people with this disorder have a mutation on a
section of chromosome 17 (Rasmussen & Friedman, 2000). Neurofibromin is the protein on this
chromosome, hence the name neurofibromatosis (Rasmussen & Friedman, 2000). Approximately
50% of all cases of NF1 have been passed down by family members (Rasmussen & Friedman,
2000). Pathophysiology The dysfunction in chromosome 17 cause many problems primarily with
the nerves. Neurofibromin is a protein that prevents excessive cell growth. Those with
neurofibromatosis type one have a neurofibromin deficiency which can cause tumors to grow on the
nerves (Nanette, Edwards, DeCrane, & Hingten, 2014). These tumors called neurofibromas are
known

Therapeutic Intervention Essay
Therapeutic Intervention From an Occupational Therapist in an Oncology Service
The therapeutic intervention a client should expect from an occupational therapist in an oncology
service should be one that complies with government legislation, plans, standards and guidelines.
The Governments plans for the National Health Service (NHS) are set out in several reports such as:
– the Calman–Hine Cancer Report (1995), The New NHS – Modern and Dependable (1997) and
The NHS Cancer Plan (2000), which provide information to service users regarding the quality of
the services they should expect. Client's should also expect occupational therapists to adhere to the
Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Occupational therapists need to assess and consider the physical, functional, psychological and
social needs of their clients and utilise their core skills together with the skills of the
multidisciplinary team to maximise the independence and quality of life of the patient with cancer
and their carers. The College of Occupational Therapists Position Statement (1994) provides a
comprehensive list of the unique core skills that clients can expect from occupational therapists,
which include the: –
– use of purposeful activity and meaningful occupation as therapeutic tools in the promotion of
health
– ability to enable people to explore, achieve and maintain balance in the daily living tasks and roles
of domestic care , leisure and productivity
– the ability to assess the effect of, and then to manipulate, physical
and psychosocial environments to maximise function and social
Integration
– ability to analyse, select and apply occupations as specific
therapeutic media to treat people who are experiencing dysfunction in
daily living tasks, interactions and occupational roles.
The treatment process and core skills of the occupational therapist should be based on a problem

solving approach. This involves: – gathering and analysing information, assessing, defining and
establishing the problem, prioritising, planning and

The School Of Occupational Therapy
Otago Polytechnic School of Occupational Therapy Course Name: Human Occupation/Fieldwork 2
Course Number: BT503001 Assessment Title: Assessment 3: Essay Student Name: Mikhel Singh
Student Identification Number: 1000016816 Name of Lecturer: Hilary Blamires Date Due: 19th
November 2014 Date Submitted: 19th November 2014 Word Count: 1857 I declare that this
assignment is original and my own work and that It has not been submitted for assessment
elsewhere. I acknowledge that the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this
assignment, may reproduce this assignment and provide a copy to another member of staff; and/or
submit a copy of this assignment to a plagiarism checking service (which may then retain a copy of
this assignment on its database for the purpose of future plagiarism checking). Signed
....................................... Date : 19th November 2014 It is important to come to an understanding of
humans as occupational beings, due to occupations such as food allowing us to 'do', 'be', 'become'
and 'belong'. A common description of occupation is activities or tasks that occur in everyday life
that give meaning and value to an individual. Occupations can be placed into one of three
categories: self–cares or activities of daily living, leisure activities and activities that contribute to
society, which are also known as productive activities (Punwar and Peloquin, 2000). As humans are
occupational beings, food is essential as it provides us

Occupational Therapy History
Occupational Therapy, as defined by WFOT is "a client–centered health profession concerned with
promoting health and well–being through occupation. The primary goal of occupational therapy is to
enable people to participate in the activities of everyday life. Occupational therapists achieve this
outcome by working with people and communities to enhance their ability to engage in the
occupations they want to, need to, or are expected to do, or by modifying the occupation or the
environment to better support their occupational engagement". Knowing the definition of
Occupational Therapy is vital to understanding the history of it, and how far this field has evolved
over the years.
From the 1700's to the 1800s, the moral treatment movement began, and was led by Phillippe Pinel
and William Tuke. Both of these men were considered the leaders of the movement. The three main
features of moral treatment include: respect for human individuality, acceptance of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barton, Dunton, Slagle, Johnson and Kidner along with Isabel Newton met and created the National
Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy which later became AOTA. The AOTA is widely
known, and without the creation of NSPOT, it would most likely not be here today. Duton, as
mentioned above was an MD, and he published the "Occupational Therapy, a Manual for Nurses" in
1915. Around 1910, William Rush Dunton, Jr. helped create a system for using crafts in the
treatment of patients at Sheppard Asylum. The patients were expected to help complete tasks in an
on–site workshop. Kidner, who was also listed above was appointed the Vocational Secretary of the
Canadian Military Hospitals Commission in 1915. He used this appointment to create a system for
veterans that included vocational rehabilitation. He also included specific working spaces for OT in
facilities developed for people with

Engagement And CMOP-E
Theory: The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP–E) is a further
expansion of the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP). The theories underpinning
the CMOP–E largely include humanistic theories, with a particular focus on client–centred therapy
developed from Carl Rogers (Townsend & Polatajko, 2007). As the name infers, the main focus of
the CMOP is on occupational performance and exploring the interplay between the person,
environment and occupation. While CMOP–E maintains this view, it also encompasses engagement;
and just like performance, engagement is also a result of the interdependent relationship between the
person, environment and occupation. In conjunction with performance, engagement was

Occupational Therapy
Introduction
According to the World Federation of Occupational Therapy, occupational therapy is a profession
which is concerned with the promotion of well–being and health of individuals through engaging
them in occupation. It is a holistic healthcare profession with an aim to promote health in
individuals by enabling them to perform purposeful and meaningful activities across their lifespan.
Occupational therapist by using different treatments help their patients with a mental, physical or
developmental conditions to recover, develop or maintain daily work and life skills in themselves.
OT is client–centered and see client as an integral part in the process of Occupational therapy.
Therapist gives individualized attention and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Playing the piano is a meaningful leisure time activity for John so it is important he continues to do
this to promote social inclusion, physical exercise, boost his self esteem and to make that spiritual
connection.
Key factors which may impact on the John's occupational performance
This inflammatory incurable disease Rheumatoid Arthritis came as a surprise to John as he had
never experienced such an 'excruciating pain' in his joints. Pain initially started in his left hand and
the next day he suffered from the same excruciating pain in his right hand. This really disturbed him
as he had no idea what to do with it. The pain was absolutely excruciating that he decided to see a
doctor and seek medical advice. His doctor was also confused and just recommended him some
Analgesic or Paracetamol tablets to mitigate the pain. This indicates that John has led a healthy life
in his past and has good medical record, since he was experiencing this kind of disease for the first
time in his life; his doctor was unable to learn about his condition in the first place (Charmaz,
pp.976–993).
John went home and took some tablets which relieved him at that particular time. Since the disease
is incurable and chronic, the excruciating pain in his joints surfaced again, this time with more
intensity as it almost locked him up solid by stiffening up his

Loss Of Identity Paper
Loss of identity Identity is the all encompassing view of who you are as an individual and contain
many different parts such as your goals, values and beliefs as well as your standards for behavior
and decision–making (Schwartz, Luyckx, & Vignoles, 2011). Many individuals suffering from ME
feel a loss of identity as the illness progresses. Dickson, Knussen, and Flowers (2008) discusses how
ME forces a change in an individuals identity, though the progression of the illness they are now
experiencing life outside of what is normal for them and outside of their normal world. In one study
participants spoke of ME controlling every aspect of their daily lives, there is a strong focus on what
ME has taken away from them, leading individuals to question what is left in their lives (Dickson,
Knussen, & Flowers, 2008). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This loss of identity is intensified by the level of stigma and delegitimisation experienced by ME
sufferers (Arroll & Howard, 2013; Dickson, Knussen, & Flowers, 2008, Hughes, 2009; Wright
2015) When an individual looses all the things in life that create meaning for them they are left with
an 'empty shell', individuals feel robbed of their own lives (Dickson, Knussen, & Flowers, 2008;
Pemberton & Cox, 2014a). OT perspective ME affects all areas of the Canadian model of
Occupational Performance. Individuals have similar experiences to other chronic illnesses with the
additional burden of stigma. There can be detrimental effects on an individual's identity, personal
causation, habits, life roles, interests and personal values. (Hughes,

Pain Case Study
Pain is often related to increased anxiety, sleep disorder, depression and lower quality of life (Tsao,
Plankey & Young, 2012). According to Beavers, Giggey & Tepe (2009), the prevalence of chronic
pain together with a mental disorder is 30%, which doubles the percentage of individuals without a
mental disorder. Sun et al. (2013) compared the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture and
fluoxetine on the depressive disorder (MDD). The study demonstrated that electroacupuncture
treatment had a faster improvement rate that treatment with fluoxetine (antidepressant drug; Sun et
al., 2013). The effectiveness of electroacupuncture may be associated with the alteration of Glial
Cell Line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most common users of CAM are women, people with higher education, and those who used
allopathic medicine (Najm, Reinsch, Hoehler, Tobis, 2003). In addition, CAM use is higher among
people living in rural areas than urban areas (Marshik et al,. 2016). CAM utilization can be
associated with psychosocial factors, ethnic and cultural characteristic, availability of health care
resources, and individual perception of physical and medical condition (Saunjoo & Jeong–Hee,
2013). The range of CAM treatments includes acupuncture, massage therapy, yoga, herbal medicine,
chiropractic, and homeopathy (Walker et al,. 2017). The increased use of CAM among the general
community has been attributed to the view that CAM is safer and less expensive than conventional
medications. However, there has been largely a lack of scientific data surrounding CAM therapies,
influenced by variation in knowledge level and lack of appreciation of existing evidence (Walker et
al,. 2017). Knupp, Esmail & Warren (2009) indicated that occupational therapy and CAM focus on
actively engaging the patient in their treatment to involve the whole person, in order to increase the
quality of life and overall health. Knupp, Esmail & Warren (2009) conducted a study to report on the
percentage of Canadian occupational therapists, who are either providing referrals to CAM or using
some type of CAM. The groups included: 1) acupuncture and acupressure, 2) massage and

Performance Environment Occupation Performance Model
Performance–Environment–Occupation–Performance Model
Occupational Therapy, along with many other professions, have models that guide the profession.
These models, known as the Occupational–based Models of Practice, guide Occupational Therapists
in the care of clients (Cole & Tufano, 2008, p. 87). Although there are many models, each model has
its own distinct features and focuses. Similar in many forms, they also have unique characteristics,
and each have a different emphasis. These models have the guiding principles of occupation defined
as, "a basic human need, an essential component of human life, organizes behavior, gives meaning
to life, enables a healthy lifestyle, and improves an individual's quality of life" (Cole & Tufano,
2008, p. 127). So while all of the models are similar in some aspects in terms of occupation, each
model is unique in some aspects as well. The Person–Environment–Occupation–Performance Model
(PEOP) is one of the five models, incorporating a client–centered approach to a person's occupations
(Cole & Tufano, 2008, p. 8).
Focus
The Peron–Environment–Occupation–Performance– Model was published in 1991 by Charles
Christiansen and Carolyn Baum. This model is a client– centered approach focusing on occupations,
and how these occupations are meaningful to the client. Within this model, it is important for the
client to decide the occupations that are important to themselves. The areas of occupation are,
"work/productive activities, personal care, home

Occupational Therapy Model
Theories, models of practice, assessments and intervention are what shape occupational therapy as a
practice and how practitioners look at their clients and design the interventions they use. A theory is
an overarching description of a set of circumstances and their relationship with each other (Fisher
2008). Fisher also describes models of practice and the way they help to organize one's views and
assess the things about a person or their environment that support or limit their performance. An
assessment and intervention is practical guidance of what specifically is being addressed, how to
look for those deficits and how to go about working with them. Whilst a practitioner will probably
use only one model when working with a client, they will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement divide occupation in to self–
care, leisure and productivity and emphasize the link which exists between occupational
performance and health. This model focusses on the affective (physical) and cognitive components
of the person whose self –care, productivity and leisure occupations occur in the physical, social and
cultural environment while adding a fourth, the institutional environment comprising legal, political
and economic aspects. The emphasis is on the person, their occupation and environment, the
dynamic relationship between these three subsystems is occupational performance. (Duncan 2012)
The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement takes occupation beyond
performance as it considers the importance of engagement and inclusion, which can be prevalent in
a person who has had a stroke, due to the person being physically unable to partake in occupations
they previously did or feeling the negative impact of the stroke on their sense of self. This is
supported by Broken et al (2012) who suggests stroke has a detrimental impact on the person's
quality of

The Peo Model
The PEO model is an appropriate tool to use to diagnose a person with Down Syndrome (DS) and
motor disabilities. The PEO model of practice has three main components which include the person
(P), environment (E), and occupation (O), which will be used for the interventions in this case study.
According to Rousseau, Potvin, Dutil, and Falta (2002), knowing the individual's environment and
how it interacts with the person is one of the essential key factors needed to provide effective
treatment and intervention in occupational therapy. More specifically, the interaction between the
person and the environment are major considerations to gain normal abilities because the nature of
the DS is different compared to the other diagnosis.
Down syndrome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This assessment contains 6 subcategories including reflexes, stationary, locomotion, object
manipulation, grasping, and visual–motor integration. Each subcategory has its own subtests to
identify children's development in depth. The reflexes contain 8 subtests to measure the ability of
automatic reaction to the environments. Typically, the reflex integrates age around 12 months, and
this subtest allows measurement of the reflex age from birth to 11 months. The stationary has 30
subtests that measure the ability to sustain control within the center of gravity and retain equilibrium
of the body. The locomotion has 89 subtests to measure the ability to move from one place to
another by walking, running, jumping forward, hopping, and crawling. The object manipulation has
24 subtests which measure an ability to manipulate balls such as throwing, catching, and kicking.
Grasping has 26 subtests to measure hand and finger function such as holding an object with one
hand and controlling the object with fingers in one and/or two hands. Visual–motor integration
includes 72 subtests to measure visual perceptual skills that are required to perform the eye–hand
coordination tasks such as building blocks and copying designs (Folio & Fewell, 2000). Generally,
the duration of administration is about an hour long; however,

The Model Of Organizational Therapy
There are many different conceptual models available to occupational therapists today. These
include the Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement (CMOP–E), the Model of
Human Occupation (MOHO), the biomechanics model, the Kawa model and the rehabilitation
model. These are very important to the profession and in guiding the occupational therapy process.
The focus of this essay will mainly be on the MOHO. The occupational therapy process is the
client–centred delivery of occupational therapy services. (AOTA, 2008) There are many variations
to the occupational therapy process and how it is carried out but it does have a clear beginning point
and stages throughout the process. These are evaluation, intervention, revaluation and therapy
outcomes. Evaluation (often called assessment) is the gathering and analysing of information whose
results are used by the occupational therapist to organise and administer interventions to to help
clients in changing their occupational performance in a positive way. Intervention is the application
of actions aimed at aiding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As cited in Ikiugu (2011) Kielhofner states that "a theoretical conceptual practice model refers to a
framework for explaining something of importance to occupational therapy practice and for
providing practice resources such as assessments and intervention procedures to guide clinical
practice". This highlights the importance of conceptual models to the occupational therapy
professions. To claim professional status, occupational therapists must make use of theory to aid
their practice and decision making (Ikiugu,

Occupational Therapy, Health and Wellbeing
The occupational therapy perspective of occupation, health and wellbeing
To be able to participate in one 's own life, to do the things we want to do, and to competently
perform the activities that form part of our daily, weekly or monthly routines, is a common goal for
most people. This not only includes taking part in the basic activities of self–care, such as grooming
and dressing, but also extends to our work and leisure activities. It is through doing things that we
learn and develop as human beings. The occupational therapy profession believes that being
prevented or hindered in some way from participating in the activities that are important to us could
adversely affect our health and wellbeing.
Health is a complex term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of occupational balance can also be seen in older adulthood when, as a result of age, people
lose their roles in life through being unable to perform the activities that make up that role. With the
passing of time no longer taken up by meaningful activities these individuals become bored and
ultimately depressed, quickly losing their sense of well–being. In the World Health Organisation's
Charter for Health Promotion, it suggests that in order to achieve the state of complete health it
describes in its definition, it is necessary for individuals to be able to satisfy their basic needs,
realise and achieve their goals, and cope within the changing world around them (Townsend and
Polatajko, 2007).
Since these things are achieved through occupation, through doing things, the close link between
health and occupation becomes clear (Wilcock, 2001). From an occupational perspective, doing
things provides a sense of purpose and fulfilment and leads to a sense of well–being (Crepeau et al,
2009).
This link between occupation, health and well–being (i.e. the fact that people are occupational by
nature and that engagement in meaningful occupation is essential to health) forms part of the core
beliefs and values – the philosophy – of the occupational therapy (OT) profession (Kramer et al,
2003). OT has its foundations in both philosophy and science, but unlike other medical professions,
it was the philosophy that came first

Occupational Therapy Has A Long-Standing History Of Being
Occupational therapy has a long–standing history of being a client–centered profession that aims to
understand each person individually to best meet occupational performance needs in their day to day
life. Occupational therapists utilize a multitude of resources to best create a plan of care for each
client. Resources that are used often include: standardized assessments, evaluations, client–centered
interventions and theoretical frame of reference. A theoretical frame of reference is defined as "a set
of interrelated internally consistent concepts, definitions, postulates and principles that provide a
systematic description of and prescription for a practitioner 's interaction within his domain of
concern" (Creighton, 1985). This paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the therapist would incorporate softball related activities into my therapy I certainly was more
motivated because the occupation that I was interested in was involved. Occupational therapists are
said to be very adaptive professionals and understand how how important it is to be adaptive, not
only as a professional, but in everyday life. The Occupational Adaptation Frame of Reference by
Schkade and Schultz aims to describe the link between the two fundamental constructs of
occupational therapy, namely; occupation and adaptation (Schultz & Schkade, 1992). This theory
primarily focuses on the interplay between the external and the internal factors that are interacting
continuously during completion of occupations. The constant factor is press for mastery which
yields the occupational challenge and one's ability of an adaptive response. An adaptive response is
made up of three subprocesses that are internal to the person; the three subprocesses are: the
generation subprocess, the evaluation subprocess and the integration subprocess and these explain
the adaptive response activated by the person in response to an occupational challenge (Schultz &
Schkade, 1992). Through the subprocesses, the person plans the adaptive response, evaluates the
outcome and integrates the evaluation as adaptation. I am find this frame of reference quite
interesting because it focuses on the interplay of internal and external factors and how an individual
responds to the interplay of

Upper Extremity Robotic Analysis
As of 2016, approximately 795,000 people have experienced a stroke, with an individual
experiencing a stroke nearly every 40 seconds (Mozaffarian et al., 2016). The American Heart
Association (2013) predicts that the number of individuals who will have a stroke will increase 20%
by 2030. The increased prevalence of stroke may lead to serious issues in daily functioning for
individuals; therefore, stroke interventions that address functional impairments are crucial. Upper
extremity robotics is a relatively novel occupational therapy (OT) intervention for stroke
rehabilitation, so critical examination of the effect of robotics to address body structure/function
impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions is required (World ... Show more
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Occupational therapists working with the stroke population use activity analysis and observation
skills to identify and analyze the functional impairments that result in activity limitations (McHugh
Pendleton & Schultz–Krohn, 2011). Established and effective OT interventions, such as repetitive
task training (RTP) and constraint–induced movement therapy (CIMT), are used to address
functional impairments in the stroke population (Nilsen, Gillen, Arbesman, & Lieberman, 2015;
Wolf et al., 2006). According to the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy
(2012), 60.7% of registered OTs provide rehabilitation services to individuals who had been
diagnosed with a Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA). A systematic review (Nilsen et al., 2015) found
that the responsibilities of an occupational therapist include administering a variety of assessments
to create an occupational profile when treating an individual following a stroke. One example of an
OT assessment that measures participation, one's involvement in a life situation (WHO, 2001), is the
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), which asks the client to identify up to five
occupations he or she would like improve performance for, and rate his or her perceived
performance and satisfaction of these occupations (Law et al., 2014). Performance skills and client
factors are often evaluated with Fugl–Meyer Assessment and the Action Research Arm Test to
further assess functionality of the upper extremity with respect to neuromusculoskeletal functions,
sensory functions, and motor skills (Fugl–Meyer, Jaasko, Leyman, Olsson, & Steglind, 1975; Lyle,
1981; Nilsen et al.,

The Clinical Experience Of An Emergency Homeless Shelter...
Usually the fieldwork clinical experience is done in which a student is placed under the direct
supervision by an established on–site occupational therapy practitioner (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016).
Over the past ten years, there has been a shift in occupational therapy concerning emerging practice
areas and non–traditional settings, where occupational therapy services are not currently provided
(Mattila & Dolhi, 2016). These various types of settings support the shift toward wellness and
recovery, psychosocial services, and community health.(Mattila & Dolhi, 2016). In this study, five
graduate students were assigned to an emergency homeless shelter for young men in a suburban
community for their fieldwork clinical experience (Mattila & Dolhi, ... Show more content on
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The graduate students intended on providing meaningful programs that were in line with the young
men future goals (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016).
The overall programming implemented at the shelter throughout fieldwork clinical experience
sought to develop life skills and vocational skills to meet the goals of the young men. In addition to
their stated needs and desires, the interventions provided were centered on the occupational
deprivation expressed by the young men who participated (Mattila & Dolhi, 2016). During the
occupational therapy sessions each group completed a unique session that would focus on having
the clients reflect on their experience. These sessions provided a way for the young men to share
their talents and express themselves. The sessions stimulated self–esteem, group cohesion, and
forming healthy relationships. The group sessions provided the young men at the shelter with the
necessary resources, education, and the transitional stages the young men were going through
(Mattila & Dolhi, 2016).
These changes are important components that will help to prepare the young men for the transition
into adulthood, and out of the homeless shelter. By the end of the fieldwork experience the graduate
students found three emerging themes as well as the outcomes: clinical reasoning and self–
reflection; personal and professional development; and further understanding of the role of
occupational

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ( Cprs ) Essay
Complex regional pain syndrome (CPRS) formerly known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy is an
autonomic and central nervous system disease that results in an individual's experiencing chronic
pain (Ferrillo, 2016). Pain usually happens in one or more generalized region of the extremities,
such as the arms, hands, legs, or feet, but can also affect other parts of the body. Although the
particular origin of the disease is undetermined, the majority of the time CRPS is caused by a
significant trauma; such as a fracture, sprain, burn, cut, bruise, limb immobilization, or a surgical
procedure (Ferrillo, 2016). CRPS stems from a neurological dysfunction that generates severe pain,
mild or dramatic changes in skin color, temperature, and swelling in the affected area (National
Institute of Neurological disorders and Stroke, 2015). There are two types of complex regional pain
syndrome, type I is no apparent nerve injury and may it develop following a noxious event that may
or may not have been traumatic. Types II develop after a nerve injury of the affected area (Carr,
Cerda, & Fiala, 2016).
CRPS is uncommon, amongst all individuals, however, can easily affect a person after a traumatic
injury to a limb. CRPS symptoms differ in severity and duration and the outcome for each
individual is different, for example, children and teenager have a higher prospect of recovering,
whereas others are left with irreversible variations regardless of treatment (National Institute of
Neurological

Theory is defined as a description of a set of phenomena and the relationships among the concepts.
A frame of reference are theories that is used as the foundation for developing guidelines for
practice that assist therapist with clinical reasoning related to the evaluation and treatment of a
specific problems (Mosey.1996). The model practice provides a framework with which a therapist is
able to make clinical decisions based on a scientific theoretical foundation such as anatomy and
physiology an example is the biomechanical guideline that based on anatomy, physiology, and
kinesiology. Guidelines for practice are not diagnosis specific, but rather are address problems that
people with a variety of diagnoses may experience. The assumptions underlying the occupational
performance model fall into assumptions about the human occupation, human performance, and as a
self –organizing systems. Assumptions are derived from core philosophical tenets of occupational
therapy which have been described by the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapy, the
clients are viewed by a wholistic perspective as being comprised of interacting elements of mind,
body, and sprits. The values, beliefs, and principles of the clients are developed in treatments not ...
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Which would include environment, level of emotions and cognitive prerequisite, and his volitional
and habitual skill. One example is Frank, who had stroke on the right side and it effected the left
side. The therapy and Frank will developed a planned of treatment using adaptive devices, orthotics,
environment modifications, wheelchair modifications, ambulatory aids, safety, education, then
independence in ADLs, home management, work, and leisure will be

Conceptual Model Of Occupational Therapy
To ensure that a client and occupational–therapist gain the maximum benefit from the therapist's
skills and knowledge occupational–therapists follow a process which focuses on engagement in
occupation. This processes is based on theory and clinical reasoning. It plays a vital role in
successful therapy.It supports a client centered process, it encourages therapeutic use of self which
build a good rapport with clients, it identifys a number of the client's requirements, necessary skills
and possible meaning of occupations, it aids in correct execution of evaluation, assessment and
intervention as well as correct choice of model of reference (Reed & Sanderson 1999).
Reed and Sanderson's Concepts of Occupational Therapy (1999) sets out stages ... Show more
They give the most basic understanding of the process by converting complex, abstract ideas to
logical ideas. They aid therapists to engage in clinical judgment and decisionmaking (Reed &
Sanderson 1999), theses skills are vital throughout the processes especially in steps five to eleven.
Conceptual theories help create communication between therapists and patients (Boniface &
Seymour, 2012) and ensures a client centered practice, this is especially important for the initial and
detailed assessments as well as goal setting and planning of intervention. Conceptual models deduce
a number of factors affecting occupational interruption that should be taken into account throughout
the processes especially in steps six, seven and ten (Reed & Sanderson 1999). They also helps focus
on areas of interest which is vital for goal setting. They consider a number of options for
intervention and assessment (Ducan 2012). Also evaluation is partly established on the objectives of
the conceptual model (Reed & Sanderson

MOHO
There are many different conceptual models available to occupational therapists today. These
include the Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement (CMOP–E), the Model of
Human Occupation (MOHO), Person–enviornment–occupation model (PEO), the Kawa model.
These are very important to the profession and in guiding the occupational therapy process. The
focus of this essay will mainly be on the MOHO. The occupational therapy process is the client–
centred delivery of occupational therapy services. (AOTA, 2008) There are many variations to the
occupational therapy process and how it is carried out but it does have a clear beginning point and
stages throughout the process. Conceptual models interact with the occupational therapy process at
all stages. These are evaluation, intervention, revaluation and therapy outcomes. Evaluation (often
called assessment) is the gathering and analysing of information whose results are used by the
occupational therapist to organise and administer interventions to to help clients in changing their ...
These are Volition, Habituation and Performance capacity. Volition is a person's motivation for
occupation. Habituation refers to the way in which occupation is arranged into a routine or
sequence. Performance capacity is the various physical and metal abilities that are needed for skilled
occupational performance (Kielhofner, 2008). However where MOHO is concerned, the
environment is always take into account also. It is always in a person's life and therefore influences
their ability to carry out their occupations by impacting on their volition. habituation and
performance capacity. Therefore a person's occupational circumstances cannot be acknowledged
without an understanding of their environments (Ikiugu, 2012). Understanding this is key to a
therapist giving effective intervention, which is important to the occupational therapy

Implication For Occupational Therapy ( 2014 )
Implication for Occupational Therapy According to Ridner et al. (2014), lymphedema is a chronic
condition that causes permanent damage to the lymphatic system. It is incurable, but can be
effectively managed by comprehensive complete decongestive therapy with the goal of decreasing
the limb volume to normal or near normal (Lawenda, Mondry, & Johnstone, 2009; Ridner et al.,
2014; Rockson, 2016). According to (Lawenda, Mondry, & Johnstone, 2009), the lack of effective
early lymphedema management results in increased swelling, fibrotic skin changes, pain,
paresthesia, and infections. Moreover, Lawenda et al. (2009) stated that early intervention decreases
the progression of the disease. Therefore, it is critical to provide early lymphedema intervention to
help to promote quality of life, and decrease functional disability, psychosocial deficits, and
complications that may be life threatening among the clients who are impacted by lymphedema
(Lawenda et al., 2009). Lymphedema is treated by a lymphedema specialist with physician orders to
evaluate and treat lymphedema (Rockson, 2016). Complete decongestive therapy is composed of
manual lymphatic drainage, three layer short stretch medical bandages, immaculate skin care, and
client education on self–management techniques (Ridner et al., 2014). The lymphedema intervention
has two phases. Phase I involves limb volume reduction by certified lymphedema therapists. Phase
II involves self–management using CDT interventions, which

Bullying In Nursing
Blackstock Sheila, Harlos Karen (2014), journal of nursing management, The impact of
organizational factors on horizontal bullying and turnover intentions in the nursing workplace, 23,
1106–1114.
The authors' purpose is to identify the impact of organizational factors on bullying with horizontal
and its effect on turnover intentions among Canadian nursing place. Horizontal bullying in nursing
which leads to increase absenteeism and less work performance at time of care of the patient. Some
of the researchers have identified the different factors which influence nursing workplace may
increasing significantly. In this article, explained that an Australian model of nurse bullying was
examined among Canadian registered nurse with the help of a ... Show more content on
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On the other side, discussed the types of workplace bullying including top–down, lateral and
bottom–up. Moreover, there are different sign and symptoms of workplace bullying in nursing
which are related to physiological, psychological, psychosocial and well–being. Different impact of
workplace bullying on the profession of nursing for examples; increase rate of turnover, patient care
errors, increase absenteeism, less work performance. Finally, concluded that bullying is not a current
issue in nursing, so first requires everyone in the workplace to have a clear understanding in the
workplace. There are different types of ways included in the second part of this article like–
standards, legislation and case law which are very useful for prevention bullying as well as promote
self–awareness, encourage employees about self–manage, interpersonal conflict, education through
developing a program in which programme organizational should be apply the race principles
included; recognize, assess and control the bulling in nursing workplace and lastly evaluate the
measures which put on the actually working

Occupational Profile: Schizophrenia
What are you going to do first? (Did the group make a logical choice that they backed up with their
reasoning for that choice? Did their reasoning make sense?) (3 points)
First, we will complete a chart review, this includes his name, sex, age, previous level of
functioning, diagnosis, hospitalization date, any weight bearing status, Doctors name, medical
history, past evaluation, any assessments performed and any other information that could assist the
therapy process.
Occupational Profile: Freddie is a 19–year–old Caucasian male (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000).
Freddie has been working at a distribution house where he loads boxed items into trucks (Halloran
& Lowenstein, 2000). He has been an employee for only 3 months (Halloran & Lowenstein, ...
In addition, this assessment will evaluate the client capability to live independently and safely
(Asher, 2014; Boop, 2014).
Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS)
This assessment is an interview based assessment that assesses how the client cognitive deficits
affect their daily functioning (Boop, 2014).
What cultural considerations must you think about? (Did the group describe cultural considerations
relevant to treating the particular patient?) (3 points)
Freddie is a 19 year–old Caucasian male who was diagnosis with paranoid schizophrenia with acute
psychosis (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000). He lives with his mother in an apartment in the suburbs
(Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000). In his research Versola–Russo (2006) found that individuals with a
family history of a mental illness they are more likely to receive a diagnosis of one. Culture
influences individual's perception of mental illness to whether they seek out treatment and their
coping style and support system (Versola–Russo, 2006). According to Versola–Russo (2006),
Caucasian are more likely to have somatic complaint (Versola–Russo, 2006). They are also more
likely to complete violent acts (Versola–Russo, 2006). Freddie has two older brothers and a mother
that is there for him as a support system Joey (Halloran & Lowenstein, 2000). His brothers took him
to the hospital

The World Federation Of Occupational Therapists
The World Federation of Occupational Therapists (2010) has defined occupational therapy as a
"client–centered health profession concerned with promoting health and well being through
occupation" (p.1). I have defined occupational therapy as a process in which a therapist and a client
form a therapeutic relationship in order to increase participation in meaningful and functional
occupations. An occupation is any action that increases quality of life, supports self–maintenance,
and supplements work and leisure activities. The World Federation of Occupational Therapists
(2012) states that the focus of practice is maintaining a balance of person, occupation, and their
environment in order to facilitate occupational performance. I have reached a similar conclusion that
the focus of occupational therapy is to facilitate synergy between the client and their environment.
The result of this synergy will be occupational performance. Occupational therapists are keen to the
needs of the client as they relate to completing occupations within a given environment utilizing the
client's capabilities.
Tenets of Occupational Therapy
Person
Occupational therapy is a client–centered practice; therefore, the person is the first central tenet
addressed in this paper. The person–environment–occupation (PEO) model views the person
throughout their lifespan because a person's roles are consistently changing. The person is made up
of characteristics that affect the person, environment, and

Theory is defined as a description of a set of phenomena and the relationships among the concepts.
A frame of reference are theories that are used as the foundation for developing guidelines for
practice that assist therapist with clinical reasoning related to the evaluation and treatment of a
specific problems (Mosey.1996). The model practice provides a framework with which the therapist
is able to make clinical decisions based on a scientific theoretical foundation such as anatomy and
physiology an example is the biomechanical guideline that based on anatomy, physiology, and
kinesiology. Guidelines for practice are not diagnosis specific, but rather are address problems that
people with a variety of diagnoses may experience.
The assumptions underlying the occupational performance model fall into assumptions about the
human occupation, human performance, and as a self –organizing systems. Assumptions are derived
from core philosophical tenets of occupational therapy which have been described by the Canadian
Association of Occupational Therapy, the clients are viewed by a wholistic perspective as being
comprised of interacting elements of mind, body, and sprits. The values, beliefs, and principles of
the clients are developed in treatments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which would include environment, level of emotions and cognitive prerequisite, and his volitional
and habitual skill. One example is Frank, who had stroke on the right side and it effected the left
side. The therapy and Frank will developed a planned of treatment using adaptive devices, orthotics,
environment modifications, wheelchair modifications, ambulatory aids, safety, education, then
independence in ADLs, home management, work, and leisure will be

Essay on Beauty and the Labor Market
Summary: The article "Beauty and the Labor Market" by Daniel S. Hamermesh and Jeff E. Biddle
examines the economics of discrimination in the labour market based on looks and the relationship
that exists between beauty and labour market earnings. Analyzing, results from several studies, data
from various empirical research and surveys; the article identifies the source of earnings differentials
related to looks in six distinct and detailed sections. The first section addresses the question of
whether it is possible to use measures of beauty to analyze the role of looks in the labour market.
Since, it would be futile to examine the effect of beauty on employment if there is no mutual
agreement on what defines beauty. Using data from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through analyzing data provided by three diverse broad surveys, each offering a variety of measures
of earning, the article advocates that the finding of pay premia and penalties for looks is strong and
accurate. These findings become even stronger when the authors synthesize the results from the
three surveys. A major contribution of this article is that it paves the way for future experiments and
empirical studies. The conclusion presented on premia and penalties associated with looks in the
article reflect the effect of beauty in all its characteristics, not just one of its many components, such
as height, weight, or facial appearance. Future experiment and empirical studies can be built on the
layout or techniques presented by this article and can be focused on examining the source of wage
differentials and possible discrimination due to a specific characteristic of beauty or various other
dimensions such as physical and mental disabilities. Same experiment can also be conducted on data
from economies outside of North America to check whether the same premia and penalties of looks
exist in other economies. Critique: The article proposes that there is a positive relationship between
beauty and labour market earnings and the impact of beauty is higher for men than women.
However, the article fails to answer an important question: is the impact of beauty due to pure
discrimination or

Evaluation Of The First Chapter
The first chapter introduced me to the various roles within OT. This includes activities that are
meaningful to a client. So, not only is OT helping with a problem, such as a broken wrist, but it also
helps break that down into different aspects that are utilized to regain function through tasks. I didn't
realize how much, or the depth OT actually went, and how many occupations there were to cover.
This chapter introduced me to just how diverse the clientele are in OT, and how much creativity
with a holistic approach in activities is used to help in a client's therapeutic treatment. This chapter
made me look positively toward my future in OT, with promise of it being a rewarding journey. The
second chapter gave me a history of where OT has evolved from. I think this is an important chapter
to review to show how OT has developed over the years from people with many different
backgrounds. I had no knowledge as to where OT had developed from. These people didn't just go
to school to be involved with OT they were creating the field itself. I didn't gather that all the people
were working together in a collaborative effort to make OT a field of study. This chapter gives light
to the discovery of different approaches and methods ranging from the Arts and Crafts Movement
and beginning of moral treatment for people from all walks of life, to the progress to drugs being
introduced and Acts being adopted into law to help people who needed OT. Not only has the
realization that people

Home Modifications For A Person 's Environment
Home modifications are changes made to a person's environment to increase their level of
independence, heighten occupational performance, and to prevent possible accidents. There are
many ways to modify a home such as architectural (ramp), adaptive equipment (reacher), major
home renovations (bathroom/bedroom), and even simple safety modifications such as removal of
throw rugs and wearing shoes when walking (Stark, Landsbaum, et al., 2009).
Among the many OT interventions available for baby boomers, and others that are getting older, one
of the most beneficial ones is home modifications. How can home modifications impact someone's
life? According to Aplin, Jonge, and Gustafsson (2015), home modifications can impact five areas
(dimensions): the personal, occupational, physical, temporal, and social aspects. During a study of
42 modified households, these dimensions were investigated in depth. The personal aspect
represented safety, appearance, independence, and freedom. Are home modifications always readily
accepted by the client? Participants enjoyed the ability to do activities on their own in a secure
manner. However, some people stated that the modifications were not up to their home appearance
standards. Furthermore, some participants were disappointed in the amount of control they had over
their modifications. They stated that insurance had guidelines and restrictions that hindered what
they had expected. The occupational dimension allowed many people to perform

Stephen Hawking Case Study
Occupational therapists work with clients to restore independence that has been lost or disrupted due
to illness, injury, or disease. Occupational therapy practice involves assessing and determining an
appropriate treatment approach based on the client's disability and individual needs. There are
various occupation–based models, each client–centered and grounded in theory, that guide the
clinical treatment process. In addition, the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and
Process (3rd ed.; AOTA, 2014) denotes various frames of reference to guide therapists when
choosing specific intervention strategies based on the client's needs (Cole & Tufano, 2018). This
paper focuses on the application of the Occupation Adaption model, ... Show more content on
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The disease has affected motor control over his body, but all mental functions, including cognition,
have remained unaffected. His upper extremities, lower extremities, and facial muscles have been
greatly compromised, thus decreasing his ability to walk, perform voluntary arm and hand
movements, and produce coherent speech. Stephen has been using two canes to aid in ambulation
but he has recently had trouble walking or standing without his wife's assistance. Loss of motor
control in his upper extremities has made it difficult to grasp the cane hand grips, feed himself, and
perform self–care tasks, such as bathing, brushing teeth, and dressing. Stephen's speech production
has been affected causing his words to be slow, slurred, and sometimes incoherent due to decreased
motor control of the tongue, mouth, and facial muscles. The disease has also affected muscles
involved in swallowing, increasing his risk for choking while eating and drinking.
Stephen describes himself as a scientist, researcher, husband, and father. Although his physical
abilities have been affected by his disease, he says that his mind is stronger than ever. Stephen is an
intellectual man who has been interested in science since a young age. He stated that most of his
thinking revolves around scientific concepts, even for non–scientific daily tasks as his goal in life is
to create a theory that explains the existence of everything in the world. Stephen struggled with
motivation in his early

Occupational Therapy Research
Many people can agree that working with children is rewarding. And yet, sometimes the education
system tends to be overlooked for those with a disadvantage. Unfortunately, according to one source
"Up to 15% of school–age children are believed to have sensory challenges, and at least 40% of
individuals with developmental disabilities and 80% of those with autism are affected" (Research
opportunities, 2014, p. 244). With that being said, some schools or Occupational therapy school–
based consultation (OTSBC), have incorporated Occupational therapy in their facilities to help their
students develop and succeed in life. This is great news for children with disabilities whether it be a
sensory processing disorder (SPD), birth defect or a physical/mental ... Show more content on
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Using attentive research to make sure they integrate what is needed and they also can come between
and identify and predict what would be most effective for a specific group with similar
developmental challenges and its environment. Putting this into perspective seems to be an
appropriate approach. For instance, an OTA can help figure out a plan of action for a group of
preschoolers who have a sensory processing disorder and are oversensitive to sight, sound or even
smell. "Practitioners who demonstrate the predictive value of the occupational therapy process help
improve the quality and effectiveness of health care which are key goals of the ACA" (Persch, 2013,
p.384). Ultimately, my interest in a pediatric setting originated from working at a preschool. Seeing
kids with a sensory processing disorder (SPD), birth defect or a physical/mental disadvantage really
opened my eyes, and before I thought I didn't have much to offer, but now knowing that becoming
an OTA meets these needs is very incentive for me to pursue this career so that I can really have a
chance to help

Theories Of Occupational Therapy
A unique perspective of Occupational Therapy (OT) is defined as " A profession concerned with
promoting health and well–being through Occupation"(Charles, 2010, p.362). The difference
between OT and Occupational Health (OH) is that OT is the profession and OH concerns how
occupations affect your health. This essay will first discuss the relationship between OH and well–
being. Secondly it will describe alternative views of disability models. While some doctors believe
in medicine as a treatment, for disability, practitioners of OT believe that social background and
environment should be taken into consideration. Thirdly this essay will discuss the underpinning
theory of OT relating to 'MOHO' and how a social and physical questionnaire can get ... Show more
"The purpose of Goal setting is to operationally define the specific desired outcomes and describe
the factors involved in achieving the outcome" (Julia Bowman and Lise. L. Mogensen, 2010, p.100).
Goals can be split up into two different types. A Short term goal "is the pathway leading up to the
long term goal" (Julia Bowman and Lise. L. Mogensen, 2010, p.100). Long term goals "have been
described as the destination of therapy" (Julia Bowman and Lise. L. Mogensen, 2010, p.100). For
therapists the long term goal is how far the client wants to improve; if it is being fully independent,
being able to do the cleaning, the long term goal would be set to get them to that place. However, if
the client is not reaching their goals, this is when grading comes to place. "Grading is the
modification of an activity to support the client's performance" (Bridgett,2011, OT A–Z: G is for
Grading). Grading is all about adjusting the goal to make it easier or harder for the client. If the
client was about to do their goal very quickly you would change their goal to make it harder for
them; thus they can work towards a new goal. The occupation performance model looks at what
makes the person be able to do or not do the task. With this the therapist will write down what is
preventing the client from reaching their

Nelson's Model Essay
Nelson's model has mainly two constituents. In order to understand them, you have to ask and
answer the question: What is occupation? This is sometimes a very challenging concept to
understand. Whenever this question is asked, there is no direct answer and there are often many
versions of the answer, all of which are accurate. In this essay, the popular question will be explored
according to Nelson's model. An example of a real life occupation will be included in order to show
both understanding and what the concept entails. I have played hockey during my entire school
career. It is something that I enjoy immensely, both playing and coaching. Hockey requires many
skills which include being able to work as a team, having good listening skills and how to observe,
predict and make speedy decisions. I always had practice three times a week and a match once a
week. Hockey required me to be able to do various things at once. I had to run, dribble and observe
at the same time. I needed to know who to pass the ball to and exactly when to do so. Playing
hockey taught me many skills such as punctuality, how to treat my body with respect and
appreciation, patience, good sportsmanship, how to accept something that happened and to learn
from it. Apart from the skills that I have learnt, playing hockey has kept me fit and healthy because
it requires a certain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Nelson's model, occupation is defined as the relationship between an occupational
form and occupational performance. Occupational performance consists of the "doing" or active
steps of occupation while occupational form involves the context of the doing or the other
fundamentals of a "doing situation" which provide it with purpose and

Clical Reasoning as Described by Neistdadt
AccoIntroduction The aim of this essay is to explore the Clinical reasoning thinking frame as
described by Neistadt (1996). Clinical reasoning is a set of skill performed by occupational
therapists which are central to practice and involved throughout the Occupational therapy process
(Neistadt, 1996, AOTA, 2008). This will be done in relation to our case study of which the
protagonist is Hugh, a 70 year old widower and retired baker, who was managing well an episode of
depression but has recently been found apathetic, unwashed and in soiled clothes by the public
mental health nurse, and referred to see an occupational therapist.
Narrative Reasoning
The first element of this process we will discuss is narrative reasoning which concerns itself with the
construction and subsequent analysis of the client's occupational story (Neistadt, 1996, Duncan,
2006). This process is developed through allowing the client the opportunity to create a narrative
image through story–telling, this can manifest itself in an adumbration of their life experience and
how it has been altered through disability, disease or transition (Duncan, 2006, Neistadt, 1996). The
importance for a practitioner to explore the client's narrative is not only in the development of their
story but it also gives the therapist insight into the person and a possible future for them (Higgs,
2008). The use of certain assessments can be particularly effective in the development of a client's
narrative, one of which being

Gary Kielhofner : The Model Of Human Occupational Behavior
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO was created by Gary Kielhofner in the 1980s. The model
has been revised and refined since then, by other occupational therapists. This model is focused on a
person's occupations and helps to explain how disability and related problems can come about. The
model is thought to be client–centered, based on evidence, and holistic by concentrating on the
person as a whole. The model emphasizes both the client's mind and body in addition to putting
further emphasis on occupational performance, rather than emphasizing the performance
components. Likewise, the environment plays a role in the model and can assist in opportunities of
better occupational performance. The Model of Human Occupation interprets people as being a
system. The collaboration of the human as a system, the task, and the environment produces the
outcome of occupational behavior. This is expressed according to the dynamic systems theory.
Occupational performance is dynamic because it effects the health, well–being, improvement, and
modification of the system. According to the Model of Human Occupation, the human system is
continually fluctuating and restructuring itself through engagement of the surroundings.
There are many basic assumptions, explained by this model, to help understand the complexity of
human occupation. Humans are dynamic systems. Components of the human system work
collectively to construct behavior. Behavior continuously changes in order to coincide with the

Occupational Therapy Code Of Ethics And Professional Conduct
It is the responsibility as well as an expectation for Occupational Therapists (OTs) to maintain a
professional behaviour, in order to build a therapeutic relationship in and outside a therapeutic
setting. The OTs have a duty of care to use the correct knowledge and skills to enhance the life
quality of a service user. 1 There is no clear–cut definition for Professionalism. However it can be
defined as upholding and applying the values of a profession by having specific knowledge about
the occupation. As well as accepting that certain attitude, beliefs, values and behaviours are integral
components on professionalism.2
In a research done in mental health, it was noted that clients placed substantial focus on the therapist
ability to build a therapeutic relationship. They focused on the relationship being built on care, trust
and respect. There are many aspects to building a rapport with service users, with the importance on
maintaining a professional behaviour in the healthcare system.0 In relation to Occupational Therapy
Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, the occupational therapist must maintain within the
professional boundaries during and after the treatment of the patient. It is crucial for an OT to build
a therapeutic relationship with the client, however the therapist must behave in an honest manner by
not getting involved in any activities or behaviours which can damage the public 's confidence in
their profession. 4 This prohibit the therapist in entering

Occupational Therapy and Clinical Reasoning
Clinical Reasoning Clinical Reasoning is an essential part of the assessment, treatment and
evaluation process in occupational therapy (Neistadt, 1996). This reasoning is the skill set that the
occupational therapist draws from when working with clients in related to function and
performance. Neistadt (1996) suggested that clinical reasoning is the combination of five interacting
components (Ward, 2003). This will be explained in the following essay and applied to a case study
about a girl named Maria. Narrative Reasoning The first form of reasoning to be used will be the
narrative reasoning. This will address Maria's occupational story. It considers temporal aspects such
as the client's history and identifies what needs to change to accommodate occupational engagement
in the future (Neistadt, 1996). Maria is fifteen years old. Her mother reports that Maria has been
performing poorly in school and has withdrawn from her family. This began after her transition to
secondary school. Her performance further deteriorated when she began second year. Maria stopped
participating in a number of her occupations including hockey, playing the piano, the girl guides,
shopping with friends and going to the cinema. She now prefers to stay on the computer of listening
to music. Maria previously had a good relationship with her younger siblings. However, she has
disengaged from these relationships. She has also been distant from her friends Caoimhe and
Meabh, preferring to spend time in her

Occupational Performance Model Paper
Using a person–environment–occupational performance model explain the occupational
circumstances of a person who is well known to you in a personal context.
Throughout this assignment various models will be looked at and one of those models will be
applied to a case study detailing the occupational circumstances of an individual. The models
described will be person–environment–occupational performance models, focusing on those three
subject areas, to detail what the client does in their daily life, the environments in which the
activities are done, their personal goals and attributes, and how all these factors affect the
individual's occupational performance. (Christiansen & Baum, 1997) Models are significant theory
which helps to guide and inform occupational therapy practice, the ... Show more content on
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Due to the addition of engagement this promotes the understanding that the client can find
satisfaction in engaging with occupations without performing them. It falls within the Person–
Environment–Occupation Framework this is due to the focus on the influences and connections of
the person and environment on meaningful occupations. The CMOP–E places the client at the centre
of the model, assigning the focus on the client's needs and wants, this creates the understanding that
the client is the person who knows their life best and understands their occupational performance
concerns, therefore denoting the role of the occupational therapist is not to carry out treatment or
intervention on a client but with a client (Ikiugu, 2007) The CMOP–E places spirituality at the
centre of the person, this is because it is believed that a person's spirituality is where their
motivation and self–concept flow from, through occupations spirituality can be found and
expressed.

Occupational Therapy Theory Essay

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