Open Access, Library Services, Academic Integrity and more

1. Take control of your PhD journey:
Open Access, Library Services,
Academic Integrity and more…!
Dr. Lars Figenschou
Senior academic librarian
Biology, Fisheries and Geology
Science and health library
UiT - The Arctic University of Norway

2. uit.no
Today`s agenda:
Open Access (2-ways discussion) part:
1. OA (for academics) - what do we mean?
2. OA-advantages?
3. Different types of OA
4. More discussion(s)
5. OA or traditional publishing?
“Hands on” and “hand out” part:
1. How to avoid bad publication channels?
2. Recipe: How to find high quality journals?
Academic Integrity and Referencing part:
1. WHY do we cite?
2. Plagiarism
3. My claim…..:
4. Examples of academic fraud/cases
5. The situation at UiT
6. Discussion
7. If time: More related to scientific misconduct

3. OA - what do we mean?
What is open access?
"Open access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of
most copyright and licensing restrictions."
(Suber, 2012)

4. OA - what do we mean?
What is Open Access?
(OA)
• Free access to content produced by science
– Scientific publications
– Coming more and more: Research data
• Defined through a number of declarations
– Budapest Open Access Initiative 2001 http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read
– Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences
and Humanities 2003 http://oa.mpg.de/berlin-prozess/berliner-erklarung/
• UiT is signatory number 292 to the Berlin declaration
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5. OA - what do we mean?
The traditional model
• Science pays for
• the research
• the writing
• the editorial work
• the peer reviewing
– and donates all this to a publisher
• The publisher pays for
• ICT (information and communications technology)
• Copy-editing and typesetting/layout
• Printing and distribution
– and finances this by keeping readers out
• The traditional system creates super-profits for publishers
• I.e., Elsevier in 2012: 6 600 000 000 NOK
• Taken out of science budgets
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6. OA - what do we mean?
The traditional model
• Keeps the general public out
• Keeps researchers from poorer institutions and countries out
• Contributes little to the business sector
• Stretches library budgets
• Prices increase constantly
• This is combined with continuous growth in scientific activity
– Increasingly smaller chances of offering all relevant content to researchers and students
• “Big deals”
• Give the publishers power – we need to have the big ones
• Increasingly smaller funds available to buy stand-alone journals
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7. Different types of OA
Gold OA is when the publisher provides open access.
The publishing process is
similar to that of
traditional publishers.

8. Different types of OA
Green OA is (self)archiving in open repositories
At UiT you can archive at
munin.uit.no through
CRIStin.
The university library checks
what version you can
upload.

9. Different types of OA
Remember to keep track of the last version of your
manuscript!
You can usually archive the post-print.
…the last version of the
manuscript after peer
review
…before the publishers
have
formatted the text and
put on their logos…

10. Green OA…
Directory of Open Access Repositories
(The OpenDOAR database):
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11. Different types of OA
Hybrid OA is toll access (TA) journals that offer OA
against a (often large) fee
This is not recommended
It is more expensive (often
4-5.000 USD)
The publishers, in general,
does not make the OA
content easy to find

12. OA-advantages?
What are the advantages of open access?
To society?
To you as a researcher?

13. OA-advantages?
What are the advantages of open access?
Better ideology… Better economy…
Better science…

14. http://sparceurope.org/oaca_table/
I.e., for citation advantages see:
OA-advantages?
The advantages of OA are well documented
In a meta-study Sparc Europe (the
Scholarly Publishing & Academic
Resources Coalition) have examined 74
different studies….

15. 2014 European Commission Report:
+40.3 % citation advantage
for OA (freely accessible) papers
-27.0 % citation disadvantage
for non-freely accessible papers
Source: European Commission Report «Proportion of Open Access Papers
Published in Peer Reviewed Journals at the European and World Levels – 1996-2013
OA-advantages?
The advantages of OA are well documented

16. Discussion….:
Are there any downsides?

17. OA or traditional?
Myth: It is more expensive to publish
Fact:
Both TA and OA publishers often require an article
processing fee of varying size.
There are OA publishers that demand lower fees than a
number of TA journals, and…
…there are OA publishers that demand no fees.

18. OA or traditional?
Myth: You have less rights.
Fact:
When publishing TA, you transfer all rights to your work
to the publisher. OA let you retain some rights, like
making copies of your work.
Fact:
We distinguish between gratis OA – no price barriers
and libre OA – fewer permission barriers.
Fact:
Authors have the right to be properly acknowlegded and
cited.
Fact:
OA makes it easier to detect plagiarism.

19. OA or traditional
Myth: OA publishers lack peer review and have lower
quality
Fact:
All serious OA publishers have peer review, and have a
publishing process similar to that of well established and
well recognized traditional publishers (i.e., use the excel-
sheet «Publication channels 2015» to find your journal).
Fact:
Quality may be hard to measure, and high impact factor
does not always imply high quality.
There are easy ways to find good OA publishers - if you
want to!

20. • Safronova, P. A., Laberg, J. S., Andreassen, K., Shlykova, V., Vorren, T. O. and Chernikov, S. (2015), Late
Pliocene–early Pleistocene deep-sea basin sedimentation at high-latitudes: mega-scale submarine
slides of the north-western Barents Sea margin prior to the shelf-edge glaciations. Basin Res.
doi:10.1111/bre.12161
• Rydningen, T.A.,Laberg, J.S., Kolstad, V. (2015), Late Cenozoic evolution of high-gradient trough mouth
fans and canyons on the glaciated continental margin offshore Troms, northern Norway—
Paleoclimatic implications and sediment yield. Geological Society of America Bulletin, B31302.1, first
published on October 21, 2015, doi:10.1130/B31302.1
• Harishidayat, D., et al., 3D seismic interpretation of the depositional morphology of the Middle to Late
Triassic fluvial system in Eastern Hammerfest Basin, Barents Sea, Marine and Petroleum Geology
(2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.marpetgeo.2015.09.007 (in press).
• K.O. Omosanya, S.E. Johansen, D. Harishidayat, Evolution and character of supra-salt faults in the
Easternmost Hammerfest Basin, SW Barents Sea, Marine and Petroleum Geology, Volume 66, Part 4,
September 2015, Pages 1013-1028, ISSN 0264-8172, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.08.010.
• Vinnem, J.E., and Røed, W. Root Causes of Hydrocarbon Leaks on Offshore Petroleum Installations.
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 36/2015, pp. 54-62, DOI:
10.1016/j.jlp.2015.05.014.
• Nahrgang J., Varpe Ø., Korshunova E., Murzina S. (2014) Gender specific reproductive strategies of
an Arctic key species (Boreogadus saida) and implications of climate change. PLOS ONE, doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0098452.
• Geraudie P., Nahrgang J., Leray J., Minier C., Camus L. (2014), Endocrine disrupting effects of
produced water in polar cod (Boreogadus saida). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part
A/2014, pp. 557-573.
• Anell, I., Braathen, A., Olaussen, S. and Osmundsen, P.T. (2013), Evidence of faulting contradicts a
quiescent northern Barents Shelf during the Triassic, First Break, Vol. 31, pp.67-76.
• Anell, I., Braathen, A. and Olaussen, S. (2014), Regional constraints of the Sørkapp Basin: A Carboniferous
relic or a Cretaceous depression? Marine and Petroleum Geology, Vol. 54, pp.123-138.
• Johansen, S.E. and Gabrielsen, P.T. (2014), Interpretation of Marine CSEM- and Marine MT Data for
Hydrocarbon Prospecting. In K. Bjørlykke (ed.), Petroleum Geoscience: From Sedimentary Environments
to Rock Physics. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34132-8_20. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Where do ARCEx publish…?

21. https://doaj.org/ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS (11.197 journals - 10.02.2016)
http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ PUBLISHER COPYRIGHT POLICIES & SELF-ARCHIVING
https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/Forside PUBLISERINGSKANALER (NIVÅ 1 - 2)
http://uit.no/ub/publisering PUBLISHING AT UIT / OPEN ACCESS RULES
http://www.openaccess.no/ OPEN ACCESS FAQ (NORWEGIAN)
http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Main_Page OPEN ACCESS FAQ (ENGLISH)
How to find good OA journals?
Here are all the needed tools…..:

22. Data management plan
Publication plan
Outreach plan
(disseminating)

23. Data management plan - preparing
- ethics, control, sharing, economy
Phases Whys and hows
Data collection Description of data to be collected (type, size,
format)
Data storage and back-up Security, encryption
Data documentation Organization (method, metadata, naming,
software)
Data access Copyrights, limitations, access criteria
Data sharing and reuse Publication (where and when), audience,
requirements on sharing
Data preservation and archiving What to preserve and where?
www.slideshare.net/Datacentrum/presentations

24. Archiving, sharing and preserving data
Archival storage
• Ensure a persistent link
between the identifier and the
object
• Ensure the maintenance of the
object’s metadata
Pilot project
University Library and the IT department
• Now  April 2016, to identify and test
services for archiving, sharing and
preserving research data
• End product: UiT ORD
• Pilot includes only open data
• Contact Helene N. Andreassen or Leif
Longva (leif.longva@uit.no) for further
information
http://opendata.uit.no/dvn/

25. Academic Integrity & Referencing
….two sides of
the same story?

26. Authority
(autoritet/anseelse)
I have chosen top people
You can be confident about what I write
Validity (troverdighet)
I have chosen reliable people
You can believe what I write
Traceable (kan
spores)
You can check what I write: is it correct? Yes, it is…..!!
Recent (nylig) What I write is up-to-date and very relevant…..
Broad (bred)
research
I have done a lot of research, and….
I have looked for the best sources
Using terms
correctly
This is how people use this term in my subject
Politeness
(høflighet) and
community
We all work together to build knowledge. It is not just me who
thinks this.

27. Plagiarism occurs when someone…
 Submits the work product
 …of a named or identifiable person or source
 …in a situation where originality is expected
 …without showing the source of the work
product
 ….for credit or benefit
“Fishman, 2010“

28. Plagiarism…
In terms of research ethics, plagiarism involves
stealing content from the works of other writers
and researchers and publishing it as one’s own.
Duplication, but also findings, ideas, hypotheses,
concepts, theories, interpretations, designs, etc. of
others.
Software: E.g. https://www.ephorus.com

29. How do we site, quote and make our reference list?
I hereby submit the following claim:
Hentet fra:
blog.physicsworld.com

30. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
Professor Hwang Woo-suk
- supreme researcher and the pride of Korea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6X2M6niRBw

31. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
Physicist Jan Hendrik Schön (2002)
• 2001: author on newly published
research every 8th day, on average
• Publications in Science and Nature
• Replication failure
• Reuse of datasets to represent different
material
• Proper lab records non-existent, raw
data deleted
• «I am convinced that they are real»
• Revocation of PhD degree
Photo: activescience.wordpress.com

32. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
Brain researcher Milena Penkowa (2010)
One of Copenhagen University’s major stars
Award winner and collector of huge research funds
Manipulation and fabrication of data
Forgery of invoices, embezzlement and lies
Fabrication of praise of own research to ensure funding
Photo:
www.bt.dk

33. Nytt innlegg på Retraction
Watch
RETRACTION WATCH (from 07.Feb. 2016):
Nobel Prize official resigns in wake of
Macchiarini case
by Ivan Oransky
The secretary general of the Nobel Assembly, the body responsible for choosing the Nobel Prizes, has
resigned from his post because "he may be involved" in the Karolinska Institutet investigation of trachea
surgeon Paolo Macchiarini. Urban Lendahl, professor of genetics at the Karolinska, has also resigned as
secretary general of the Nobel Committee in Physiology […]
Kom
ment
ere

34. 7
5
20
+300 %
compared
to 2012
30
+500 %
compared
to 2012
2011 2012 2013 2014
Number of disciplinary cases at UiT
(that is, plagiarism)

35. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
The trinity of scientific misconduct
Falsification of data
Distortion of data or results
Fabrication of data
Invention of data or cases
Plagiarism
Copying without attribution
Distortion of scientific knowledge
A waste of human and financial
resources
Possible risk to human health
Consequences for careers
(and thereby the whole scientific
enterprise)

36. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
A taxonomy of openness
Science as a public enterprise & the future of
the open society
Open science
Open access Open research data
Taken from:
Geoffrey Boulton, Open data and the future of science
9th Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing
26-27 November 2014, Tromsø.

37. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
What is the extent of scientific misconduct?
Colourbox.com

38. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
The extent of scientific misconduct
Fanelli, D. (2009). How Many
Scientists Fabricate and Falsify
Research? A Systematic Review and
Meta-Analysis of Survey Data. PLoS
ONE, 4(5), e5738. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0005738
Meta-analysis of 18 surveys on research misconduct
• Limited to behavior distorting scientific knowledge
Self-reports
• Fabrication/falsification of data or modification of results: 1.97%
• Other questionable research practices: 33.7%
Non self-reports
• Observed fabrication/falsification of data or result modification: 14.12%
• Observed other questionable research practices: 72%
• Observed misconduct acted upon in 50% of the cases
• Survey questions on plagiarism were excluded

39. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
The impact of scientific misconduct
Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism
– Plagiarism wastes funds and undermines trust between scholars
– Fabrication and falsification undermine the reliability of research
 Most cases are discovered before print
 Stimulate critical inquiries in the given research field
Questionable research practices
– Duplication and “salami slicing” waste money
– Financial bias in research related to health-care, wastes money and
impacts public health
Steneck, N. H. (2006). Fostering
integrity in research:
definitions, current knowledge,
and future directions. Science
and Engineering Ethics, 12(1),
53-74.

40. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
Questionable research practices
Mining
Detection of statistically significant
relationships, presented as original target
Selective publishing
Publication only when expectations are met;
conflicts of interest concealed
Cooking
Retention of only those results that best fit
the hypothesis or theory
Inaccuracy
Citations; quotations; summaries; statistics
and analysis
Bias
Financial considerations; personal views
Misrepresentation
Contribution to publication; originality of
publication (duplication, “salami slicing”)

41. Discussion…
Being (your own) whistleblower
1. In your field, which motives could
drive researchers to commit
misconduct?
2. Are you sufficiently critical to
others? What would you do if you
suspected research carried out by
others to be dubious?
3. In your situation, in which
situation(s) would pressure be
such that misconduct, FFP or
QRP, could be tempting?
Jon Sudbø, dental researcher
convicted of fraud (2006)
Vastag, B. (2006). Cancer Fraud
Case Stuns Research Community,
Prompts Reflection on Peer Review
Process. Journal of the National
Cancer Institute, 98(6), 374-376.
doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj118
Photo:
aftenposten.no

42. Would you share your data?
Could you share your data?

43. Ferguson, L. (2014). How and why researchers share data
(and why they don’t). Accessed 25.10.2015, from
http://exchanges.wiley.com/blog/2014/11/03/how-and-why-
researchers-share-data-and-why-they-dont/#disqus_thread

44. Preparing by making a data management plan
- ethics, control, sharing, economy
Phases Whys and hows
Data collection Description and documentation of data to be
collected (type, size, format, context, etc.)
Data storage and back-up Security, encryption
Data documentation Organization (method, metadata, naming,
software)
Data access Copyrights, limitations, access criteria
Data sharing and reuse Publication (where and when), audience,
requirements on sharing
Data preservation and archiving What to preserve and where?
www.slideshare.net/Datacentrum/presentations

45. Academic Integrity & Referencing…
Archiving, sharing and preserving data
Archival storage
• Ensure a persistent link
between the identifier and the
object
• Ensure the maintenance of the
object’s metadata
Pilot project
University Library and the IT department
• Now  April 2016, to identify and test
services for archiving, sharing and
preserving research data
• End product: UiT ORD
• Pilot includes only open data
• Contact Leif Longva (leif.longva@uit.no)
for further information
http://opendata.uit.no/dvn/

46. https://orcid.org
http://www.researcherid.com
https://www.academia.edu
https://www.mendeley.com
Dissemination and outreach