The document discusses the design and construction of sections 3 and 4 of the Croatian motorway programme by Bechtel International. It describes some of the key challenges in construction including working in limestone terrain prone to sinkholes and dealing with unexploded land mines leftover from the civil war. Details are provided on the bridges, tunnels, and other infrastructure built for the 148km and 68km sections, including the 5.78km Mala Kapela tunnel, the longest in Croatia constructed using the NATM method.
Future fast track model for new road over bridge spanning over railway yard- ...Rajesh Prasad
Implementation of 4 lane cable stayed road over bridge is nearing completion. It is felt that it could be a future fast track model for construction of ROB over busy railway yard in India
Innovative solution for crossing larger spaces like railway yardRajesh Prasad
This paper titled Innovative solution for crossing larger spaces like railway yard has been presented in a seminar organised by CEAI at Kolkata on 03.06.2016
i am akash kolamkar ,in my city amravati maharashtra india ,, in my city amravati a biggest bridge structure is going to construct so i have an idea to make it useful for others,,, in this report i will explain all concept with detailed drawing presentation ,, because i am engineer of project with college student if want soft copy of that file with report also so, u can mail me at akashkolamkar@gmail.com
Future fast track model for new road over bridge spanning over railway yard- ...Rajesh Prasad
Implementation of 4 lane cable stayed road over bridge is nearing completion. It is felt that it could be a future fast track model for construction of ROB over busy railway yard in India
Innovative solution for crossing larger spaces like railway yardRajesh Prasad
This paper titled Innovative solution for crossing larger spaces like railway yard has been presented in a seminar organised by CEAI at Kolkata on 03.06.2016
i am akash kolamkar ,in my city amravati maharashtra india ,, in my city amravati a biggest bridge structure is going to construct so i have an idea to make it useful for others,,, in this report i will explain all concept with detailed drawing presentation ,, because i am engineer of project with college student if want soft copy of that file with report also so, u can mail me at akashkolamkar@gmail.com
The Detail Project Report is an essential building block for any construction project. The DPR is to be prepared carefully and with sufficient details to ensure appraisal, approval, and subsequent implementation in a timely and efficient manner. The detailed project report gives us the clear idea about the existing site conditions and improvements needed to be accomplished. The DPR survey has been done for construction of a high level bridge on road pertaining @ km 6/2 (R&B) road to Kadapa district. The bridge crosses the river in normal crossing. It has total span of 50.80mts.This work has been executed under MNREGS scheme. The bridge has 3 vents of 6.37m effective span. The bridge is constructed across the stream to provide transportation facilities to people of Proddatur to various places of Kadapa District. This stream has an adequate discharge of 97.00 cusecs and it increases more during in rainy season. Traffic studies have been conducted on this road and the outcome was 120cvpd. The maximum flood level of this stream is 99.830.The linear water way is 18.00m. The design drawings and plans were given by MORT&H for execution of work. To calculate the discharge levels has been surveyed around 300mts both upstream and down streams. Funding for this project has been given by the government of A.P. The work has to be completed in a period of one year. The total estimate amount of the project is said to be 69.50 Lakhs.
Study of causes of failures and remedies on roadShantanu Patil
Highway engineering means the art of designing, constructing and maintaining public roads. Roads are considered to be one of the most cost effective and preferred modes of transportation. It is easily available and accessible to all sections of the society. It facilitates the movement of both men and materials from one place to another within a country. It helps to bring about national integration as well as provide for countries overall socio-economic development. It is a key infrastructural unit which links to other modes of transportation like railway, shipping, airways etc. Hence an efficient and well established road network is inevitable for promoting trade and commerce as well as meeting the needs of sound transportation system in the country.
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
The Detail Project Report is an essential building block for any construction project. The DPR is to be prepared carefully and with sufficient details to ensure appraisal, approval, and subsequent implementation in a timely and efficient manner. The detailed project report gives us the clear idea about the existing site conditions and improvements needed to be accomplished. The DPR survey has been done for construction of a high level bridge on road pertaining @ km 6/2 (R&B) road to Kadapa district. The bridge crosses the river in normal crossing. It has total span of 50.80mts.This work has been executed under MNREGS scheme. The bridge has 3 vents of 6.37m effective span. The bridge is constructed across the stream to provide transportation facilities to people of Proddatur to various places of Kadapa District. This stream has an adequate discharge of 97.00 cusecs and it increases more during in rainy season. Traffic studies have been conducted on this road and the outcome was 120cvpd. The maximum flood level of this stream is 99.830.The linear water way is 18.00m. The design drawings and plans were given by MORT&H for execution of work. To calculate the discharge levels has been surveyed around 300mts both upstream and down streams. Funding for this project has been given by the government of A.P. The work has to be completed in a period of one year. The total estimate amount of the project is said to be 69.50 Lakhs.
Study of causes of failures and remedies on roadShantanu Patil
Highway engineering means the art of designing, constructing and maintaining public roads. Roads are considered to be one of the most cost effective and preferred modes of transportation. It is easily available and accessible to all sections of the society. It facilitates the movement of both men and materials from one place to another within a country. It helps to bring about national integration as well as provide for countries overall socio-economic development. It is a key infrastructural unit which links to other modes of transportation like railway, shipping, airways etc. Hence an efficient and well established road network is inevitable for promoting trade and commerce as well as meeting the needs of sound transportation system in the country.
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
Uses of Larsa 4 d and Lusas 4 D models for Implementation of Cable Stayed ...Rajesh Prasad
The paper deals with how an engineering challenge confronted in a busy yard due to presence of a distressed bridge(ROB) was replaced by a Cable Stayed Bridge by adopting safe practices with proper quality and within the time frame. The paper was presented today ie 18.08.17 in a lecture organised by IIBE at Institution of Engineers, Mumbai
Uses of special kind of technologies for implementation of special kind of st...Rajesh Prasad
The said technical paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad in IC TRAM 2018 (International Conference- Technological Advancement in Railways and Metro Projects at Manekshaw Centre New Delhi on 04.10.2018
Presentation about Ircon's SGEDT project in Malaysia.Hitesh Khanna
This presentation was presented in Indian Railway's IPWE Seminar in January 2013 at Chennai. It depicts the innovations and new Technologies (in the context of Indian Railways) adopted on the project, and the various technical issues, and how they were dealt with.
7. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CHALLENGES
• LIMESTONE AND LAND MINES
• THE LAND ON WHICH BECHTEL DESIGNED AND BUILT CROATIA’S FIRST MODERN
HIGHWAY IS COMPOSED LARGELY OF DISSOLVING LIMESTONE. THE CONDITION,
CALLED KARST (AFTER THE REGION OF SLOVENIA WHERE IT WAS DISCOVERED),
CREATES SINKHOLES, CAVES, AND EVEN UNDERGROUND RIVERS. SOMETIMES A
SINKHOLE ANNOUNCES ITSELF WITH A CRACK IN THE GROUND. BUT NOT ALWAYS.
“WHILE WE WERE CUTTING EARTHWORKS, WE COULDN’T ALWAYS PREDICT WHEN
WE’D HIT AN UNDERGROUND CAVERN OR SINKHOLE,” SAYS BECHTEL FIELD
ENGINEERING MANAGER MIKE MCGARVEY. IT’S TOO COSTLY AND TIME-CONSUMING
TO DIVERT A ROAD AROUND A SINKHOLE. INSTEAD, REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
ARE USED TO SHORE UP THE GROUND AND BRIDGE OVER THE SINKHOLE.
THIS PHENOMENA HAS BEEN ENCOUNTERED IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION ALSO,
MAJOR CAVERNS HAVE BEEN BRIDGED OVER IN MALA KAPELA AND SV. ROK
TUNNELS.
•
CREWS ON THE CROATIAN MOTORWAY ALSO FACED A FAR MORE SINISTER DANGER
IN THE FORM OF UNEXPLODED MINES LEFT OVER FROM YEARS OF CIVIL WAR IN THE
REGION. TO ANSWER THAT THREAT, DOGS WERE USED TO SNIFF OUT ORDNANCE,
BULLDOZERS WERE ARMOURED, AND DRIVERS WORE KEVLAR-EQUIPPED CLOTHING.
UNFORTUNATELY, UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE HAS BEEN A REAL THREAT ON MORE
THAN ONE PROJECT IN THE RECENT YEARS.
11. CROATIAN MOTORWAY PROGRAMME
FACILITIES
• All facilities in which services are provided to drivers and
passengers (petrol stations, shops, restaurants, motels, car repair
shops, etc.) are considered roadside service facilities. Thereby, a
safe and comfortable ride is ensured for them, as well as meeting of
their needs for fuel, rest, food, beverages, various technical and
repair services. Besides, they also get acquainted with tourist and
natural sights of the surroundings and are given a possibility of using
available information, Internet, banking services, of meeting specific
needs of disabled persons and children, etc.
• The use of road land for construction of roadside service facilities
and performing service activities is awarded by the public
competition procedure to the most favourable bidder for the period
of 25 years, for which he is obliged to pay the legally prescribed fee
for the road land use and the fee for performing services.
17. CROATIAN MOTORWAY PROGRAMME
TUNNELLS
MOTORWAY “BREGANA – ZAGREB – DUBROVNIK”, SPECIFICALLY ITS SECTION III
“BOSILJEVO – SV. ROK”, IS A PART OF AN INTERNATIONAL ROAD ROUTE “AUSTRIA –
MARIBOR – ZAGREB – BOSILJEVO – SPLIT”.
THE HIGHWAY IS CLASSIFIED AS E-59 IN THE EUROPEAN ROAD ROUTES, LINKING
NORTHERN AND CENTRAL PARTS OF EUROPE WITH ITS SOUTH-EASTERN PART AND THE
MEDITERRANEAN.
THE “MALA KAPELA” TUNNEL IS LOCATED AT THE END OF UBSECTION IIIA2, AND THE
“GRIČ” TUNNEL IS LOCATED ON SUBSECTION IIIB1 OF THE SAME SECTION. EXCAVATION
(DRILLING) OF BOTH TUNNELS IS DONE BY USING NATM (NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING
METHOD), WHILE DRILLING AND BLASTING IS DONE IN SIMILAR GEOLOGICAL
SURROUNDINGS – KARST.
BOTH TUNNELS ARE BEING CONSTRUCTED IN TWO PARALLEL TUBES DESIGN, WITH 25M
AXIS DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PARALLEL TUBES.
BOTH TUNNELS ARE PASSING THROUGH MOUNTAIN RANGES WITH RESPECTIVE
IDENTICAL NAMES.
THE LEFT TUNNEL TUBE OF THE “GRIČ” TUNNEL, (DIRECTION NORTH- SOUTH), IS 1210
METERS LONG, WHILE THE RIGHT TUBE IS 1235 METERS LONG. THE LEFT TUNNEL TUBE
OF THE “MALA KAPELA” TUNNEL, (DIRECTION NORTH-SOUTH), IS 5821 METERS LONG,
WHILE THE RIGHT TUBE IS 5780 METERS LONG. THE SURFACE OF THE CROSS SECTION
OF BOTH TUNNELS DURING EXCAVATION IS IDENTICAL AND IT AMOUNTS TO APP. 75 -
78 M2.
20. TUNNELS
MOTORWAY A-1 CROATIA, TUNNEL DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
• MALA KAPELA TUNNEL - THE LONGEST TUNNEL IN CROATIA
• WITH ITS LENGTH OF 5780 M, THE MALA KAPELA TUNNEL IS BE THE LONGEST TUNNEL
IN CROATIA. IT IS SITUATED ON THE BOSILJEVO - SV. ROK SECTION OF THE ZAGREB -
SPLIT MOTORWAY. THE CONSTRUCTION STARTED IN MAY 2002. BOTH TUNNEL TUBES
ARE REALIZED SIMULTANEOUSLY BUT, IN THE INITIAL PHASE, THE TRAFFIC WILL BE
OPERATED VIA THE RIGHT TUBE ONLY, WHILE THE COMPLETION AND OPENING OF THE
LEFT-SIDE TUBE WILL DEPEND ON THE INCREASE IN TRAFFIC VOLUME.
• THE OMMENCEMENT OF WORK WAS SOMEWHAT DELAYED BY THE SELECTION OF
SOLUTION FOR CROSSING THE WATER-RICH GACKA VALLEY WITH ITS INTACT NATURE.
FOR THAT REASON THE TUNNEL WAS SOMEWHAT EXTENDED.
• TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION METHOD APPLIED WAS A NATM METHOD.
• THE NATM INTEGRATES THE PRINCIPLES OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF ROCK MASSES UNDER
LOAD AND MONITORING THE PERFORMANCE OF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION
DURING CONSTRUCTION. THE NATM IS NOT A SET OF SPECIFIC EXCAVATION AND
SUPPORT TECHNIQUES.
21. TUNNELS
• THERE ARE SEVEN FEATURES ON WHICH NATM IS BASED:
• MOBILIZATION OF THE STRENGTH OF ROCK MASS - THE METHOD RELIES ON THE
INHERENT STRENGTH OF THE SURROUNDING ROCK MASS BEING CONSERVED AS THE
MAIN COMPONENT OF TUNNEL SUPPORT.
• PRIMARY SUPPORT IS DIRECTED TO ENABLE THE ROCK TO SUPPORT ITSELF.
• SHOTCRETE PROTECTION - LOOSENING AND EXCESSIVE ROCK DEFORMATION MUST BE
MINIMISED.
THIS IS ACHIEVED BY APPLYING A THIN LAYER OF SHOTCRETE IMMEDIATELY AFTER
FACE ADVANCE.
• MEASUREMENTS - EVERY DEFORMATION OF THE EXCAVATION MUST BE MEASURED.
NATM REQUIRES
INSTALLATION OF SOPHISTICATED MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION. IT IS
EMBEDDED IN LINING,
GROUND, AND BOREHOLES.
• FLEXIBLE SUPPORT - THE PRIMARY LINING IS THIN AND REFLECTS RECENT STRATA
CONDITIONS. ACTIVE
RATHER THAN PASSIVE SUPPORT IS USED AND THE TUNNEL IS STRENGTHENED NOT BY
A THICKER
CONCRETE LINING BUT BY A FLEXIBLE COMBINATION OF ROCK BOLTS, WIRE MESH AND
STEEL RIBS.
22. TUNNELS
NATM - CONTINUED
• CLOSING OF INVERT - QUICKLY CLOSING THE INVERT AND CREATING A LOAD-BEARING
RING IS IMPORTANT. IT IS CRUCIAL IN SOFT GROUND TUNNELS WHERE NO SECTION OF
THE TUNNEL SHOULD BE LEFT OPEN EVEN TEMPORARILY.
• CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS - SINCE THE NATM IS BASED ON MONITORING
MEASUREMENTS, CHANGES IN SUPPORT AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD ARE POSSIBLE. THIS
IS POSSIBLE ONLY IF THE CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS ENABLE THOSE CHANGES.
• ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION DETERMINES SUPPORT MEASURES - THERE ARE SEVERAL
MAIN ROCK CLASSES FOR TUNNELS AND CORRESPONDING SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR EACH.
THESE SERVE AS THEGUIDELINES FOR TUNNEL REINFORCEMENT.
BASED ON THE COMPUTATION OF THE OPTIMAL CROSS SECTION, JUST A THIN SHOTCRET
PROTECTION IS NECESSARY. IT IS APPLIED IMMEDIATELY BEHIND THE TUNNEL BORING
MACHINE, TO CREATE A NATURAL LOADBEARINGRING AND THEREFORE TO MINIMIZE THE
ROCK'S DEFORMATION.
ADDITIONALLY, GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS ARE INSTALLED TO MEASURE THE LATER
DEFORMATION OF EXCAVATION. THEREFORE A MONITORING OF THE STRESS
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE ROCK IS POSSIBLE.
23. TUNNELS
THIS MONITORING MAKES THE METHOD VERY FLEXIBLE, EVEN AT SURPRISING
CHANGES OF THE GEOMECHANICAL ROCK CONSISTENCY DURING THE TUNNELING
WORK, E.G. BY CREVICES OR PIT WATER. SUCH (USUAL) PROBLEMS ARE NOT SOLVED BY
THICKER SHOTCRETE, BUT THE REINFORCEMENT IS DONE BY WIRED CONCRETE WHICH
CAN BE COMBINED WITH STEEL RIBS OR LUG BOLTS.
THE MEASURED ROCK PROPERTIES LEAD TO THE APPROPRIATE TOOLS FOR TUNNEL
STRENGTHENING. THEREFORE IN THE LAST DECADE NATM WAS ALSO APPLIED TO SOFT
GROUND EXCAVATIONS AND TO TUNNELS IN POROUS SEDIMENTS.
THE FLEXIBLE NATM TECHNIQUE ENABLES IMMEDIATE ADJUSTMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS, BUT THIS REQUIRES A FLEXIBLE CONTRACTUAL SYSTEM, TOO.
CAVERN DISCOVERED ON THE ALIGNMENT OF THE LEFT TUNNEL TUBE.
THE TERRAIN WHERE EXCAVATIONS FOR BOTH TUNNELS ARE BEING DONE IS
PREDOMINANTLY OF LOWER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS. PRIMARY ROCK MASS IS
LIMESTONE INTERCHANGING WITH POST-SEDIMENT LIMESTONE BRECCIA.
IN THE ROCK MASS OF THE “GRIČ” TUNNEL, THERE ARE JELAR SEDIMENTS, CONSISTING
OF BRECCIA AND BRECCIACONGLOMERATES, ABOVE CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS. WHILE
THE “MALA KAPELA” TUNNEL PREDOMINANTLY CONSISTS OF LIMESTONE AS WELL AS
DOLOMITE AND DOLOMITE BRECCIA. REGARDING OTHER SEDIMENTS, THERE IS
PRESENCE OF CLAY, MOST COMMONLY OF RED AND RED-BROWN COLOR, HIGH-
PLASTICAL AND COMPRISED (“TERRA ROSSA”) – FILLING CARSTIFICATION WIDENED
DISCONTINUITIES.
24. TUNNELS
TECTONICALLY, THE SITE IS VERY COMPLEX AREA, WITH NUMEROUS FAULTES. THE ENTIRE
AREA IS INTENSELY CARSTIFICATED,AND THERE IS PRESENCE OF NUMEROUS KARST
SINKHOLE FORMATIONS FILLED WITH CLAY MATERIAL ON SURFACE. IN THE INTERIOR
SUCH FORMATIONS ARE MANIFESTED AS CAVERNOUS ZONES WITH TECTONICALLY
INTENSELY CRUSHED ROCK MATERIAL. CATEGORIZATION, BASED ON RMR
CLASSIFICATION, PREDICTED CATEGORIES II, III, IV AND V OF THE ROCK MASS, WITH
PREDOMINANT CATEGORY III IN THE “GRIČ” TUNNEL AND CATEGORY II IN THE “MALA
KAPELA” TUNNEL.
25. TUNNELS
BRINJE TUNNEL
THE BRINJE TUNNEL IS A FOUR-LANE HIGHWAY TUNNEL IN CROATIA, WHICH FORMS PART
OF THE A1 HIGHWAY FROM ZAGREB TO ŠESTANOVAC (PLANNED TO DUBROVNIK).
THE TUNNEL IS 1,570 M (1,720 YD) LONG AND WAS OPENED IN 2004.
IN THE SCOPE OF ZAGREB – SPLIT HIGHWAY, SECTION IIIC THERE WOULD BE CONSTRUCTED
THREE TUNNELS (BRINJE, BREZIK AND PLASINA). THE COMMON CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL
THREE TUNNELS IS THAT THE WORKS ARE EXECUTED APPLYING NEW AUSTRIAN METHOD
(NATM) UNDER DIFFICULT CONDITIONS OF WELL-FORMED KARST, I.E. IN VERY POROUS
LIMESTONE ROCK MATERIALS, WITH NUMEROUS FISSURE, CLAY AND CAVE ZONES.
ACCORDING TO THE GEOMECHANICAL CATEGORIZATION OF ROCK MASSES, TUNNELS ARE
EXCAVATED IN CATEGORIES II, III, IV AND V OF EXCAVATION, WITH CONSTRUCTED IN ALL
TYPES OF PRIMARY SHORING UP STRUCTURES.
SPECIFIC FEATURE OF TUNNEL BRINJE CONSTRUCTION IS ACTUALLY THE FIRST TIME IN
CROATIA APPLIED TECHNICAL –TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION OF MICRO-REINFORCED JET
CONCRETE FOR THE PRIMARY SHORING UP EXCAVATION, INSURANCE (INSTEAD OF
REINFORCEMENT MESH, SMALL STEEL NEEDLES WERE USED AND SHOT WITH THE CONCRETE)