pathology

1. A Presentation On
Nutritional Pathology of Fish & Shrimp
Presented By:
Partho Banik (ASH1602012M)
Md. Ashik Hossen(ASH1602013M)
Sagor Das(ASH1602015M)
Fatema Tanjin(BKH1602016F)
Md.MahtabUddin(ASH1602017M)

2. At A Glance
Introduction
Nutrition
Proximate composition of fish
Malnutrition
Nutritional Pathology
Requirement of fish nutrition
Nutritional Diseases in fish
Nutritional requirement of shrimp
Nutritional diseases of shrimp
Conclusion

3. Introduction
In contrast to extensive and semi-intensive farming systems were fish obtain all
or part of their dietary nutrient needs from naturally available pond food
organisms, fish maintained under intensive culture systems rely totally on the
provision of a nutritionally complete diet throughout their life cycle.
That dietary related pathologies have often arisen from specific nutrient deficiencies
and imbalances under practical farming conditions.

4. • Nutrition
Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other
substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and
disease of an organism.
• Proximate composition of fish

5. • MALNUTRITION
A nutritional deficiency occurs when the body doesn’t absorb or get from food the
necessary amount of a nutrient. Deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems.
These can include digestion problems, skin disorders.
• NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGY
Nutritional pathology has been applied to disease induced by faulty nutrition. One
immediately considers vitamin deficiencies, such as scurvy and rickets, as typical
example of nutritional deficiency disease.

6. • REQUIREMENTS OF NUTRITION IN FISH:
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
Minerals
Vitamins

7. • Protein:
Composed of amino acids
• Ten can be synthesized by vertebrates, including fish
Important component in diet
• Expensive
• Small quantity of good protein produces large amount of fingerlings
Used for fish growth
• A fish doesn’t have a minimum protein requirements; it has a minimum
amino acid requirement
• Poor quality protein is burned for energy or deposited as fat

8. DISOEDERS IN PROTEIN NUTRITION
Limiting EAA Fish Species Deficiency Signs
Lysine Onchorhynchus mykiss
Cyprinus carpio
Dorsal/caudal fin erosion, increased mortality
Increased mortality
Methionine O. mykiss
Salmo salar
Cataract
Cataract
Tryptophan O. mykiss
O. nerka
O. keta
O. kisutch
Scoliosis, lordosis, renal calcinosis, cataract, caudal fin
erosion, decreased carcass lipid content; elevated Ca,
Mag, Na and K carcass concentration
Scoliosis
Scoliosis, cataract
Scoliosis
Miscellaneous Cyprinus carpio Increased mortality and incidence of lordosis observed
with dietary deficiencies of leucine, isoleucine, lysine,
arginine and histidine

9. Toxic Amino Acids
Fish Species Deficiency Signs (dietary excess of
leucine (13.4% of diet))
Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) Scoliosis
Deformed opercula
Scale deformities
Scale loss
Spongiosis of epidermal cells

10. Lipids
Sources of energy and essential fatty acids
• One gram of lipid contains 2× the energy of 1 gram carbohydrates or
1 gram protein
Maintain cell fluidity
• Globular proteins transport things in and out of the cell membrane
Dietary lipids
• Provide HUFAs for good growth and reproduction
• Can’t be synthesized, must supply the basic ones

11. DISORDERS IN LIPID NUTRITION
Fish Species Deficiency Signs
Cyprinus carpio Increased mortality, fatty liver
Anguilla japonica Increased mortality
Oreochromis niloticus Swollen pale liver, fatty liver
Lates calcarifer Reduced growth and feed efficiency, reddening of fins
Ctenopharyngodon idella Reduced growth and feed efficiency, swollen pale liver, increased
mortality, lordosis, shock syndrome
Rainbow trout Increased mortality, elevated muscle water content, increased
susceptibility to caudal fin erosion by Flexebacterium sp.

12. Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Toxicity
Under laboratory conditions it has been found that a dietary excess of EFA may
exert a negative effect on fish growth and feed efficiency.
Toxic Non-Essential Fatty Acid
Cyclopropenoic acid is a toxic fatty acid found in the lipid fraction of cottonseed
products. Experimentally, cyclopropenoic acid has been shown to reduce growth
rate in rainbow trout and to act as a potent synergist for the carcinogenity of
aflatoxins.

13. Minerals
Inorganic elements
• Fish can obtain some from the water
Two groups
• Major minerals ( Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S)
• Trace minerals ( Fe, I, Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Se, Al)

14. DISORDERS IN MINERAL NUTRITION
Minerals Fish Species Deficiency Sign
PHOSPHORUS (P) C. carpio Reduced growth, poor feed efficiency, bone
demineralization
CALCIUM (Ca) O. nyloticus Anorexia, poor growth and feed efficiency
MAGNESIUM (Mg) C. carpio Reduced growth, sluggishness, anorexia, convulsions, high
mortality, reduced bone magnesium content, cataracts
ZINC (Zn) C. carpio Reduced growth, cataracts , loss of appetite, high mortality,
erosion of fins and skin
COPPER (Cu) C. carpio Reduced growth, cataracts
SELENIUM (Se) C. carpio Reduced growth, cataracts, anaemia
IODINE Salmonids Thyroid hyperplasia

16. Vitamins
Essential but don’t supply energy
• Normal metabolism
• Must supply because cannot be synthesized at all or fast enough
Two groups
Water soluble
• Deficiency common
• Vitamin C
• Fish cannot synthesize
Fat soluble
• Deficiency rare
• Vitamin A- mucous secretion
• Vitamin D- Ca/P adsorption

17. DISORDERS IN VITAMIN NUTRITION
Vitamins Fish Species Deficiency Sign
VITAMIN A (Retinol) C. carpio Anorexia, faded body colour, fin and skin haemorrhage, exophthalmia,
abnormal/warped gill operculae
RIBOFLAVIN (vitamin B2) C. carpio Anorexia, poor growth, high mortality rate, haemorrhage of skin and
fins, nervousness, photophobia
CYANACOBALAMINE
(vitamin B12)
Labeo rohita Reduced growth, low haematocrit, megaloblastic anaemia
ASCORBIC ACID (vit. C) C. carpio Reduced growth, high mortality
VITAMIN D O. niloticus Reduced growth and feed efficiency, low haemoglobin and
hepatosomatic index
VITAMIN E C. carpio Muscular dystrophy, mortality, exopthalmia
VITAMIN K Salmonids Increased blood clotting time, anaemia, haemorrhagic gills, eyes, and
vascular tissue

19. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SHRIMP

20. NUTRITIONAL DISEASES IN SHRIMP
1. Soft Shell Syndrome
2. Blue Disease/ Pigment Deficiency Syndrome
3. Red Disease
4. Cramp Tail Syndrome

21. 1) Soft Shell Syndrome:
Clinical signs:
•Shell is thin, persistently soft for several weeks
•Dark and wrinkled
•Weakness
•Grow slowly, and eventually die.
Causative agents:
• Pesticide contamination
• Poor pond water and soil condition
• Use of rancid or low-quality feeds
• Nutritional deficiency

22. Prevention and treatment:
• Feed adequately and good-quality feeds.
• Flush ponds thoroughly
• Maintain the quality of pond water and soil
• Provide supplementary feed

23. 2)Blue Disease or Pigment Deficiency Syndrome(PDS)
•Also known as
•sky blue shrimp disease
•blue-shell syndrome
•Caused by low level of carotenoid astaxanthin in feed.
•Astaxanthin is the predominant carotenoid in penaeids
•Astaxanthin improves colouration, enhances biological
functions and improves survival, growth and stress
resistance in penaeid shrimp
 Treatment
 Natural carotenoids sources -dried Spirulina
 carotenoid extracted from Dunaliella

24. 3)Red disease (Aflatoxin poisoning):
• Caused by afflation poisoning
• Aspergillus sp. is a common contaminant in shrimp feeds and leads to afflation in the
food.
• This causes red disease or red discolouration.
• The condition leads to gradual mortalities and losses of up to 98% in three months.
Gross signs –
• cession of feeding
• dramatic slowing of growth
• leading to lethargy and weakness.
• The shrimp die rapidly if lifted out of the water.

25. • Prevention:
• Use fresh, recently manufactured feeds.
• Store feeds properly in well-ventilated and cool rooms (preferably
at 10–20 oC or lower)

26. 4) Cramp Tail Syndrome (CMS):
Nutrition-related disease
Also called as cramped–muscle syndrome (CMS).
CTS appears to be caused by one or more of the following conditions:
• High temperature
• Vibriosis
• Mineral imbalances
• Toxins in the water.