Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, while animals obtain food from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. There are five main steps in the nutrients process: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Ingestion involves taking substances into the body through the mouth. Digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules. Absorption is when digested food passes into the bloodstream. Assimilation converts absorbed nutrients into tissues. Egestion removes undigested waste from the body.
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
Chapter - 1, Nutrition in Plants, Science, Class 7 Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
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Chapter 1 - Nutrition in Plants, Science, Class 7
INTRODUCTION
NUTRIENTS
MODE OF NUTRITION
CELLS IN LIVING ORGANISMS
SINGLE AND MULTI - CELLULAR ORGANISMS
HOW DO PLANTS PREPARE THEIR FOOD?
PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR ALL LIVING ORGANISMS
HOW DO PLANTS GENERATE PROTEINS AND FATS
OTHER MODES OF NUTRITION
PARASITIC MODE OF NUTRITION
INSECTIVOROUS MODE OF NUTRITION
SAPROPHYTIC MODE OF NUTRITION
SYMBIOTIC MODE OF NUTRITION
REPLENISHING THE SOIL WITH NUTRIENTS
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
YOUTUBE VIDEO:
https://youtu.be/GgV4xo21mFU
GOOGLE FORM WORKSHEET:
https://forms.gle/CqxrYZr1ukewvLhN8
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
It tells about the phylum porifera, ceolenerata, pltyhelminthes.......................................................................................................................!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
this presentation is all about the biogeochemical cycle. but sadly, i only include the Water Cycle and Carbon cycle because I were assign to present this in front of my classmates.
I hope I can help you all regarding this topic. that's all thank you . Like. Comment and Share tHanks. ! Godbless y'll. :)
Chapter - 1, Nutrition in Plants, Science, Class 7 Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter 1 - Nutrition in Plants, Science, Class 7
INTRODUCTION
NUTRIENTS
MODE OF NUTRITION
CELLS IN LIVING ORGANISMS
SINGLE AND MULTI - CELLULAR ORGANISMS
HOW DO PLANTS PREPARE THEIR FOOD?
PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR ALL LIVING ORGANISMS
HOW DO PLANTS GENERATE PROTEINS AND FATS
OTHER MODES OF NUTRITION
PARASITIC MODE OF NUTRITION
INSECTIVOROUS MODE OF NUTRITION
SAPROPHYTIC MODE OF NUTRITION
SYMBIOTIC MODE OF NUTRITION
REPLENISHING THE SOIL WITH NUTRIENTS
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
YOUTUBE VIDEO:
https://youtu.be/GgV4xo21mFU
GOOGLE FORM WORKSHEET:
https://forms.gle/CqxrYZr1ukewvLhN8
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
It tells about the phylum porifera, ceolenerata, pltyhelminthes.......................................................................................................................!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
this presentation is all about the biogeochemical cycle. but sadly, i only include the Water Cycle and Carbon cycle because I were assign to present this in front of my classmates.
I hope I can help you all regarding this topic. that's all thank you . Like. Comment and Share tHanks. ! Godbless y'll. :)
753 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, .docxpoulterbarbara
75
3
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in
digestion.
3.2 Explain how food is propelled through the gas-
trointestinal tract.
3.3 Identify the role of enzymes and other secre-
tions in chemical digestion.
3.4 Describe how digested nutrients are absorbed.
3.5 Explain how hormones and the nervous sys-
tem regulate digestion.
3.6 Explain how absorbed nutrients are trans-
ported throughout the body.
3.7 Discuss the most common digestive disorders.
True or False?
1. Saliva can alter the taste of food. T/F
2. Without mucus, the stomach would digest itself. T/F
3. The major function of bile is to emulsify fats. T/F
4. Acid reflux is caused by gas in the stom-ach. T/F
5. The primary function of the large intes-tine is to absorb water. T/F
6. Feces contain a high amount of bacteria. T/F
7. The lymphatic system transports all nutrients through the body once they’ve been absorbed. T/F
8. Hormones play an important role in digestion. T/F
9. Diarrhea is always caused by bacterial infection. T/F
10. Irritable bowel syndrome is caused by an allergy to gluten. T/F
See page 110 for the answers.
Digestion,
Absorption,
and Transport
M03_BLAK8260_04_SE_C03.indd 75 12/1/17 11:28 PM
76 Chapter 3 | Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
The digestion of food begins even before you take that first bite. Just the sight and smell of homemade apple pie stimulates the release of saliva in
the mouth. The secretion of saliva and other digestive juices starts a cascade of
events that prepares the body for digestion, the chemical and mechanical
processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient
molecules ready for absorption. Food components that aren’t absorbed are
excreted as waste (feces) by elimination. Although these are complex
processes, they go largely unnoticed. You consciously chew and swallow the
pie, but you don’t feel the release of chemicals or the muscular contractions
that cause it to be digested or the absorption of nutrient molecules through
the intestinal lining cells. In fact, you may be unaware of the entire process
until about 48 hours after eating, when the body is ready to eliminate waste.
In this chapter, we explore the processes of digestion, absorption, and
elimination, the organs involved, and the other biological mechanisms that
regulate our bodies’ processing of food and nutrients. We also discuss the causes
and treatments of some common gastrointestinal conditions and disorders.
What Are the Processes and Organs
Involved in Digestion?
LO 3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in digestion.
Digestion, absorption, and elimination occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a mus-
cular tube approximately 20–24 feet long in an adult. Stretched vertically, the tube would
be about as high as a two-story building. It provides a barrier between the food within the
lumen (the hollow .
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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3. NUTRTION IN ANIMALS
Plants make their food by the process of photosynthesis,
but animals cannot make their food themselves. Animals
get their food from plants. Some animals eat plants
directly while some animals eat plant eating animals.
Thus, animals get their food from plants either directly or
indirectly.
All organisms require food for survival and growth.
Requirement of nutrients, mode of intake of food and its
utilization in body are collectively known as nutrition.
4. STEPS INVOLVED IN NUTRIENTS
•INGESTION
•DIGESTION
•ABSORPTION
•ASSIMILATION
•EGESTION
5. INGESTION
Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it
normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through
the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as
through eating or drinking. In single-celled organisms, ingestion can take
place through taking the substance through the cell membrane.
Besides nutritional items, other substances which may be ingested
include medication (where ingestion is termed oral
administration), recreational drugs, and substances considered inedible
such as foreign bodies or excrement. Ingestion is a common route taken
by pathogenic organisms and poisons entering the body.
Ingestion can also refer to a mechanism picking up something and
making it enter an internal hollow of that mechanism, e.g. "a grille was
fitted to prevent the pump from ingesting driftwood".
6. Some pathogens are transmitted via ingestion, including viruses, bacteria,
and parasites. Most commonly, this takes place via the faecal-oral route.
An intermediate step is often involved, such as drinking
water contaminated by faeces or food prepared by workers who fail to
practice adequate hand-washing, and is more common in regions
whereuntreated sewage is common. Diseases transmitted via the fecal-
oral route include hepatitis A, polio, and cholera .Pica is an abnormal
appetite for non-nutritive objects or for food items in a form not normally
eaten, such as flour. Coprophagia is the consumption of feces,
an abnormal ingestive behavior common in some animals.
7.
8. Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into
small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be
absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms,
these smaller substances are absorbed through the small
intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form
of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on
how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion.
The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown
of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can
subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical
digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the
body can use.
Digestion
9. In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion
of the food starts by the action of mastication(chewing), a form of mechanical
digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by
the salivary glands, containssalivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the
digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates
the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH
(alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch
digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus.
It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action
of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice
mainly containshydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may
damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy
layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the
same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis,
which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This
allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.
10.
11. Absorption – The process of
passing of digested food into
blood vessels in the intestine is
called the absorption.
Absorption
12. ASSIMILATION
Assimilation – The conversion of absorbed
food in complex substances such as proteins
and vitamins required by body is called
assimilation.
In other words, assimilation is the conversion
of absorbed food (nutrients) into living tissues.
Through the process of assimilation our cells
are supplied with oxygen and nutrients.
13.
14. Egestion – Removal of waste materials from
the body is called Egestion. The faecal matter
is removed through the anus from time-to-
time.
Since the waste of food left after digestion is
also called faeces, hence the process of
Egestion is also known as defecation.
Egestion
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. 1. WHAT ARE THE STEPS INVOLVED IN NUTRIENTS
•ANSWER.
INGESTION,DIGESTION,ABSORPTION,ASSIMILATION,
EGESTION
2. WHAT IS ASSIMILATION
ANSWER. The conversion of absorbed food in
complex substances such as proteins and vitamins
required by body is called assimilation.