The document discusses various topics related to nutrition, including:
1. Nutrition is defined as the sum of all processes by which living organisms obtain and assimilate nutrients. Nutrients provide energy and are essential for growth and health. Food supplies these nutrients and is derived from plant or animal sources.
2. Mineral nutrition in plants requires macronutrients like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur. Micronutrients like chlorine, iron, zinc, manganese, boron, copper, sodium and molybdenum are also required in small amounts.
3. Human nutrition components include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
This document discusses nutrition in fungi. It covers the essential elements fungi require, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and various minerals. Fungi obtain these elements from organic and inorganic sources in their environment. The document explores the different modes of nutrition fungi use, including saprophytism and parasitism. It also examines the mechanisms fungi employ to absorb nutrients, such as secreting enzymes and forming specialized feeding structures called haustoria. Finally, the document discusses mutualistic relationships fungi engage in for nutrition, including lichens and mycorrhizal associations with plant roots.
Saprophytic organisms feed on decaying organic matter in the environment, obtaining nutrients without harming other organisms. Parasitic organisms feed by living in or on a host organism, belonging to a different species, and obtaining nutrients at the host's expense. Examples of saprophytes include bacteria, fungi, and yeasts that feed on decaying vegetation. Examples of parasites include the fungi Puccinia and the plant dodder, which attaches to and derives nutrients from host plants through specialized structures.
Saprophytic nutrition is a type of nutrition where organisms obtain food by feeding on dead and decaying organic matter such as plants, animals, and fungi. Saprophytes like fungi and bacteria release digestive enzymes that break down complex molecules in the dead organic matter into simpler molecules like glucose, which are then absorbed by the saprophyte. They play an important role in ecosystems by recycling nutrients from dead organic matter back into the environment.
Fungi play several important ecological roles. As decomposers, they break down dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the soil, recycling them for other organisms. As mycorrhizal partners with plants, fungi help plants absorb water and minerals in exchange for carbohydrates. Lichens, which consist of fungi and algae, are pioneers in plant succession and weather rocks into soil. Some fungi also help bioremediate polluted environments and produce antibiotics. However, some fungi can also cause diseases or destroy plants, wood, food, and other materials.
Fungal metabolites as a store house of bioactive natural productsRAMESHVELCHAMY
This document discusses fungi and their potential as a source of bioactive natural products. It begins by defining fungi and their characteristics. Fungi produce a variety of secondary metabolites that have applications in industry, agriculture, food, medicine, and as antibiotics and antitumor agents. The document outlines the process of isolating endophytic fungi from plants and culturing them to extract crude metabolites. These extracts can then be purified and tested for bioactivity, such as anticancer properties through induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Fungi therefore represent an underexplored source of natural products with applications in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.
This document discusses various types of interactions between fungi and other organisms in ecosystems. It describes positive interactions like mutualism, commensalism, and protocooperation, where both or one organism benefits. Examples of mutualism provided include lichens, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants, and mycorrhizal associations between fungi and plant roots. Negative interactions discussed are exploitation like social parasitism, parasitism, and predation where one organism is harmed. Amensalism and competition are also summarized, where in amensalism one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and competition involves organisms competing for limited resources.
Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food sciences is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of nutrition and food sciences.
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
This document discusses nutrition in fungi. It covers the essential elements fungi require, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and various minerals. Fungi obtain these elements from organic and inorganic sources in their environment. The document explores the different modes of nutrition fungi use, including saprophytism and parasitism. It also examines the mechanisms fungi employ to absorb nutrients, such as secreting enzymes and forming specialized feeding structures called haustoria. Finally, the document discusses mutualistic relationships fungi engage in for nutrition, including lichens and mycorrhizal associations with plant roots.
Saprophytic organisms feed on decaying organic matter in the environment, obtaining nutrients without harming other organisms. Parasitic organisms feed by living in or on a host organism, belonging to a different species, and obtaining nutrients at the host's expense. Examples of saprophytes include bacteria, fungi, and yeasts that feed on decaying vegetation. Examples of parasites include the fungi Puccinia and the plant dodder, which attaches to and derives nutrients from host plants through specialized structures.
Saprophytic nutrition is a type of nutrition where organisms obtain food by feeding on dead and decaying organic matter such as plants, animals, and fungi. Saprophytes like fungi and bacteria release digestive enzymes that break down complex molecules in the dead organic matter into simpler molecules like glucose, which are then absorbed by the saprophyte. They play an important role in ecosystems by recycling nutrients from dead organic matter back into the environment.
Fungi play several important ecological roles. As decomposers, they break down dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the soil, recycling them for other organisms. As mycorrhizal partners with plants, fungi help plants absorb water and minerals in exchange for carbohydrates. Lichens, which consist of fungi and algae, are pioneers in plant succession and weather rocks into soil. Some fungi also help bioremediate polluted environments and produce antibiotics. However, some fungi can also cause diseases or destroy plants, wood, food, and other materials.
Fungal metabolites as a store house of bioactive natural productsRAMESHVELCHAMY
This document discusses fungi and their potential as a source of bioactive natural products. It begins by defining fungi and their characteristics. Fungi produce a variety of secondary metabolites that have applications in industry, agriculture, food, medicine, and as antibiotics and antitumor agents. The document outlines the process of isolating endophytic fungi from plants and culturing them to extract crude metabolites. These extracts can then be purified and tested for bioactivity, such as anticancer properties through induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Fungi therefore represent an underexplored source of natural products with applications in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.
This document discusses various types of interactions between fungi and other organisms in ecosystems. It describes positive interactions like mutualism, commensalism, and protocooperation, where both or one organism benefits. Examples of mutualism provided include lichens, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants, and mycorrhizal associations between fungi and plant roots. Negative interactions discussed are exploitation like social parasitism, parasitism, and predation where one organism is harmed. Amensalism and competition are also summarized, where in amensalism one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and competition involves organisms competing for limited resources.
Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food sciences is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of nutrition and food sciences.
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems by decomposing organic material like dead plants. As opportunistic heterotrophs, fungi have hyphae that allow them to penetrate substrates and spores that aid long-range dispersal. They can cause diseases in plants and animals but also engage in mutualistic relationships like forming lichens with algae and cyanobacteria, or mycorrhizal relationships with roots of many plant species to aid nutrient exchange.
The document discusses various types of interactions between microorganisms including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, competition, and synergism. Specific examples are provided for each type of interaction such as lichens exhibiting mutualism between fungi and cyanobacteria. Both beneficial and harmful relationships between microbes and other organisms like plants, animals, and humans are explored.
The document provides information about fungi and lichens. It discusses that fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack chlorophyll and reproduce via spores rather than seeds. It describes the main parts of fungi including hyphae, mycelium, and sporangium. It also covers the three main types of fungi and how they differ in reproductive structures. Finally, it briefly discusses lichens as a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
B.sc. agri sem ii agricultural microbiology unit 2 soil microorganismsRai University
The document discusses the various microorganisms found in soil, including bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and higher animal forms. It describes the different groups of bacteria and microorganisms, their roles in soil processes like decomposition and nutrient cycling, and how they vary depending on environmental conditions. Methods for enumerating and classifying soil microorganisms are also summarized.
1) The document discusses soil organisms, their classification, functions, and role in soil fertility. It describes bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, ants and other micro and macro fauna found in soil.
2) These organisms play important roles like decomposing organic matter, recycling nutrients, fixing nitrogen, controlling pests and diseases, and creating soil structure and humus. Their interactions and biological processes regulate soil health.
3) Tests like Neubauer seedling, Sacket and Stewart techniques are used to evaluate soil fertility based on biological parameters like microbial population and activity. Some organisms can also harm plants through diseases, competition
Adaptation of microorganism in environment- microbial ecologySaajida Sultaana
The document discusses how microorganisms adapt to various environments. It notes that microbes can adapt to changing conditions within and between hosts through various strategies. These include producing proteins and enzymes to adapt to different temperatures, pH levels, salt concentrations, and other environmental factors. The document also describes several types of extremophiles that have adapted to survive in extreme environments through strategies like accumulating salts to balance osmotic pressure.
Lichens=(Algae+Fungi) Symbiotic Association (Phycobiont+ Mycobiont), Idealistic marriage, Pioneers species of Xerosere succession Shows Dual Nature, Trinity=(One Algae+Two Fungi), Natural farmers, it melt stone convert stone to soil particles
Fungi have nutritional requirements for carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, vitamins, and minerals in order to grow. Carbon sources can include sugars, starch, cellulose, and other carbohydrates. Nitrogen sources commonly used include ammonium and amino acids. Fungi also require water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and an appropriate pH level. Understanding the chemical requirements of fungi is essential for cultivating them successfully in the laboratory.
This document discusses various examples of symbiotrophic relationships between organisms, specifically fungi. It begins by defining symbiosis and noting that fungi are commonly involved in mutualistic relationships. It then examines specific examples in detail, including lichens, mycorrhizal associations, interactions between termites and fungi, ambrosia beetles and fungi, scale insects and fungi, and gut fungi in ruminant animals. Throughout, it describes the nutritional exchanges that make these relationships mutualistically beneficial. In conclusion, it emphasizes that these symbioses closely integrate the organisms and provide access to nutrients and dispersal mechanisms for both partners.
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and microbial nutrition and growth. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses. It describes how microbes play important roles in various environments and human life. It then discusses the major groups of microorganisms and their characteristics. Finally, it covers microbial nutrition, growth conditions and factors that influence growth.
This document discusses different modes of nutrition in living organisms. It describes autotrophic nutrition, which occurs in organisms like plants that can synthesize their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. It also describes heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain organic carbon from other living things. Heterotrophic nutrition includes saprophytic, parasitic, and holozoic (animal) modes. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like carbohydrates. It takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells.
Fungi structure Reproduction Classification, Life cycles Bot coaching mater...Nagaraj Deshaboina
This document provides an overview of fungi, including their general characteristics, structures, modes of nutrition, reproduction, and classification. Some key points:
- Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce both asexually and sexually.
- Their filamentous structure is called hyphae, which come together to form a mycelium. Cell walls contain chitin.
- Fungi obtain nutrients as saprophytes, parasites, or symbiotically. Saprophytes feed on dead organic matter, parasites live on or in living hosts, symbionts have mutualistic relationships like lichens or my
This document summarizes key sections from a chapter about protists. It describes the characteristics of protists, including that they are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms found in moist environments. It also outlines different types of protists like amoebas, algae, diatoms, and flagellates. Additionally, it discusses how some protists can affect human health, providing examples like malaria which is transmitted through a mosquito vector, and treatments for diseases caused by protists.
Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers and symbionts. Many fungi are saprobes that break down decaying matter for food. Others are parasites that live in and harm other organisms. Fungi also form beneficial symbiotic relationships, such as lichens with photosynthetic organisms and mycorrhizal relationships with plants. Fungi can also cause diseases in humans, plants and animals through the release of digestive enzymes and infection by microscopic spores.
Parasitic nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism called a parasite lives on or inside another organism called a host. The parasite obtains its nutrition from the host. Parasitic plants take ready-made food from a host plant they climb on for nutrition. Examples include Cuscuta, which is a parasitic plant without chlorophyll that takes food from the plant it climbs on. Dodder is also a parasitic plant that grows on a wide variety of plants, including agricultural crops, and obtains its nutrition from the host plant.
you will learn about
1 What is microorganisms' .
2.types of microorganisms' .
3 .Advantages and Disadvantages of microorganisms' .
4. Examples of microorganisms' .
5. microorganism on microscope .
Thank you .
Beneficial and harmful effects of microorganismsDavid Enoma
This document discusses the beneficial and harmful effects of microorganisms. It summarizes several studies on soil bacteria that promote plant growth, hydrocarbon-degrading microbes that help remediate oil-contaminated soil, and emerging/re-emerging infectious diseases. The key points are: soil bacteria benefit plant growth through nutrient production and pathogen inhibition; oil spills can be cleaned by microbes like Pseudomonas and enhancing natural bioremediation; emerging diseases like HIV and re-emerging diseases like influenza continue posing challenges.
The document discusses how modern agricultural practices like chemical fertilizers have depleted soils of essential minerals and microbial life. This has led to nutrient-deficient plants and sick soils that produce sick plants and sick people. It promotes fulvic acid and humic acid liquid minerals as a solution to replenish essential minerals in soils, plants and the human body.
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems by decomposing organic material like dead plants. As opportunistic heterotrophs, fungi have hyphae that allow them to penetrate substrates and spores that aid long-range dispersal. They can cause diseases in plants and animals but also engage in mutualistic relationships like forming lichens with algae and cyanobacteria, or mycorrhizal relationships with roots of many plant species to aid nutrient exchange.
The document discusses various types of interactions between microorganisms including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, competition, and synergism. Specific examples are provided for each type of interaction such as lichens exhibiting mutualism between fungi and cyanobacteria. Both beneficial and harmful relationships between microbes and other organisms like plants, animals, and humans are explored.
The document provides information about fungi and lichens. It discusses that fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack chlorophyll and reproduce via spores rather than seeds. It describes the main parts of fungi including hyphae, mycelium, and sporangium. It also covers the three main types of fungi and how they differ in reproductive structures. Finally, it briefly discusses lichens as a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
B.sc. agri sem ii agricultural microbiology unit 2 soil microorganismsRai University
The document discusses the various microorganisms found in soil, including bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and higher animal forms. It describes the different groups of bacteria and microorganisms, their roles in soil processes like decomposition and nutrient cycling, and how they vary depending on environmental conditions. Methods for enumerating and classifying soil microorganisms are also summarized.
1) The document discusses soil organisms, their classification, functions, and role in soil fertility. It describes bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, ants and other micro and macro fauna found in soil.
2) These organisms play important roles like decomposing organic matter, recycling nutrients, fixing nitrogen, controlling pests and diseases, and creating soil structure and humus. Their interactions and biological processes regulate soil health.
3) Tests like Neubauer seedling, Sacket and Stewart techniques are used to evaluate soil fertility based on biological parameters like microbial population and activity. Some organisms can also harm plants through diseases, competition
Adaptation of microorganism in environment- microbial ecologySaajida Sultaana
The document discusses how microorganisms adapt to various environments. It notes that microbes can adapt to changing conditions within and between hosts through various strategies. These include producing proteins and enzymes to adapt to different temperatures, pH levels, salt concentrations, and other environmental factors. The document also describes several types of extremophiles that have adapted to survive in extreme environments through strategies like accumulating salts to balance osmotic pressure.
Lichens=(Algae+Fungi) Symbiotic Association (Phycobiont+ Mycobiont), Idealistic marriage, Pioneers species of Xerosere succession Shows Dual Nature, Trinity=(One Algae+Two Fungi), Natural farmers, it melt stone convert stone to soil particles
Fungi have nutritional requirements for carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, vitamins, and minerals in order to grow. Carbon sources can include sugars, starch, cellulose, and other carbohydrates. Nitrogen sources commonly used include ammonium and amino acids. Fungi also require water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and an appropriate pH level. Understanding the chemical requirements of fungi is essential for cultivating them successfully in the laboratory.
This document discusses various examples of symbiotrophic relationships between organisms, specifically fungi. It begins by defining symbiosis and noting that fungi are commonly involved in mutualistic relationships. It then examines specific examples in detail, including lichens, mycorrhizal associations, interactions between termites and fungi, ambrosia beetles and fungi, scale insects and fungi, and gut fungi in ruminant animals. Throughout, it describes the nutritional exchanges that make these relationships mutualistically beneficial. In conclusion, it emphasizes that these symbioses closely integrate the organisms and provide access to nutrients and dispersal mechanisms for both partners.
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and microbial nutrition and growth. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses. It describes how microbes play important roles in various environments and human life. It then discusses the major groups of microorganisms and their characteristics. Finally, it covers microbial nutrition, growth conditions and factors that influence growth.
This document discusses different modes of nutrition in living organisms. It describes autotrophic nutrition, which occurs in organisms like plants that can synthesize their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. It also describes heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain organic carbon from other living things. Heterotrophic nutrition includes saprophytic, parasitic, and holozoic (animal) modes. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like carbohydrates. It takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells.
Fungi structure Reproduction Classification, Life cycles Bot coaching mater...Nagaraj Deshaboina
This document provides an overview of fungi, including their general characteristics, structures, modes of nutrition, reproduction, and classification. Some key points:
- Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce both asexually and sexually.
- Their filamentous structure is called hyphae, which come together to form a mycelium. Cell walls contain chitin.
- Fungi obtain nutrients as saprophytes, parasites, or symbiotically. Saprophytes feed on dead organic matter, parasites live on or in living hosts, symbionts have mutualistic relationships like lichens or my
This document summarizes key sections from a chapter about protists. It describes the characteristics of protists, including that they are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms found in moist environments. It also outlines different types of protists like amoebas, algae, diatoms, and flagellates. Additionally, it discusses how some protists can affect human health, providing examples like malaria which is transmitted through a mosquito vector, and treatments for diseases caused by protists.
Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers and symbionts. Many fungi are saprobes that break down decaying matter for food. Others are parasites that live in and harm other organisms. Fungi also form beneficial symbiotic relationships, such as lichens with photosynthetic organisms and mycorrhizal relationships with plants. Fungi can also cause diseases in humans, plants and animals through the release of digestive enzymes and infection by microscopic spores.
Parasitic nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism called a parasite lives on or inside another organism called a host. The parasite obtains its nutrition from the host. Parasitic plants take ready-made food from a host plant they climb on for nutrition. Examples include Cuscuta, which is a parasitic plant without chlorophyll that takes food from the plant it climbs on. Dodder is also a parasitic plant that grows on a wide variety of plants, including agricultural crops, and obtains its nutrition from the host plant.
you will learn about
1 What is microorganisms' .
2.types of microorganisms' .
3 .Advantages and Disadvantages of microorganisms' .
4. Examples of microorganisms' .
5. microorganism on microscope .
Thank you .
Beneficial and harmful effects of microorganismsDavid Enoma
This document discusses the beneficial and harmful effects of microorganisms. It summarizes several studies on soil bacteria that promote plant growth, hydrocarbon-degrading microbes that help remediate oil-contaminated soil, and emerging/re-emerging infectious diseases. The key points are: soil bacteria benefit plant growth through nutrient production and pathogen inhibition; oil spills can be cleaned by microbes like Pseudomonas and enhancing natural bioremediation; emerging diseases like HIV and re-emerging diseases like influenza continue posing challenges.
The document discusses how modern agricultural practices like chemical fertilizers have depleted soils of essential minerals and microbial life. This has led to nutrient-deficient plants and sick soils that produce sick plants and sick people. It promotes fulvic acid and humic acid liquid minerals as a solution to replenish essential minerals in soils, plants and the human body.
This document discusses important organic and inorganic molecules, vitamins, minerals, and basic food groups. It notes that water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals and organic salts are common inorganic molecules. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are important organic compounds. It also outlines the 13 vitamins and their functions, as well as important minerals and their roles. Finally, it describes the 7 basic food groups and their nutritional contributions.
6th - Block 5 - Living Things Are Sources Of NutrientsMister Valverde
All living things need nutrients to survive. Nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, using energy from sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and minerals from the soil to produce carbohydrates and starches. Animals obtain nutrients by consuming plants or other animals and breaking down food through digestion.
Nutrition is the process by which the body absorbs nutrients from food for growth and metabolic activities. There are seven main types of nutrition that humans need: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, minerals, fibers, and vitamins. Each nutrient plays an important role and has different sources where they can be obtained, such as vegetables, fruits, grains, meat, and dairy. Maintaining the right proportion and balance of these nutrients is essential for overall health and well-being.
The alcoholic and addicts guide to bio chemical liver detoxification through ...Robert Hardt
This document provides information on macronutrients and micronutrients that are essential for liver detoxification. It discusses the importance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals for the liver's detoxification processes. Specifically, it covers the roles of carbohydrates, proteins and fats as the three main macronutrients. It also discusses several important micronutrients for detoxification including vitamin A, folate, iodine, iron and zinc.
Nutrition in plants is very important for plant life. Plants obtain nutrients through autotrophic nutrition, where they produce their own food through photosynthesis using water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and chlorophyll. Photosynthesis is the process where plants use these components to produce carbohydrates, which provide the plant with nutrients and energy. Plants take in water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil through their roots, which travel up the xylem vessels to the leaves. In the leaves, the mixture combines with carbon dioxide through photosynthesis to produce the plant's food.
The document discusses malnutrition around the world. It states that the Democratic Republic of Congo has the highest rate of malnutrition, with 72% of its population malnourished. India has the largest number of malnourished people at 221 million, though it has a lower rate of 22% due to its large population size of over 1.2 billion. Malnutrition is caused by improper, insufficient, or imbalanced diets that lack necessary calories, nutrients, or have too many calories leading to obesity.
Eight must have organic nutrients for urban gardeningmydreamgarden12
Organic Garden Set-up contact in Bangalore,one stop shop for setting up new Organic Terrace Gardening – Bangalore, Balcony vegetable gardening in Bangalore vegetable gardening in Bangalore,greenhouse fabricators Bangalore ,garden maintenance and other gardening services in Bangalore.
Mechanism of digestion of various nutrients in poultryDr. Muhammad Awais
Poultry require balanced nutrition from five classes of nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals - for growth, maintenance, and production. Proteins provide amino acids for tissue repair while carbohydrates serve as the main energy source. Fats also supply energy while vitamins and minerals assist enzymatic processes and structural growth. Digestion breaks down these nutrients so they can be absorbed and transported to cells by blood.
This document discusses nutrition in plants. It defines nutrition as the process by which living organisms obtain energy from food. It explains that plants obtain nutrients through autotrophic nutrition, by producing their own food through photosynthesis using water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and chlorophyll. Photosynthesis is defined as the process by which plants produce food using these components. The key stages of photosynthesis are explained, including how sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll and how carbon dioxide and water are converted into food in the leaves.
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 15 | Improvement in ...Biswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
This document provides an overview of food biotechnology and food science. It defines food and classifies foods by origin, chemical composition, and predominant functions. The key constituents of food - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water - are described along with their functions. Food spoilage through microbial and non-microbial means is discussed. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence microbial growth are outlined.
The document discusses animal nutrition and the requirements for a balanced diet. It states that animals must consume food to obtain both energy and organic molecules for building new cells and tissues. An animal's diet must provide chemical energy, organic building blocks like carbohydrates and proteins, and essential nutrients including vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and amino acids. Deficiencies can cause health issues like rickets, scurvy and neural tube defects in newborns. Ensuring adequate nutrition is important for animal health and survival.
The document discusses the importance of proper nutrition and food supplements for health. It notes that while medical knowledge has advanced, Americans are less healthy with higher rates of obesity and chronic disease. It emphasizes that humans are biologically designed to be herbivores based on characteristics like teeth, digestive system length and acidity. A healthy diet involves consuming plants, fruits and vegetables while avoiding meat, refined foods and substances like sugar, salt, caffeine and alcohol. Maintaining good nutrition supports the healthy functioning of the body's systems down to the cellular level.
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It defines INM as optimizing the benefits from all sources of plant nutrients, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, in an integrated manner to maintain soil health and crop productivity. The key components of an INM system are fertilizers, manures, compost, green manures, crop residues, and biofertilizers. INM is necessary to prevent nutrient depletion and degradation of soil and water quality from overuse of chemical fertilizers alone. The document discusses various organic nutrient sources and their roles in INM.
Genetically modified foods are created through recombinant DNA technology, transferring genetic material between species to produce desired traits like pest or virus resistance. Nutritionally improved GM crops also aim to address nutrient deficiencies. Nutraceuticals are foods with medicinal properties, including terpenes, phytosterols, phenols, and theols found in plants that may prevent diseases. Organic foods are grown without artificial pesticides or fertilizers. Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, such as antioxidants that protect against diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit gut health, while prebiotics feed probiotic bacteria. Certain lactic acid bacteria used in food fermentation also promote health.
Genetically modified foods are created through recombinant DNA technology, transferring genetic material between species to produce desired traits like pest or virus resistance. Nutritionally improved GM crops also aim to address nutrient deficiencies. Nutraceuticals are foods with health benefits derived from components like terpenes, phytosterols, phenols, and theols found in plants. Organic foods are produced without artificial fertilizers or pesticides, instead using natural methods. Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition from antioxidants and other compounds that may protect against diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit health by balancing intestinal microbiota while prebiotics feed probiotic bacteria.
The document discusses various types of nutraceuticals, including inorganic mineral supplements like calcium, magnesium, and zinc; vitamin supplements; digestive enzymes; dietary fibers; cereals and grains; antioxidants; polyunsaturated fatty acids; health drinks from natural sources like fruits, tea, and soy; and wines. It provides examples and health benefits of each category in 1-3 sentences and covers a wide range of nutraceutical topics over 12 pages.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 days
Nutrition
1. Nutrition
NUTRITION The sum of all processes
through which living organisms obtain and
assimilate nutrients.
NUTRIENTS; Those substances which
provide energy and are essential for growth
and healthy life.
FOOD; The substances which supplies
nutrients and are derived from plant or
animal sources
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo.com
1
2. Individual food depends on energy
requirements, nutrient requirements and
taste.
While selecting food people should keep in
mind their family diseases, body weight, fat
distribution, blood pressure and blood
cholesterol etc.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
2
3. MINERAL NUTRITION IN PLANTS
Like animals plants too have nutritional needs.
Being autotrophic plants can manufacture their own
food through photosynthesis.
Along with basic factors necessary for photosynthesis
plants have many nutritional needs.
Plants are anchored in soil and soil is the reservoir of
essential nutrients.
All metabolic activities of plants depend on the
availability of nutrients in soil.
Mineral required to plants can be classify as
1 macronutrients
2 micronutrients
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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4. MACRONUTRIENTS; The nutrients
which are required in relatively large
amount are known as macronutrients.
C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S
MICRONUTRIENTS; Those nutrients
which are required in very small amount.
Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Na, Mo
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
4
5. ROLE OF NITROGEN ;Nitrogen is a major
component of proteins, hormones,
chlorophyll, vitamins and enzymes essential
for plant life.
Nitrogen metabolism is a major factor in
stem and leaf growth (vegetative growth).
Too much nitrogen can delay flowering and
fruiting.
Nitrogen deficiencies can reduce yields,
cause yellowing of the leaves and stunt
growth.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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7. ROLE OF MAGNESIMIUM;
Magnesium is a critical structural
component of the chlorophyll molecule and
is necessary for functioning of plant
enzymes to produce carbohydrates, sugars
and fats.
It is used for fruit and nut formation and
essential for germination of seeds.
Deficient plants appear chlorotic, show
yellowing between veins of older leaves;
leaves may droop.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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9. IMPORTANCE OF FERTILIZERS;
FERTILIZER; A fertilizer is any natural or synthetic material
that supplies necessary nutrients for plant growth and
optimum yield.
Fertilizers are used to provide those nutrients to plants
which are not adequately supplied by the soil.
Plants are totally dependant on soil for their mineral
requirements.
There are 17 mineral nutrients, which come from the
soil, are dissolved in water and absorbed through a plant's
roots.
There are not always enough of these nutrients in the soil
for a plant to grow healthy.
If soil is fertile it soon becomes depleted with nutrients
because pants absorbs nutrients as they grow.
This is why it is necessary to use fertilizers to add the
nutrients to the soil.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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10. TYPES OF FERTILIZERS
Fertilizers are of two types
A; organic fertilizer
B; inorganic fertilizer
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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11. -ORGANIC FERTILIZER; Organic fertilizers
are natural materials of either plant or animal
origin, including manure,, crop residues,
sewage, compost etc.
Vegetation matter called mulch (half rotten
vegetable matter) such as hay (dried grass),
seed hulls (the shell of peas ,bean etc) ,corn
husks (the outer covering of seeds and fruits),
leaves , barks, wood chips all help to aerate
the soil, insulate the ground and add nutrients.
Naturally occurring minerals like sulfate of
potash s limestone, and rock phosphate are
also considered very good organic fertilizers.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC
FERTILIZERS; Following are some
advantages of Inorganic fertilizers.
Safe and easily available
Improve soil structure.
Retain soil moisture.
Release nitrogen slowly and
consistently.
Mobilize existing soil nutrients.
Less subject to leaching.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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13. INORGANIC OR CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS;
Inorganic (or chemical) fertilizers are
industrially manufactured through chemical
processes.
Inorganic fertilizers are also known as
synthetic or artificial fertilizers.
Inorganic fertilizers are primarily derived
from chemical compounds such as
ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate
and potassium chloride.
Sodium nitrate , mined rock phosphate and
limestone are examples of examples of
inorganic fertilizers.Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
Azhar
13
14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ADVANTAGES OF INORGANIC
FERTILIZERS; Some advantages of Inorganic
fertilizers are as follows,
Works immediately.
Contains all necessary nutrients.
Convenient to use.
Higher and accurate amount of nitrogen
promotes protein and chlorophyll synthesis and
encourages growth of stems and leaves.
Higher amount of phosphorus results in more
flowers, larger fruits, and healthier roots.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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15. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
RELATED TO USE OF FERTILIZERS
The major risks to soil quality from fertilizer application are
Increased salinity and soil compaction.
The major risk to groundwater quality from nutrient
application is NO, leaching to groundwater sources, this has
potential human and animal health concerns.
The major risk to surface water is increased eutrophication
(when water bodies such as lake ,pond etc become enriched
with fertilizers which accelerate the growth of algae and
cyanobacteria which depletes the oxygen supply and creates
a life threat to the living organism inhibiting the pond, lake ).
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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16. Manure pathogens transmitted to surface
water can pose a significant risk to human
and animal health if consumed.
Odour from manure application can
adversely affect air quality.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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17. COMPONENTS OF HUMAN NUTRITION:
Human being need nutrients
to grow, reproduce and maintain a good
health.
Eating right food can help us to avoid many
diseases and recover faster when illness
occurs.
Nutrients are classified as carbohydrates,
protein, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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18. CARBOHYDRATES: Carbohydrates are
organic compounds which contain carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
All carbohydrates contain hydrogen and
oxygen in the ratio of 2:1.
Carbohydrates are the body's main source
of energy and should be the major part of
total daily intake.
SOURCE: cereals, rice, potato and bread
are the main sources of carbohydrates.
.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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19. Carbohydrates may be classified as
monosaccharides, disaccharides, or
polysaccharides depending on the number
of monomer (sugar) units they contain.
Monosaccharides contain one sugar unit,
disaccharides two, and polysaccharides
three or more.
We obtain most of our carbohydrates in the
form of starch a polysaccaride
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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20. Our digestive system converts starch to
glucose a monosaccharide.
Glucose is carried around in the blood and is
used by our tissues as a source of energy.
Extra glucose is stored in the muscles and liver
in the form of glycogen.
Unused glycogen is converted to fats because
glycogen storing capacity of the body is limited.
We also get carbohydrates in the form of
sucrose (table sugar) a disaccharide which is
converted to glucose.
One gram of carbohydrates when fully oxidized
produces 17 kilojoules of energy.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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21. PROTEIN: Protein are organic compounds which
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
sometimes sulpher and consists of one or more
chains of amino acids.
Proteins are the basis of many animal body
structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair etc) .
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.
There are 20 amino acids.
In our body protein are synthesized from amino
acids under the instruction of DNA.
Protein are required for growth and repair.
Protein are also used as a source of energy.
When amino acid are broken down nitrogen is
excreted in the form of urea.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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22. SOURCE: beans, pulses, cereals, dry
fruits, cheese, milk , poultry, fish, mutton
and beef are the sources of protein.
One gram of protein when fully oxidized
produces 18 kilojoules of energy.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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23. FATS: Fats are organic compound that
contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in the
form of fatty acids.
Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats.
Fats belong to a group of organic compounds
called lipids which are substances that do not
dissolve in water.
Essential fatty acids are linoleic acid and linoleneic
acid.
These fatty acids play an important role of
controlling inflammation , blood clotting and brain
development.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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24. Fats are also an important source of
energy.
Fats insulate the body and also serves to
store extra calories (adipose tissue)
Fats also help in absorption and transport
of vitamin A,D,E and K through the
bloodstream.
SOURCE : butter, ghee, cheese, Vegetable
Oil meat, egg yolk, milk , nuts etc are the
common sources of fats
One gram fats if fully oxidized yields 39
kilojoules of energy.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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25. VITAMINS: Those organic compounds
which are required in small amount for
proper growth and healthy life.
Apart from vitamin D other vitamins
can not be synthesized by the body so
they must be supplied in diet.
Vitamins do not provide energy.
They regulate metabolism.
Vitamins are of two types.
1.
Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)
2.
Water soluble (B, C)
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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26. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body
fat.
Frat soluble vitamins stay in the body from
few days to six months, and are transported
when needed through special carriers in the
body.
Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the
body , they travel through blood stream and
are removed from the body in urine.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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27. VITAMIN A : Vitamin A is a fat soluble
vitamin
It is also known as retinol due to its
importance for the proper functioning of
retina of the eye.
Vitamin A play an important role in
immune system, growth ,reproduction,
bone development and maintenance of
epithelial and mucosal tissues.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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28. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : Dietary
deficiency of vitamin A is common in
developing countries.
Vitamin A deficiency is associated with night
blindness, viral infection such as chicken
fox, measles, pneumonia etc, child mortality,
bone abnormalities, growth retardation, skin
and hair diseases.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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29. SOURCE: Vitamin A can be obtained
from both plants and animal sources.
Animal Source of Vitamin A; chicken liver,
cord liver oil,
Eggs, butter, cheese, milk, fortified cereals
and fortified dairy products.
Plant Sources of Vitamin A: carrots , sweet
potatoes, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli,
grapefruits, mangoes, apricot and oranges.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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30. VITAMIN C: vitamin c is a water soluble
vitamin also known as ascorbic acid.
Vitamin c is essential for growth, healing of
wounds, and repairing and maintaining
bones and teeth.
The body needs Vitamin C to make collagen
an important protein in skin, bones,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments and blood
vessels.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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31. Vitamin c is an antioxidant which prevents
the body against the oxidative damage
caused by free radicals.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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32. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : A severe form
of vitamin C deficiency is known as scurvy
which is characterized by anemia, bleeding
beneath the skin malformation of bones and
teeth.
Signs of vitamin c deficiency includes dry
and splitting hairs, gingivitis (inflammation
of the gums), dry and scaly skin, decreased
wounds healing rate, nose bleeds, easy
bruising and a decreased ability to fight
infections.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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33. Low levels of vitamin C have been
associated with a number of conditions such
as high blood pressure, gallbladder disease,
stoke, cancer, atherosclerosis etc.
Smoking lowers the level of vitamin C in the
body so smokers are at more risk of vitamin
C deficiency.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN C: some rich
sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits like
orange, tomatoes, strawberries, broccoli,
cabbage, guava, lychee, grapefruit etc.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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34. VITAMIN D: Vitamin D is a fat soluble
vitamin also known as calciferol.
It is available in very food foods
It is also produced when ultraviolet rays of
the sun strike the skin.
Vitamin D is important for the maintenance
of calcium and phosphorus, both of these
minerals are important for healthy bones
and teeth.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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35. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: Signs of vitamin
D deficiency are thin, brittle and soft bones.
vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in
children characterized by softening of
developing bones due to which the legs
becomes bowed.
Its deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults
Osteomalacia causes weakening of bones
and muscles.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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36. SOURCE: Sources of vitamin D are cod
liver oil, egg yolk, fortified bread with
vitamin D, vitamin D fortified cheese and
vitamin D fortified margarine.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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38. MINERALS: Minerals are metallic
elements found naturally in ground water.
Plants absorb minerals in inorganic form
from soil and animal obtained them from
plants in organic form.
Just like vitamins, minerals help the body
grow, develop, and stay healthy.
The body uses minerals to perform many
different functions from building strong
bones to transmitting nerve impulses.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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39. Some important minerals for animal body
are boron, calcium, chloride, chromium,
copper, iron, magnesium, manganese,
molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium,
selenium, sodium and zinc.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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40. ROLE OF CALCIUM : Calcium is the most
important and most abundant mineral in human
body.
Calcium plays an important role in blood clotting,
transmission of nerve impulse, muscle
contraction and other metabolic activities.
Calcium plays an important role in development
and maintenance of the bones, It also helps
build strong, healthy teeth.
About 99% calcium is stored in bones , the
remaining 1% circulates in the body fluids.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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41. SOURCE :Dairy products, such as milk,
cheese, and yogurt are the major source of
calcium.
Eggs, leafy green vegetables, such as
broccoli legumes, nuts and whole grain
also provide calcium.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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42. DIFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : Brittle nails, dry
skin, muscle cramps, eye twitching are the
signs of low level of calcium in the body.
Calcium deficiency is associated with
osteoporosis and rickets.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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43. IRON: Iron is an important mineral,
The body needs iron to transport oxygen
from lungs to the rest of your body.
The entire body needs oxygen to stay
healthy and alive.
Iron is important in the formation of
hemoglobin which is the part of red blood
cells that carries oxygen throughout the bo
dy.
Iron is essential for the development of
immune system and nervous system.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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44. Source : The main source of iron is meat,
especially red meat.
Other sources of iron are eggs ,beans ,
dry fruits, leafy green vegetables, such as
broccoli, spinach and whole grains like
wheat or oats.
Azhar Zeb M.Sc Zoology.03469447715,izhaar99@yahoo
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45. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: Low levels of
iron can cause anemia.
Other symptoms of iron deficiency are
fatigue, weakness, rapid heart beat, fainting,
susceptibility to infections and swelling of
the tongue.
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46. DIETARY FIBERS
Dietary fiber, also known as roughage or
bulk, includes all parts of plant foods that the
body can not digest or absorb.
Unlike other food components, such as fats,
proteins or carbohydrates which the body
breaks down and absorbs fiber is not
digested by the body.
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47. Instead, it passes relatively intact through
the stomach, small intestine, colon and out
of the body.
Fiber is commonly classified as soluble (it
dissolves in water) or insoluble (it doesn't
dissolve):
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48. Soluble fiber. This type of fiber dissolves in
water to form a gel-like material.
It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose
levels and enhances nutrient absorption.
SOURCE: Soluble fiber is found in oats, peas,
beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots and barley.
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49. Insoluble fiber. This type of fiber promotes
the movement of material through your
digestive system and increases stool bulk,
so it can be of benefit to those who struggle
with constipation or irregular stools.
SOURCE: Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran,
nuts, beans and vegetables, such as
cauliflower, green beans and potatoes, are
good sources of insoluble fiber.
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50. Dietary fiber increases the weight and size
of the stool and softens it.
A bulky stool is easier to pass, decreasing
the chance of constipation.
Fiber may also help to solidify the stool
because it absorbs water and adds bulk to
stool.
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51. WATER: Water is body's most important
nutrient,, and makes up 70- 75% of the total
body weight.
water is involved in every bodily function,
some important functions of water are as
follows.
Water is the medium for many biochemical
reactions taking place in the bodies of living
organisms.
Water is required for the transport of oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
Water is a stabilizer of body temperature.
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52. Water acts as a lubricating medium, it is
the major component of mucus and other
lubricating fluids.
Water in the form of interstitial fluid bathes
all cells of the body.
joints and soft tissues depend on the
cushioning that water provides for them.
Harmful substances and toxic materials are
flushed out of the body in water.
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53. BALANCED DIET: A diet which contains all the
necessary nutrients in adequate amount is
termed as balanced diet.
A balanced diet must contain carbohydrates ,
protein, fats, vitamins, water, fibers and minerals
in the correct proportions.
Two aspects of food are important, which are.
A quality :i.e. what food we eat.
B quantity: i.e. how much food we eat.
Proper attention should be given to both these
factors to maintain a healthy life.
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54. ENERGY REQUIREMENT :
A balanced diet
should not only contain all the nutrients but also
fulfill the energy requirements of the individual.
This is because different people have different
lifestyles and varied nature of work.
The energy re3quirement is measured in
calories.
The calorie requirement depends on age, sex,
height, weight, occupation and state of health.
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