Nursing is above profession. Day to day as per growing demands of this course, the education system is changing the syllabus, practices and all.

1. PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION-NATIONAL,GLOBE
PERSPECTIVE- Oxford dictionary say perspective is the art of viewing and or delineating the different aspects and parts of a
subject or topic from different angles and points of view.
NURSING- Nursing is protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of
suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and
populations. -American Nurses Association
PROFESSION-Professionalism involves the application of knowledge and skills, high standards of practice,leadership,self
regulation,professional commitment,social values and self directed activity. - Muller
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSION
● Requires an extended education of its members, as well as a basic liberal foundation.
● Has a theoretical body of specialised knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities and norms.
● Provides a specific service.
● Members of a profession have autonomy in decision-making and practice.
● The profession has a code of ethics for practice.
● Helps in services to society.
● All professions have some ethical values.
● It is Goal oriented.
● Profession needs minimum educational qualification.
DEVELOPMENT NURSING EDUCATION IN NATIONAL AND GLOBAL LEVEL
AT GLOBAL LEVEL
There are various educational routes for becoming a Professional Registered Nurse. Initially Schools of nursing were developed to
educate nurses to work within those institutions.
● Associate Degree Education
The associate degree programme in the United States is a 2 years programme that is usually offered by a University or Junior College.
This programme focuses on the basic sciences, theoretical and clinical courses related to the practice of nursing.

2. ● Diploma Education
The diploma programme in the United States is a 2-3 years hospital based programme. Diploma programme focus on the basic
sciences and on theoretical and clinical courses related to nursing practice, usually with a substantial clinical component.
In the U.S, diploma programmes are declining in numbers. In Canada, diploma programmes are offered in community colleges and
they are 2 year programs.
● Baccalaureate Education
The baccalaureate degree programme usually encompasses 4 year of study in a college or university. The program focuses on basic
sciences and on theoretical and clinical courses, as well as courses in social sciences,arts and humanities to support nursing theories.
Registered Nursing completion programs are available at many colleges and universities. These programs are designed to assist the
practising Registered Nurse in obtaining a baccalaureate degree in Nursing.
-Accreditation: To be accredited, nursing programs must meet certain criteria established by the National League for Nursing
Accrediting (NLNAC). This voluntary accreditation is available for basic nursing education programs and masters degree programs
in nursing.
-Licensure: In the U.S, registered nurse candidates must pass the National Council Licensure Examination for register nursing
(NCLEX-RN), which is administered by the individual State Board of Nursing.
-Certification: Beyond the NCLEX-RN, National Nursing Organizations such as ANA, have many types of certification that the nurse
can work towards. After passing the initial examination, the nurse maintains certification by continuing education and clinical
administrative practice.
● Masters Degree Preparation
A person completing a graduate program can receive the degree of Masters in Arts in Nursing or Masters in Science in Nursing. This
provides the advanced clinician with strong skills in nursing practices and research based clinical practice. A Masters degree in
nursing can be valuable for nurses seeking roles of nursing educator, clinical nurse specialist, nurse administrators or nurse
practitioners.
● Doctoral Preparation
The first nursing doctorate program was opened in 1953 at University of Pittsburgh. Other programs emphasized on basic research
and theory and award the degree of Doctor Of philosophy (Ph. D).
● Continuing and In-service Education
Continuing education involves formal, organised and educational programs preferred by state Nurses Associations and Educational
and Health Care institutions. Other goals include helping nurses become specialised in a particular area of practice and teaching
nurses new skills and techniques.

3. ● Licensed Practical Nurse Education
A licensed practical or vocational nurse is trained in basic nursing techniques and direct client care. The Licensed Practical (LPN) or
Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) practices under the supervision of a Registered Nurse (RN) in a hospital or community health
practice setting.While LVNs provide basic patient care, RNs assess patient conditions, record patient medical symptoms and histories,
administer medicine, perform and analyse diagnostic tests and create patient care plans.
AT NATIONAL LEVEL
During the Post-Independence period there has been- enormous changes and development in the field of medicine, medical
technology, health care and nursing. Some vital recommendations to the Bhore Committee relevant to nursing profession are given
below:
● Stipends to the nursing students
In order to prevent economic barriers in the way of suitable persons entering the nursing profession, the committee suggested the
provision of Rs.60 per month for pupil nurses.
● Nurses, Midwives and Dais
The committee suggested that by 1971, the number of trained nurses available in country should be raised to 7, 40,000. As essential
step towards the achievement of this objective was the removal of the existing unsatisfactory conditions of training and service. The
committee made proposals to improve the situations.
● Training of Nurses and Midwives
In view of the extreme shortage of nursing personnel the committee recommended that the first group of 100 training centres, each
taking 50 pupils, should be started two years before the Health Organization began to be established, that another set of 100 training
centres should be created during the first two years of the schemes and that a third group of the same number of training centres
should be established before the third year of the second scheme.
● Male Nurses
Male nurses should be trained and employed in large numbers in the Male wards and Male Out Patient Departments of Public
hospitals.
● Public Health Nurses
The committee also made specific proposals with regard to the training of Public Health Nurses. A public health nurse (PHN) goes
into at-risk communities to provide health education and resources for access to health care. A public health nurse doesn't regularly
treat patients but advocates on their behalf and teaches self-care and prevention.

4. ● Midwives
A registered nurse with additional training as a midwife who delivers infants and provides prenatal and postpartum care, newborn
care, and some routine care (such as gynaecological exams) of women.Midwives work in all health care settings in urban, remote and
rural settings.
● Dais
The dai, or traditional birth attendant (TBA), remains the primary health care provider during pregnancy and childbirth in much of
rural India. Typically an older or widowed woman, the dai draws upon years of experience and generations of traditional knowledge
for her delivery practice. The committee advocated the training of dais as an interim measure until an adequate number of midwives
would become available.
● Nursing Staff
Nursing staff means the registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, nurse aides, and others under nurse supervision, who provide
patient care. The term also includes clerical personnel who work in clinical areas under nurse supervision. They can be GNM,B.Sc.
Nursing passed.
DEVELOPEMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA
preparing the nurses at university level and school of nursing at hospital level and community level.Basic criteria for selection in
Nursing is candidates who wish to apply for nursing courses should pass in physics, chemistry and biology as main subjects.
Current educational patterns are-
A. Non university programmes
B. University programmes
Non-university programmes
● TRAINED DAIS
-The dai training became full fledged during post independence period.
-No age limit
-Duration of training was 30 days
-This training was done at sub centre and the equipments provided by UNICEF
-Dais have been an important part of process of childbirth.however, the trend of institutional deliveries has sidelined them. These
traditional midwives can be trained for a role in national rural health scheme to lower rate of maternal mortality rate.

5. ● AUXILIARY NURSE MIDWIFE
In 1950 Indian Nursing Council made teaching methods standards for nurses.
The first course was started at St.Mary’s Hospital Taran, Punjab,1951.
By INC,One of the important decisions was that there should be two standards of training of Nursing and Midwifery:
A.A full course of 3 years in Nursing and minimum of 6 months of Midwifery.
B.A course of Auxiliary Nurse Midwives of 2 years which would replace various courses for Junior Grade Certificate
.Initially a very few training centres undertook to give this course but the financial aid was given by Govt. Of India under the
scheme for preparing personnel for Primary Health Centers.The entrance qualification was raised from 7th class passed to
matriculation.
University level programmes
● BASIC B.Sc. NURSING
The need for providing basic training in nursing at University Level was felt by the members of TNAI from 1940 onwards. B.Sc.
Nursing (Hons.) was started at Delhi in July 1946 in School of Hospital Administration which was started in 1943. This school was
renamed as College of Nursing which is now called Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College Of Nursing in 1972. This college is located at
Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi. A similar course in B.Sc. Nursing was started at CMC Vellore, Madras University, Tamil Nadu in 1946 by
the Joint Church Society of England, U.S.A and Canada.INC prescribed the syllabus which has been revised 3 times. At present
B.SC.Nursing program for 4 years. Basic qualification is higher secondary education.
● POST BASIC BSC NURSING
The need of higher training for certificate nurses was established by Mudaliar Committee in 1962.
-Two years post basic certificate B.Sc. program was started in december 1962.
-Basic qualification is nurses with diploma in general and midwifery.
-First started by university of Thiruvananthapuram.
-Duration of course is 2 years
● POST BASIC NURSING BY DISTANCE EDUCATION MODE
-In 1985 indira gandhi national open university was established.
-In 1992 post basic B.Sc. nursing program was established.
-3 years duration course, recognized by INC.

6. ● M.Sc. NURSING
Two year course in Master of Nursing was started at Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing, New Delhi in 1907. In 1969; M.SC
Nursing was started at CMC Vellore affiliated to Madras University. The M.Sc. Nursing Curriculum was prepared and prescribed by
Indian Nursing Council in 1986 which is implemented by all the colleges. M.Sc. in Psychiatric Nursing was also started in Sept. 1983
at NIMHANS, Bangalore. This college affiliated to Bangalore University.Basic qualification is B.Sc.Nursing .Duration 2 years.
● M.PHIL
The inspection committee constituted by INC under September statute 30(4) for the inspection of the college, visited RAK College of
Nursing, New Delhi on 13, 1977 and advised the principal to form an M. Phil committee to assess all the requirements for the said
Programme. But due to some administrative reasons the M. Phil Programme could be started only on Oct. 15, 1986 after due approval
of the M. Phil Committee members. The Programme is of 1 year for regular candidates and 2 years for part time candidates.
● PH.D.
Ph. D Programme was started in few colleges of nursing like College of Nursing PGI, College Of Nursing CMC Vellore, and College
Of Nursing Affiliated to Mangalore University and at RAK College of Nursing, Delhi University etc. from 1990 onwards. Ph. D
Programme in Psychiatric Nursing was also there in NIMHANS, Bangalore, for their own faculty.PH.D. in nursing is a 4 year full
time course.Eligibility- M.Sc. or M.Phil passed.
CONCLUSION
The perspective for nursing practice is the fundamental base upon which the characteristics of nursing practice are shaped, as it is the
base with nurse's view, perceive, understand, and interpret clinical situations of nursing practice and formulate their “nursing”
approaches to clinical situations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● https://www.google.com/search?q=nursing+profes+perspectives+at+national+and+international+level&oq=nursing+profes+pe
rspectives+at+national+an&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j33i10i160l3j33i21j33i22i29i30.23957j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
● https://www.slideshare.net/AparnaA1/perspectives-of-nursing-30090125
● Baheer P. Shebeer, Khan S. Yaseen, A concise text book of Advance Nursing Practice,Emmess Medical Publishers,2nd
edition(2020),Pg No.-(7-9)