This chapter discusses numerical approximation and error analysis in numerical methods. It defines error as the difference between the true value being sought and the approximate value obtained. There are two main sources of error: rounding error from representing values with a finite number of digits, and truncation error from using a finite number of terms to approximate infinite expressions. The concept of significant figures is also introduced to determine the precision of numerical methods.
This chapter discusses numerical approximation and error analysis in numerical methods. It defines error as the difference between the true value being sought and the approximate value obtained. There are two main sources of error: rounding error from representing values with a finite number of digits, and truncation error from using a finite number of terms to approximate infinite expressions. The concept of significant figures is also introduced to determine the precision of numerical methods.
This document discusses numerical methods and errors. It introduces that numerical methods provide approximate solutions rather than exact analytical solutions due to errors from measurements, algorithms, and output. Accuracy refers to how close an approximation is to the true value, while precision refers to the reproducibility of results. Significant figures indicate the precision of a number. True error, relative error, and percent error are defined to quantify the error between approximations and true values. Round-off errors from floating point representation on computers are also discussed.
Error(Computer Oriented Numerical and Statistical Method)AyushiDubey19
This document defines different types of errors that can occur in computational results, including inherent errors from inaccurate input data and numerical errors introduced during calculations. It discusses how inherent errors contain data errors from measurement limitations and conversion errors from computers' inability to store some numbers exactly. Numerical errors include round-off errors from fixed decimal representation and truncation errors from approximating infinite sums. Formulas are provided for absolute error, relative error, and percentage error to quantify accuracy. Examples demonstrate calculating these error measures.
1. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement and depend on the certain and estimated digits in a number. Leading and trailing zeros can be either significant or not.
2. Numerical methods yield approximate results that may contain errors from rounding, truncation, or subtractive cancellation in calculations. It is important to determine how much error is present and if it is tolerable.
3. Numbers like pi and square roots cannot be represented exactly with a finite number of digits, introducing rounding or chopping errors when stored in computers. Using more digits improves estimates but does not eliminate error.
1. Numerical analysis provides approximate solutions to complex mathematical problems through repeated calculations. It is used when analytical solutions are not possible or too complex.
2. The document discusses the importance of numerical analysis in engineering and science for solving real-world problems. It also defines key concepts like errors, significant digits, and accuracy in numerical analysis.
3. Numerical methods allow finding approximate solutions to problems described by mathematical models through simple arithmetic operations. They are important when analytical solutions are not available.
This document discusses various topics related to numbers and measurements in engineering. It covers number notations including scientific notation and significant figures. It also discusses error analysis and terminology used in measurements such as accuracy, precision, uncertainty, and errors. Key points covered include scientific notation for large and small numbers, estimating errors based on measurement ranges, and rules for determining the number of significant figures when reporting measurements and in calculations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of numerical analysis. It begins by stating that numerical analysis aims to find approximate solutions to complex mathematical problems through repeated computational steps when analytical solutions are not available or practical. It then discusses that numerical analysis is important because it allows for the conversion of physical phenomena into mathematical models that can be solved through basic arithmetic operations. Finally, it explains that numerical analysis involves developing algorithms and numerical techniques to solve problems, implementing those techniques using computers, and analyzing errors in approximate solutions.
This chapter discusses numerical approximation and error analysis in numerical methods. It defines error as the difference between the true value being sought and the approximate value obtained. There are two main sources of error: rounding error from representing values with a finite number of digits, and truncation error from using a finite number of terms to approximate infinite expressions. The concept of significant figures is also introduced to determine the precision of numerical methods.
This chapter discusses numerical approximation and error analysis in numerical methods. It defines error as the difference between the true value being sought and the approximate value obtained. There are two main sources of error: rounding error from representing values with a finite number of digits, and truncation error from using a finite number of terms to approximate infinite expressions. The concept of significant figures is also introduced to determine the precision of numerical methods.
This document discusses numerical methods and errors. It introduces that numerical methods provide approximate solutions rather than exact analytical solutions due to errors from measurements, algorithms, and output. Accuracy refers to how close an approximation is to the true value, while precision refers to the reproducibility of results. Significant figures indicate the precision of a number. True error, relative error, and percent error are defined to quantify the error between approximations and true values. Round-off errors from floating point representation on computers are also discussed.
Error(Computer Oriented Numerical and Statistical Method)AyushiDubey19
This document defines different types of errors that can occur in computational results, including inherent errors from inaccurate input data and numerical errors introduced during calculations. It discusses how inherent errors contain data errors from measurement limitations and conversion errors from computers' inability to store some numbers exactly. Numerical errors include round-off errors from fixed decimal representation and truncation errors from approximating infinite sums. Formulas are provided for absolute error, relative error, and percentage error to quantify accuracy. Examples demonstrate calculating these error measures.
1. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement and depend on the certain and estimated digits in a number. Leading and trailing zeros can be either significant or not.
2. Numerical methods yield approximate results that may contain errors from rounding, truncation, or subtractive cancellation in calculations. It is important to determine how much error is present and if it is tolerable.
3. Numbers like pi and square roots cannot be represented exactly with a finite number of digits, introducing rounding or chopping errors when stored in computers. Using more digits improves estimates but does not eliminate error.
1. Numerical analysis provides approximate solutions to complex mathematical problems through repeated calculations. It is used when analytical solutions are not possible or too complex.
2. The document discusses the importance of numerical analysis in engineering and science for solving real-world problems. It also defines key concepts like errors, significant digits, and accuracy in numerical analysis.
3. Numerical methods allow finding approximate solutions to problems described by mathematical models through simple arithmetic operations. They are important when analytical solutions are not available.
This document discusses various topics related to numbers and measurements in engineering. It covers number notations including scientific notation and significant figures. It also discusses error analysis and terminology used in measurements such as accuracy, precision, uncertainty, and errors. Key points covered include scientific notation for large and small numbers, estimating errors based on measurement ranges, and rules for determining the number of significant figures when reporting measurements and in calculations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of numerical analysis. It begins by stating that numerical analysis aims to find approximate solutions to complex mathematical problems through repeated computational steps when analytical solutions are not available or practical. It then discusses that numerical analysis is important because it allows for the conversion of physical phenomena into mathematical models that can be solved through basic arithmetic operations. Finally, it explains that numerical analysis involves developing algorithms and numerical techniques to solve problems, implementing those techniques using computers, and analyzing errors in approximate solutions.
This document discusses different types of errors in numerical calculations. It defines inherent errors as errors that exist due to approximate given data. Round-off errors occur due to rounding numbers. Truncation errors arise from using approximate formulas or truncating infinite series. Absolute error is defined as the difference between the true and approximate values, while relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating absolute and relative errors.
This document discusses approximation and round-off error in engineering. It defines approximation as using an inexact value when the exact value is unknown or difficult to obtain. Approximations introduce errors from measurements in the real world. There are two main types of errors - truncation error from dropping digits during approximations, and rounding error from representing numbers with a fixed number of significant figures. The absolute error is the difference between the true and approximate values, while relative error is the percentage difference between the absolute error and true value.
This document discusses approximation and round-off error in engineering. It defines approximation as using an inexact value when the exact value is unknown or difficult to obtain. Approximations introduce errors from measurements in the real world. There are two main types of errors - truncation error from dropping digits during approximations, and rounding error from representing numbers with a fixed number of significant figures. The absolute error is the difference between the true and approximate values, while relative error is the percentage difference between the absolute error and true value. Understanding error is important for engineering applications that use numerical methods and measurements.
Outlier Management, BASIC STATISTICS, Error, Accuracy, How to find Outliers, quartile, Data Management, Reporting and Evaluation, Communication & Corrective Action, Documentation,
Chapter 1 Errors and Approximations.pptEyob Adugnaw
This document provides an introduction to numerical methods. It discusses how numerical methods are used to find approximate solutions to problems where an exact analytical solution does not exist, such as higher order polynomial equations. Numerical methods are iterative and provide approximations that improve in accuracy with each iteration. Examples of numerical methods covered include finding the square root of a number and solving a second order polynomial equation. The document also discusses concepts such as error analysis, significant figures, rounding, and sources of numerical errors.
Riya Bepari_34700122020_Numerical Methods.pptxRIYABEPARI
This document discusses approximation in numerical computation, specifically truncation and rounding errors. It begins with an introduction to numerical computation and the importance of approximation. It then defines truncation errors as arising from incomplete representation of infinite processes, such as truncating a Taylor series. Sources of truncation errors include discretization and complex algorithms. Rounding errors occur when approximating numbers to a specific precision. Sources include finite precision arithmetic and cumulative errors from computational iterations. The document discusses techniques to minimize these errors and concludes that continuous improvement in error reduction benefits many fields.
This document provides information about numerical computation and approximation. It discusses topics such as truncation and rounding errors, fixed and floating point arithmetic, and propagation of errors. Key points include definitions of true error, absolute error, and relative error. Round-off error from limited precision representation is described. Truncation error from approximating exact methods is also covered. Fixed and floating point number representation formats are explained through examples. Finally, error propagation in calculations is discussed using a first-order Taylor expansion.
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the reproducibility of measurements. Accuracy is determined by calculating percentage error compared to the accepted value. Precision depends on the number of significant figures in a measurement as determined by the measuring tool. Random and systematic errors can affect accuracy, while random errors affect precision. The uncertainty of a measurement combines its precision and accuracy errors and is reported with the mean value and at a given confidence level, typically 95%. Propagation of error calculations allow determining the total uncertainty when a value depends on multiple measurements.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a hands-on introduction to data science. It includes the following sections: Data Science Overview and Intro to R (90 minutes), Exploratory Data Analysis (60 minutes), and Logistic Regression Model (30 minutes). Key topics that will be covered include collecting and analyzing data to find insights to help decision making, predicting problems before they occur, using analytics to improve operations and innovations, and examples of predicting loan defaults. Machine learning concepts such as supervised and unsupervised learning and common machine learning models will also be introduced.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a hands-on introduction to data science. It includes the following sections: Data Science Overview and Intro to R (90 minutes), Exploratory Data Analysis (60 minutes), and Logistic Regression Model (30 minutes). The document then covers key concepts in data science including collecting and analyzing data to find insights to help decision making, using analytics to improve operations and innovations, and predicting problems before they occur. Machine learning and statistical techniques are also introduced such as supervised and unsupervised learning, parameters versus statistics, and calculating variance and standard deviation.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the Numerical Methods course, including an introduction to numerical methods, Taylor series, solution techniques for nonlinear and linear equations, curve fitting, interpolation, numerical integration and differentiation, and solving ordinary and partial differential equations. The course will also cover number representation, floating point representation, rounding and truncation errors, and accuracy and precision in numerical calculations. The document outlines the basic needs for numerical methods, accuracy and practical computation, and summarizes the key concepts and methods that will be discussed over the duration of the course.
This document provides information about a mathematics module taught at the foundation level. It includes details such as the module title, code, credit hours, teaching periods, level, learning objectives, assessment types and course content. The module aims to reinforce basic numeracy and algebraic manipulation through lectures, seminars and tutorials. Students will be assessed through classroom tests, examinations and coursework assignments. The course content will cover topics such as numbers, operations, place value, and classifications of real numbers.
Haafz mz g gss fw ga hha fs ts ue ie ns naa ks jd hs ke hw jaa baa naa ga ga hha hz naa jaa yaa uss jw hs hw tq gw gq hha hs ke jaa naa ga ua os kka mms naa iq is jaa vaa hha md nz naa baa jaa kka oa kd mma kka uw oy oy laa mz mz ua ia os jaa kka mz hq os hs mz bz ua
Numerical approximation methods provide alternative procedures to analytical methods for solving mathematical problems that are complex or do not have exact solutions. These methods use iteration to systematically approximate the true value of a variable. Accuracy refers to how close an approximation is to the actual value, while precision refers to the number of significant figures. For a numerical method to work well, it must converge, meaning the approximations get closer to the true value with more iterations, and be stable. The appropriate method depends on factors like the type of problem, complexity of the model, and characteristics of the numerical method itself such as speed of convergence and stability.
This document discusses evaluating machine learning model performance. It covers classification evaluation metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrices. It also discusses regression metrics like MAE, MSE, and RMSE. The document discusses techniques for dealing with class imbalance like oversampling and undersampling. It provides examples of evaluating models and interpreting results based on these various performance metrics.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to analyze datasets and summarize their main characteristics visually. EDA involves data sourcing, cleaning, univariate analysis with visualization to understand single variables, bivariate analysis with visualization to understand relationships between two variables, and deriving new metrics from existing data. EDA is an important first step for understanding data and gaining confidence before building machine learning models. It helps detect errors, anomalies, and map data structures to inform question asking and data manipulation for answering questions.
This document discusses various statistical measures used to analyze and summarize interval/ratio data, including standard deviation, standard error of the mean, and five-number summaries. It explains that standard deviation measures how close observations are to the mean, while standard error estimates how close the sample mean is to the population mean. The five-number summary (minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, maximum) provides information about the variation in skewed or ordinal data by indicating what percentages of values fall below or above certain points. Percentiles such as quartiles are relatively robust to outliers compared to measures like the mean or standard deviation.
States of a Process in Operating SystemsAyan974999
A process has several stages that it passes through from beginning to end. There must be a minimum of five states. Even though during execution, the process could be in one of these states, the names of the states are not standardized. Each process goes through several stages throughout its life cycle.
Firewalls and proxies are both use for securityAyan974999
Firewalls and proxies are both security solutions designed to prevent potential threats to an organization and its users. However, they are different solutions with different goals. Understanding these differences is useful to understanding why both firewall and proxy functionality is important for an organization’s cybersecurity program.
This document discusses different types of errors in numerical calculations. It defines inherent errors as errors that exist due to approximate given data. Round-off errors occur due to rounding numbers. Truncation errors arise from using approximate formulas or truncating infinite series. Absolute error is defined as the difference between the true and approximate values, while relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating absolute and relative errors.
This document discusses approximation and round-off error in engineering. It defines approximation as using an inexact value when the exact value is unknown or difficult to obtain. Approximations introduce errors from measurements in the real world. There are two main types of errors - truncation error from dropping digits during approximations, and rounding error from representing numbers with a fixed number of significant figures. The absolute error is the difference between the true and approximate values, while relative error is the percentage difference between the absolute error and true value.
This document discusses approximation and round-off error in engineering. It defines approximation as using an inexact value when the exact value is unknown or difficult to obtain. Approximations introduce errors from measurements in the real world. There are two main types of errors - truncation error from dropping digits during approximations, and rounding error from representing numbers with a fixed number of significant figures. The absolute error is the difference between the true and approximate values, while relative error is the percentage difference between the absolute error and true value. Understanding error is important for engineering applications that use numerical methods and measurements.
Outlier Management, BASIC STATISTICS, Error, Accuracy, How to find Outliers, quartile, Data Management, Reporting and Evaluation, Communication & Corrective Action, Documentation,
Chapter 1 Errors and Approximations.pptEyob Adugnaw
This document provides an introduction to numerical methods. It discusses how numerical methods are used to find approximate solutions to problems where an exact analytical solution does not exist, such as higher order polynomial equations. Numerical methods are iterative and provide approximations that improve in accuracy with each iteration. Examples of numerical methods covered include finding the square root of a number and solving a second order polynomial equation. The document also discusses concepts such as error analysis, significant figures, rounding, and sources of numerical errors.
Riya Bepari_34700122020_Numerical Methods.pptxRIYABEPARI
This document discusses approximation in numerical computation, specifically truncation and rounding errors. It begins with an introduction to numerical computation and the importance of approximation. It then defines truncation errors as arising from incomplete representation of infinite processes, such as truncating a Taylor series. Sources of truncation errors include discretization and complex algorithms. Rounding errors occur when approximating numbers to a specific precision. Sources include finite precision arithmetic and cumulative errors from computational iterations. The document discusses techniques to minimize these errors and concludes that continuous improvement in error reduction benefits many fields.
This document provides information about numerical computation and approximation. It discusses topics such as truncation and rounding errors, fixed and floating point arithmetic, and propagation of errors. Key points include definitions of true error, absolute error, and relative error. Round-off error from limited precision representation is described. Truncation error from approximating exact methods is also covered. Fixed and floating point number representation formats are explained through examples. Finally, error propagation in calculations is discussed using a first-order Taylor expansion.
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the reproducibility of measurements. Accuracy is determined by calculating percentage error compared to the accepted value. Precision depends on the number of significant figures in a measurement as determined by the measuring tool. Random and systematic errors can affect accuracy, while random errors affect precision. The uncertainty of a measurement combines its precision and accuracy errors and is reported with the mean value and at a given confidence level, typically 95%. Propagation of error calculations allow determining the total uncertainty when a value depends on multiple measurements.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a hands-on introduction to data science. It includes the following sections: Data Science Overview and Intro to R (90 minutes), Exploratory Data Analysis (60 minutes), and Logistic Regression Model (30 minutes). Key topics that will be covered include collecting and analyzing data to find insights to help decision making, predicting problems before they occur, using analytics to improve operations and innovations, and examples of predicting loan defaults. Machine learning concepts such as supervised and unsupervised learning and common machine learning models will also be introduced.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a hands-on introduction to data science. It includes the following sections: Data Science Overview and Intro to R (90 minutes), Exploratory Data Analysis (60 minutes), and Logistic Regression Model (30 minutes). The document then covers key concepts in data science including collecting and analyzing data to find insights to help decision making, using analytics to improve operations and innovations, and predicting problems before they occur. Machine learning and statistical techniques are also introduced such as supervised and unsupervised learning, parameters versus statistics, and calculating variance and standard deviation.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the Numerical Methods course, including an introduction to numerical methods, Taylor series, solution techniques for nonlinear and linear equations, curve fitting, interpolation, numerical integration and differentiation, and solving ordinary and partial differential equations. The course will also cover number representation, floating point representation, rounding and truncation errors, and accuracy and precision in numerical calculations. The document outlines the basic needs for numerical methods, accuracy and practical computation, and summarizes the key concepts and methods that will be discussed over the duration of the course.
This document provides information about a mathematics module taught at the foundation level. It includes details such as the module title, code, credit hours, teaching periods, level, learning objectives, assessment types and course content. The module aims to reinforce basic numeracy and algebraic manipulation through lectures, seminars and tutorials. Students will be assessed through classroom tests, examinations and coursework assignments. The course content will cover topics such as numbers, operations, place value, and classifications of real numbers.
Haafz mz g gss fw ga hha fs ts ue ie ns naa ks jd hs ke hw jaa baa naa ga ga hha hz naa jaa yaa uss jw hs hw tq gw gq hha hs ke jaa naa ga ua os kka mms naa iq is jaa vaa hha md nz naa baa jaa kka oa kd mma kka uw oy oy laa mz mz ua ia os jaa kka mz hq os hs mz bz ua
Numerical approximation methods provide alternative procedures to analytical methods for solving mathematical problems that are complex or do not have exact solutions. These methods use iteration to systematically approximate the true value of a variable. Accuracy refers to how close an approximation is to the actual value, while precision refers to the number of significant figures. For a numerical method to work well, it must converge, meaning the approximations get closer to the true value with more iterations, and be stable. The appropriate method depends on factors like the type of problem, complexity of the model, and characteristics of the numerical method itself such as speed of convergence and stability.
This document discusses evaluating machine learning model performance. It covers classification evaluation metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrices. It also discusses regression metrics like MAE, MSE, and RMSE. The document discusses techniques for dealing with class imbalance like oversampling and undersampling. It provides examples of evaluating models and interpreting results based on these various performance metrics.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to analyze datasets and summarize their main characteristics visually. EDA involves data sourcing, cleaning, univariate analysis with visualization to understand single variables, bivariate analysis with visualization to understand relationships between two variables, and deriving new metrics from existing data. EDA is an important first step for understanding data and gaining confidence before building machine learning models. It helps detect errors, anomalies, and map data structures to inform question asking and data manipulation for answering questions.
This document discusses various statistical measures used to analyze and summarize interval/ratio data, including standard deviation, standard error of the mean, and five-number summaries. It explains that standard deviation measures how close observations are to the mean, while standard error estimates how close the sample mean is to the population mean. The five-number summary (minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, maximum) provides information about the variation in skewed or ordinal data by indicating what percentages of values fall below or above certain points. Percentiles such as quartiles are relatively robust to outliers compared to measures like the mean or standard deviation.
States of a Process in Operating SystemsAyan974999
A process has several stages that it passes through from beginning to end. There must be a minimum of five states. Even though during execution, the process could be in one of these states, the names of the states are not standardized. Each process goes through several stages throughout its life cycle.
Firewalls and proxies are both use for securityAyan974999
Firewalls and proxies are both security solutions designed to prevent potential threats to an organization and its users. However, they are different solutions with different goals. Understanding these differences is useful to understanding why both firewall and proxy functionality is important for an organization’s cybersecurity program.
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest space station to have ev...Ayan974999
The International Space Station is the largest space station to have ever been built. The station resides in low Earth orbit and has a primary purpose of performing microgravity and space environment experiments.
Supervised learning is a paradigm in machine learning, using multiple pairs consisting of an input object and a desired output value to train a model. The training data is analyzed and an inferred function is generated, which can be used for mapping new examples.
Soft computing is a set of algorithms, including neural networks, fuzzy logic, and evolutionary algorithms. These algorithms are tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth and approximation. It is contrasted with hard computing: algorithms which find provably correct and optimal solutions to problems.
Software engineering is the branch of computer science that deals with the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software applications. Software engineers apply engineering principles and knowledge of programming languages to build software solutions for end users
This document discusses parsing and parse trees. It defines parsing as resolving a sentence into its component parts and describing their syntactic roles. A parse tree is the graphical representation of symbols (terminals and non-terminals) that results from parsing a string based on the grammar rules. The document provides examples of parse trees and discusses derivation trees, leftmost derivation trees, rightmost derivation trees, and ambiguity in grammars.
This document discusses inheritance in Java. It defines inheritance as a mechanism where a subclass inherits the properties and behaviors of its parent class. The key types of inheritance in Java are described as single inheritance, multilevel inheritance, hierarchical inheritance, multiple inheritance (which Java does not support with classes) and hybrid inheritance. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of inheritance.
This document discusses the history of artificial intelligence. It describes several important early milestones in AI development, including the first AI program called "Logic Theorist" created in 1955, and the coining of the term "artificial intelligence" in 1956. The document then outlines periods of growth and funding challenges (AI winters) for the field from the 1950s through the 1990s. It highlights several pioneering AI systems and the emergence of intelligent agents in the 1990s and 2000s.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
1. Topic: Approximation and Error
Name: Ayan Das
Dept: CSE Sem: 6th
Year: 3rd
Subject: Numerical Methods Subject Code: OEC-IT601A
Roll No: 25300121057 Reg No: 212530100120005
Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group
Of Institutions
2. • Numerical methods yield approximate results, results that
are close to the exact analytical solution.
– Only rarely given data are exact, since they originate
from measurements. Therefore there is probably error in
the input information.
– Algorithm itself usually introduces errors as well, e.g.,
unavoidable round-offs, etc …
– The output information will then contain error from both of these
sources.
4. S i g n i f i c a n t F i g u r e
Significant figures of a number are those that can be used with confidence.
Rules for identifying sig. figures:
• All non-zero digits are considered significant. For example, 91 has two significant digits (9
and 1), while 123.45 has five significant digits (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
• Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant. Example:
101.12 has five significant digits.
• Leading zeros are not significant. For example, 0.00052 has two significant digits
• Trailing zeros are generally considered as significant. For example, 12.2300 has six
significant digits.
5. Example
Number Number of Significant
digits/figures
45 Two
0.046 Two
7.4220 Five
5002 Four
3800 Two
6. 53,800 How many significant figures?
5.38 x 104 3
5.380 x 104 4
5.3800 x 104 5
Zeros are sometimes used to locate the decimal point not significant
figures.
0.00001753 4
0.0001753 4
0.001753 4
Example
7. Error Definition
Truncation errors
Numerical errors arise from the use of approximations
Errors
Result when
approximations are used to
represent exact
mathematical procedure.
Result when numbers
having limited significant
figures are used to
represent exact numbers.
Round-off errors
8. Round-off Errors
Numbers such as p, e, or cannot be expressed by a fixed number
of significant figures.
Computers use a base-2 representation, they cannot precisely
represent certain exact base-10 numbers.
Fractional quantities are typically represented in computer using
“floating point” form, e.g.,
Example:
= 3.14159265358 to be stored carrying 7 significant digits.
= 3.141592 chopping
= 3.141593 rounding
9. Truncation Errors
Truncation errors are those that result using approximation
in place of an exact mathematical procedure.
dv
v
Vti1Vti
dt t ti1ti
____________
10. True error (Et)
True error (Et) or Exact value of error
= true value – approximated value
True percent relative error ( )
t
true value
True value
true value approximated value
100 (%)
t
True percent relative error
Trueerror
100 (%)
True Error
11. Approximate Error
• The true error is known only when we deal with functions that can be solved
analytically.
• In many applications, a prior true value is rarely available.
• For this situation, an alternative is to calculate an approximation of the error using
the best available estimate of the true value as:
Approximate percent relative error
Approximate error
100 (%)