The document describes calibration procedures for an OsteoQuant pQCT scanner. It discusses:
1) Measuring motor and detector timing pulses using a USB counter to synchronize data collection with position. Measurements were accurate to within 0.13%.
2) Correcting for detector dead time using a polynomial model to linearize photon counts versus tube current data. Corrections were stable to within 0.5% error.
3) Correcting for beam hardening effects using polynomial and bimodal energy models to linearize projection values with absorber thickness. A secondary correction further improved stability of different-date corrections to below 1% error.
Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Sys...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an algorithm for maximum power point tracking to optimize photovoltaic systems. Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system modeled in Lab VIEW environment. This algorithm significantly improves the efficiency during the tracking.
- The document describes a simple, high sensitivity system for measuring magnetostriction in thin film or foil samples.
- The system uses a strain gauge to measure voltage changes caused by dimensional changes in the sample when placed in a rotating magnetic field provided by Nd-Fe-B magnets.
- Data processing involves subtracting positive and negative bias measurements to isolate the magnetostriction component, then using relationships between voltage, strain, and magnetization to calculate the magnitude of magnetostriction.
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM Techniques for Safegu...IOSRJAP
Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM software are being increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations and Canberra ISOCSTM software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235U and 238U masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where closely matching NM standards are not available.
Multi-objective Optimization Scheme for PID-Controlled DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
DC Motor is the most basic electro-mechanical equipment and well-known for its merit and simplicity. The performance of DC motor is assessed based on several qualities that are most-likely contradictory each other, i.e. settling time and overshoot percentage. Most of controller’s optimization problems are multi-objective in nature since they normally have several conflicting objectives that must be met simultaneously. In this study, the grey relational analysis (GRA) was combined with Taguchi method to search the optimum PID parameter for multi-objective problem. First, a L9 (33) orthogonal array was used to plan out the processing parameters that would affect the DC motor’s speed. Then GRA was applied to overcome the drawback of single quality characteristics in the Taguchi method, and then the optimized PID parameter combination was obtained for multiple quality characteristics from the response table and the response graph from GRA. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) calculation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be performed to find out the significant factors. Lastly, the reliability and reproducibility of the experiment was verified by confirming a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.
Voltage stability Analysis using GridCalAnmol Dwivedi
Power system voltage stability is characterized as being capable of maintaining load voltage magnitudes within specified operating limits under steady state conditions. This presentation deals with the modeling of two standard power systems test cases i.e the Nordic-32 and the Nordic-68, comparing the power flows results obtained from GridCal against PSS/E, finding the respective P-V curves for the two test cases using the continuation power flow under contingencies, and finally proposing a graph-based test statistic which can be used for an imminent voltage instability. The simulations are carried out using an open-source power system software called GridCal and the scripts for this project are written in python.
Low-power Innovative techniques for Wearable ComputingOmar Elshal
A presentation i did for the Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing seminar during my senior year in university.
The presentation introduces many research papers on the field then discusses one of them thoroughly.
CONTROL OF A HEAT EXCHANGER USING NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTIVE CONTROLLER COMBIN...ijics
The paper presents an advanced control strategy that uses the neural network predictive controller and the
fuzzy controller in the complex control structure with an auxiliary manipulated variable. The controlled
tubular heat exchanger is used for pre-heating of petroleum by hot water. The heat exchanger is modelled
as a nonlinear system with the interval parametric uncertainty. The set point tracking and the disturbance
rejection using intelligent control strategies are investigated. The control objective is to keep the outlet
temperature of the pre-heated petroleum at a reference value. Simulations of control of the tubular heat
exchanger are done in the Matlab/Stimulant environment. The complex control structure with two
controllers is compared with the conventional PID control, fuzzy control and NNPC. Simulation results
confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the complex control structure combining the NNPC with the
auxiliary fuzzy controller.
Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Sys...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an algorithm for maximum power point tracking to optimize photovoltaic systems. Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system modeled in Lab VIEW environment. This algorithm significantly improves the efficiency during the tracking.
- The document describes a simple, high sensitivity system for measuring magnetostriction in thin film or foil samples.
- The system uses a strain gauge to measure voltage changes caused by dimensional changes in the sample when placed in a rotating magnetic field provided by Nd-Fe-B magnets.
- Data processing involves subtracting positive and negative bias measurements to isolate the magnetostriction component, then using relationships between voltage, strain, and magnetization to calculate the magnitude of magnetostriction.
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM Techniques for Safegu...IOSRJAP
Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM software are being increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations and Canberra ISOCSTM software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235U and 238U masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where closely matching NM standards are not available.
Multi-objective Optimization Scheme for PID-Controlled DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
DC Motor is the most basic electro-mechanical equipment and well-known for its merit and simplicity. The performance of DC motor is assessed based on several qualities that are most-likely contradictory each other, i.e. settling time and overshoot percentage. Most of controller’s optimization problems are multi-objective in nature since they normally have several conflicting objectives that must be met simultaneously. In this study, the grey relational analysis (GRA) was combined with Taguchi method to search the optimum PID parameter for multi-objective problem. First, a L9 (33) orthogonal array was used to plan out the processing parameters that would affect the DC motor’s speed. Then GRA was applied to overcome the drawback of single quality characteristics in the Taguchi method, and then the optimized PID parameter combination was obtained for multiple quality characteristics from the response table and the response graph from GRA. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) calculation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be performed to find out the significant factors. Lastly, the reliability and reproducibility of the experiment was verified by confirming a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.
Voltage stability Analysis using GridCalAnmol Dwivedi
Power system voltage stability is characterized as being capable of maintaining load voltage magnitudes within specified operating limits under steady state conditions. This presentation deals with the modeling of two standard power systems test cases i.e the Nordic-32 and the Nordic-68, comparing the power flows results obtained from GridCal against PSS/E, finding the respective P-V curves for the two test cases using the continuation power flow under contingencies, and finally proposing a graph-based test statistic which can be used for an imminent voltage instability. The simulations are carried out using an open-source power system software called GridCal and the scripts for this project are written in python.
Low-power Innovative techniques for Wearable ComputingOmar Elshal
A presentation i did for the Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing seminar during my senior year in university.
The presentation introduces many research papers on the field then discusses one of them thoroughly.
CONTROL OF A HEAT EXCHANGER USING NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTIVE CONTROLLER COMBIN...ijics
The paper presents an advanced control strategy that uses the neural network predictive controller and the
fuzzy controller in the complex control structure with an auxiliary manipulated variable. The controlled
tubular heat exchanger is used for pre-heating of petroleum by hot water. The heat exchanger is modelled
as a nonlinear system with the interval parametric uncertainty. The set point tracking and the disturbance
rejection using intelligent control strategies are investigated. The control objective is to keep the outlet
temperature of the pre-heated petroleum at a reference value. Simulations of control of the tubular heat
exchanger are done in the Matlab/Stimulant environment. The complex control structure with two
controllers is compared with the conventional PID control, fuzzy control and NNPC. Simulation results
confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the complex control structure combining the NNPC with the
auxiliary fuzzy controller.
This document presents a study that uses artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA) to improve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a grid-connected photovoltaic system under different operating conditions. GA is used to optimize the data and determine the optimal voltage corresponding to the maximum power point. This optimized data is then used to train the ANN. The trained ANN is able to track the maximum power point with fewer fluctuations compared to conventional MPPT methods. A grid side p-q controller is also implemented to control both the line voltage and current and allow active and reactive power exchange with the grid. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the ANN-GA controller
Improvement of grid connected photovoltaic system using artificial neural net...ijscmcj
Photovoltaic (PV) systems have one of the highest potentials and operating ways for generating electrical power by converting solar irradiation directly into the electrical energy. In order to control maximum output power, using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system is highly recommended. This paper simulates and controls the photovoltaic source by using artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) controller. Also, for tracking the maximum point the ANN and GA are used. Data are optimized by GA and then these optimum values are used in neural network training. The simulation results are presented by using Matlab/Simulink and show that the neural network-GA controller of grid-connected mode can meet the need of load easily and have fewer fluctuations around the maximum power point, also it can increase convergence speed to achieve the maximum power point (MPP) rather than conventional method. Moreover, to control both line voltage and current, a grid side p-q controller has been applied.
Energy Consumption Saving in Embedded Microprocessors Using Hardware Accelera...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper deals with the reduction of power consumption in embedded microprocessors.
Computing power and energy efficiency are becoming the main challenges for embedded system
applications. This is, in particular, the caseof wearable systems. When the power supply is provided by
batteries, an important requirement for these systems is the long service life. This work investigates a
method for the reduction of microprocessor energy consumption, based on the use of hardware
accelerators. Their use allows to reduce the execution time and to decrease the clock frequency, so
reducing the power consumption. In order to provide experimental results, authors analyze a case of study
in the field of wearable devices for the processing of ECG signals. The experimental results show that the
use of hardware accelerator significantly reduces the power consumption.
This document presents a new control strategy for a photovoltaic (PV) emulator using the resistance comparison method with an integral controller. The PV emulator uses a buck converter with current-mode control and a single diode PV model. The proposed method determines the operating point using an integral controller in the resistance comparison method, making it simpler than existing variable step methods. Simulation results show the proposed PV emulator has a more accurate output and 74% faster transient response compared to an emulator using the conventional direct referencing control method.
Multi Objective Directed Bee Colony Optimization for Economic Load Dispatch W...IJECEIAES
Earlier economic emission dispatch methods for optimizing emission level comprising carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and sulpher dioxide in thermal generation, made use of soft computing techniques like fuzzy,neural network,evolutionary programming,differential evolution and particle swarm optimization etc..The above methods incurred comparatively more transmission loss.So looking into the nonlinear load behavior of unbalanced systems following differential load pattern prevalent in tropical countries like India,Pakistan and Bangladesh etc.,the erratic variation of enhanced power demand is of immense importance which is included in this paper vide multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand to optimize transmission losses to a desired level.In the current dissertation making use of multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand technique the emission level versus cost of generation has been displayed vide figure-3 & figure-4 and this result has been compared with other dispatch methods using valve point loading(VPL) and multi objective directed bee colony optimization with & without transmission loss.
Elements Space and Amplitude Perturbation Using Genetic Algorithm for Antenna...CSCJournals
A simple and fast genetic algorithm (GA) developed to reduce the sidelobes in non-uniformly spaced linear antenna arrays. The proposed GA algorithm optimizes two vectors of variables to increase the Main lobe to Sidelobe power ratio (M/S) of array’s radiation pattern. The algorithm, in the first phase calculates the positions of the array elements and in the second phase, it manipulates the amplitude of excitation signals for each element. The simulations performed for 16 and 24 elements array structure. The results indicated that M/S improved in first phase from 13.2 to over 22.2dB meanwhile the half power beamwidth (HPBW) left almost unchanged. After element replacement, in the second phase, by using amplitude tapering further improvement up to 32dB was achieved. Also, the simulations shown that after element space perturbation, some antenna elements can be merged together without any performance degradation in radiation pattern in terms of gain and sidelobes level.
This document summarizes research using artificial neural networks to forecast the output power performance of a solar thermal lag Stirling engine. Input parameters like angular velocity, temperature, and tank volumes were used to train neural networks. The best network structure had inputs, hidden, and output layers. It was trained on 572 data points and showed high accuracy in predicting engine performance based on validation metrics. Graphs showed the neural network could successfully predict variables like gas temperature, tank volume, and output power under different operating conditions. The research demonstrated artificial neural networks are a useful tool for simulating Stirling engine performance without complex modeling equations.
This document describes a thesis submitted by T.Vignesh for a wireless sensor network-based power monitoring system for a college campus. The system aims to implement non-intrusive, real-time and fine-grained power monitoring using magnetic field sensors and wireless sensor motes. It discusses the motivation, theory of operation using magnetic field correlations, practical considerations regarding platform and sensor selection, implementation details including network architecture, protocols, sensor interfacing and data collection/analysis. The goal is to better understand energy usage patterns and identify opportunities for reduction through a low-cost and scalable wireless sensor network approach.
1) The document discusses uncertainties in differential spectral response (DSR) measurements according to approximations defined in IEC 60904-8.
2) It analyzes the impact of using simplified DSR measurement procedures compared to the complete DSR procedure, through simulations and measurements of non-linear crystalline silicon solar cells.
3) The results show deviations below 5% for all approximations in simulations, and below 1% for measurements when using multicolor bias light ramps.
Test different neural networks models for forecasting of wind,solar and energ...Tonmoy Ibne Arif
In this project work, a multi-step deep neural network is used to forecast power generation and load demand for a short-term time frame. The data or feature vectors that have been used to predict the target, is a sequential time series sequence. In this project, a Recurrent Neural Network has been used in combination with a convolutional neural network to have a better forecasting model for the Windpark, Solar park and Loadpark datasets. Moreover, the forecasting performance of Feedforward neural network and Long Short Term Memory also has been compared. The whole project work has divided into two parts, in the first approach the raw dataset has been divided into a train, test split and no previous step data have been used. In the second step whole raw dataset has been divided into test, train and validation split. Additionally, current and seven previous time steps data has been fed into the model.
SENSOR SELECTION SCHEME IN TEMPERATURE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijwmn
In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient environment monitoring scheme for wireless sensor
networks, based on data mining formulation. The proposed adapting routing scheme for sensors for
achieving energy efficiency from temperature wireless sensor network data set. The experimental
validation of the proposed approach using publicly available Intel Berkeley lab Wireless Sensor Network
dataset shows that it is possible to achieve energy efficient environment monitoring for wireless sensor
networks, with a trade-off between accuracy and life time extension factor of sensors, using the proposed
approach.
This document describes the design of a system to control the frequency at which laser diodes are modulated for analyzing samples using photothermal techniques. The system uses an amplitude modulated laser diode with swept frequency. It was developed considering the electrical characteristics of different laser diodes. A driver circuit was created to enable both amplitude modulation and frequency sweeping of the laser diodes without reducing their optical power. Testing on a piezoelectric sensor showed the stability of the driver and different frequency responses for different laser diodes, demonstrating the ability to analyze samples using photothermal techniques.
Expert system of single magnetic lens using JESS in Focused Ion Beamijcsa
This work shows expert system of symmetrical single magnetic lens used in focused ion beam optical system. Java expert system shell(JESS) programming is proposed to build the intelligent agent "MOPTION"for getting an optimum magnetic flux density , and calculate the ion optical trajectory. The combination of such rule based engine and SIMION 8.1 has configured the reconstruction process and compiled the data retrieved by the proposed expert system agent to implement the pole-pieces reconstruction for lens design. The pole pieces reconstruction has been resulted in 3D graph , and under the infinite magnification conditions of the optical path, aberration (spherical / chromatic and total) disks diameters have been obtained and got the values (0.03,0.13 and 0.133) micron (μm) respectively.
Master Thesis presentation.
Nanocomposite generator for energy harvesting from a bending movement.
Research: CNTs, Nanocomposites and Piezoelectric effect theoretical background.
Nanocomposite Generator modelling and practical experiment.
Results presentation.
The engineering team measured acceleration data from an elevator in the MEEM building to validate an AMESim model of the elevator. They found the simulation results did not match the experimental data, so the AMESim model was not validated. To improve performance, they increased the proportional gain in the model to 45, which increased the deceleration rate. However, their recommendation was based on an invalid model that did not accurately represent the real elevator.
This is a directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 5000 Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This is a due diligence directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. There has been the information of 6,000+ Canadian companies in this information repository now. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This document presents a study that uses artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA) to improve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a grid-connected photovoltaic system under different operating conditions. GA is used to optimize the data and determine the optimal voltage corresponding to the maximum power point. This optimized data is then used to train the ANN. The trained ANN is able to track the maximum power point with fewer fluctuations compared to conventional MPPT methods. A grid side p-q controller is also implemented to control both the line voltage and current and allow active and reactive power exchange with the grid. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the ANN-GA controller
Improvement of grid connected photovoltaic system using artificial neural net...ijscmcj
Photovoltaic (PV) systems have one of the highest potentials and operating ways for generating electrical power by converting solar irradiation directly into the electrical energy. In order to control maximum output power, using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system is highly recommended. This paper simulates and controls the photovoltaic source by using artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) controller. Also, for tracking the maximum point the ANN and GA are used. Data are optimized by GA and then these optimum values are used in neural network training. The simulation results are presented by using Matlab/Simulink and show that the neural network-GA controller of grid-connected mode can meet the need of load easily and have fewer fluctuations around the maximum power point, also it can increase convergence speed to achieve the maximum power point (MPP) rather than conventional method. Moreover, to control both line voltage and current, a grid side p-q controller has been applied.
Energy Consumption Saving in Embedded Microprocessors Using Hardware Accelera...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper deals with the reduction of power consumption in embedded microprocessors.
Computing power and energy efficiency are becoming the main challenges for embedded system
applications. This is, in particular, the caseof wearable systems. When the power supply is provided by
batteries, an important requirement for these systems is the long service life. This work investigates a
method for the reduction of microprocessor energy consumption, based on the use of hardware
accelerators. Their use allows to reduce the execution time and to decrease the clock frequency, so
reducing the power consumption. In order to provide experimental results, authors analyze a case of study
in the field of wearable devices for the processing of ECG signals. The experimental results show that the
use of hardware accelerator significantly reduces the power consumption.
This document presents a new control strategy for a photovoltaic (PV) emulator using the resistance comparison method with an integral controller. The PV emulator uses a buck converter with current-mode control and a single diode PV model. The proposed method determines the operating point using an integral controller in the resistance comparison method, making it simpler than existing variable step methods. Simulation results show the proposed PV emulator has a more accurate output and 74% faster transient response compared to an emulator using the conventional direct referencing control method.
Multi Objective Directed Bee Colony Optimization for Economic Load Dispatch W...IJECEIAES
Earlier economic emission dispatch methods for optimizing emission level comprising carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and sulpher dioxide in thermal generation, made use of soft computing techniques like fuzzy,neural network,evolutionary programming,differential evolution and particle swarm optimization etc..The above methods incurred comparatively more transmission loss.So looking into the nonlinear load behavior of unbalanced systems following differential load pattern prevalent in tropical countries like India,Pakistan and Bangladesh etc.,the erratic variation of enhanced power demand is of immense importance which is included in this paper vide multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand to optimize transmission losses to a desired level.In the current dissertation making use of multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand technique the emission level versus cost of generation has been displayed vide figure-3 & figure-4 and this result has been compared with other dispatch methods using valve point loading(VPL) and multi objective directed bee colony optimization with & without transmission loss.
Elements Space and Amplitude Perturbation Using Genetic Algorithm for Antenna...CSCJournals
A simple and fast genetic algorithm (GA) developed to reduce the sidelobes in non-uniformly spaced linear antenna arrays. The proposed GA algorithm optimizes two vectors of variables to increase the Main lobe to Sidelobe power ratio (M/S) of array’s radiation pattern. The algorithm, in the first phase calculates the positions of the array elements and in the second phase, it manipulates the amplitude of excitation signals for each element. The simulations performed for 16 and 24 elements array structure. The results indicated that M/S improved in first phase from 13.2 to over 22.2dB meanwhile the half power beamwidth (HPBW) left almost unchanged. After element replacement, in the second phase, by using amplitude tapering further improvement up to 32dB was achieved. Also, the simulations shown that after element space perturbation, some antenna elements can be merged together without any performance degradation in radiation pattern in terms of gain and sidelobes level.
This document summarizes research using artificial neural networks to forecast the output power performance of a solar thermal lag Stirling engine. Input parameters like angular velocity, temperature, and tank volumes were used to train neural networks. The best network structure had inputs, hidden, and output layers. It was trained on 572 data points and showed high accuracy in predicting engine performance based on validation metrics. Graphs showed the neural network could successfully predict variables like gas temperature, tank volume, and output power under different operating conditions. The research demonstrated artificial neural networks are a useful tool for simulating Stirling engine performance without complex modeling equations.
This document describes a thesis submitted by T.Vignesh for a wireless sensor network-based power monitoring system for a college campus. The system aims to implement non-intrusive, real-time and fine-grained power monitoring using magnetic field sensors and wireless sensor motes. It discusses the motivation, theory of operation using magnetic field correlations, practical considerations regarding platform and sensor selection, implementation details including network architecture, protocols, sensor interfacing and data collection/analysis. The goal is to better understand energy usage patterns and identify opportunities for reduction through a low-cost and scalable wireless sensor network approach.
1) The document discusses uncertainties in differential spectral response (DSR) measurements according to approximations defined in IEC 60904-8.
2) It analyzes the impact of using simplified DSR measurement procedures compared to the complete DSR procedure, through simulations and measurements of non-linear crystalline silicon solar cells.
3) The results show deviations below 5% for all approximations in simulations, and below 1% for measurements when using multicolor bias light ramps.
Test different neural networks models for forecasting of wind,solar and energ...Tonmoy Ibne Arif
In this project work, a multi-step deep neural network is used to forecast power generation and load demand for a short-term time frame. The data or feature vectors that have been used to predict the target, is a sequential time series sequence. In this project, a Recurrent Neural Network has been used in combination with a convolutional neural network to have a better forecasting model for the Windpark, Solar park and Loadpark datasets. Moreover, the forecasting performance of Feedforward neural network and Long Short Term Memory also has been compared. The whole project work has divided into two parts, in the first approach the raw dataset has been divided into a train, test split and no previous step data have been used. In the second step whole raw dataset has been divided into test, train and validation split. Additionally, current and seven previous time steps data has been fed into the model.
SENSOR SELECTION SCHEME IN TEMPERATURE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijwmn
In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient environment monitoring scheme for wireless sensor
networks, based on data mining formulation. The proposed adapting routing scheme for sensors for
achieving energy efficiency from temperature wireless sensor network data set. The experimental
validation of the proposed approach using publicly available Intel Berkeley lab Wireless Sensor Network
dataset shows that it is possible to achieve energy efficient environment monitoring for wireless sensor
networks, with a trade-off between accuracy and life time extension factor of sensors, using the proposed
approach.
This document describes the design of a system to control the frequency at which laser diodes are modulated for analyzing samples using photothermal techniques. The system uses an amplitude modulated laser diode with swept frequency. It was developed considering the electrical characteristics of different laser diodes. A driver circuit was created to enable both amplitude modulation and frequency sweeping of the laser diodes without reducing their optical power. Testing on a piezoelectric sensor showed the stability of the driver and different frequency responses for different laser diodes, demonstrating the ability to analyze samples using photothermal techniques.
Expert system of single magnetic lens using JESS in Focused Ion Beamijcsa
This work shows expert system of symmetrical single magnetic lens used in focused ion beam optical system. Java expert system shell(JESS) programming is proposed to build the intelligent agent "MOPTION"for getting an optimum magnetic flux density , and calculate the ion optical trajectory. The combination of such rule based engine and SIMION 8.1 has configured the reconstruction process and compiled the data retrieved by the proposed expert system agent to implement the pole-pieces reconstruction for lens design. The pole pieces reconstruction has been resulted in 3D graph , and under the infinite magnification conditions of the optical path, aberration (spherical / chromatic and total) disks diameters have been obtained and got the values (0.03,0.13 and 0.133) micron (μm) respectively.
Master Thesis presentation.
Nanocomposite generator for energy harvesting from a bending movement.
Research: CNTs, Nanocomposites and Piezoelectric effect theoretical background.
Nanocomposite Generator modelling and practical experiment.
Results presentation.
The engineering team measured acceleration data from an elevator in the MEEM building to validate an AMESim model of the elevator. They found the simulation results did not match the experimental data, so the AMESim model was not validated. To improve performance, they increased the proportional gain in the model to 45, which increased the deceleration rate. However, their recommendation was based on an invalid model that did not accurately represent the real elevator.
This is a directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 5000 Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This is a due diligence directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. There has been the information of 6,000+ Canadian companies in this information repository now. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 3000 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 3000 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
This document discusses how pull marketing using content marketing can generate 60% lower costs for lead generation and customer acquisition compared to traditional marketing. It emphasizes focusing on creating high-quality content on a regular basis and optimizing content for search engines and social media. It also stresses the importance of analyzing results to continuously improve. The key is to think like a publisher and focus on getting found, converting visitors into leads and customers, and knowing your target audience.
This is a due diligence directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. There has been the information of 6,000+ Canadian companies in this information repository now. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This is a directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 5000 Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 3000 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 4000 Canadian entities, in all sector and from coast to coast in Canada, on a weekly basis. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This document provides an overview of Verrex, a global provider of conferencing and communication solutions. It discusses Verrex's history of serving clients since 1947, with expertise in areas like videoconferencing, audio conferencing, digital signage and presentation systems. Verrex prides itself on superior performance and quality standards. It has offices around the world and provides global design, installation, and managed services to meet clients' conferencing and collaboration needs worldwide.
This document provides guidance for students on conducting effective research for coursework assignments at A-Level. It outlines common causes of failure like plagiarism and poor time management. It emphasizes that books should be the starting point for research as they are written by recognized experts. When using internet sources for research, students must carefully evaluate the accuracy, authorship, currency, and coverage of information as well as the purpose and credibility of websites. It recommends using library resources like the Bedfordshire Virtual Library and subject-specific directories to find more relevant sources than basic search engines. Students are instructed to create bookmarking sites to organize useful online resources and investigate the study skills bundles created by the librarian.
This is a due diligence directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. There has been the information of 6,000+ Canadian companies in this information repository now. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 3000 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
This is a directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 5000 Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This is a directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 4500 Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This document discusses the psychology of persuasion and weapons of influence. It covers topics like reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, and scarcity. Persuasive technology is also mentioned, which uses triggers to guide people toward ideas or actions through rational and symbolic means rather than being strictly logical. The document recommends studying these persuasion principles and techniques.
This is a due diligence directory of Canadian US patents holders. It has the latest information about who has US patents in Canada, where the US patent holders are, what they patented in the US market and the trends of their US patents.
In 2009, when I was working for the Region of Peel government, Canada, I successfully used patent mapping to identify 20 US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, I created a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of Canadian entities, in all sector throughout Canada, on a weekly basis. There has been the information of 6,000+ Canadian companies in this information repository now. My work with Region of Peel from 2010 to 2012 showed that this database can provide the "no-older-than-7-day" intelligence for long-term strategic research/planning and short-term tactics. This is also the first attempt in Canada to use patent landscape as a regional economic strength indicator and a baseline for policy harmonization and policy performance evaluation.
This document presents a two-stage approach for optimal capacitor placement in distribution systems to minimize losses using fuzzy logic and bat algorithm. In the first stage, fuzzy logic is used to determine optimal capacitor locations based on power loss index and voltage levels. In the second stage, the bat algorithm is used to determine the optimal capacitor sizes at the identified locations to minimize losses. The methodology is tested on 15-bus and 34-bus test systems and results are presented. Capacitor placement helps improve power factor, voltage profile, reduces power losses and increases feeder capacity of distribution systems.
This document proposes an adaptive scheme for measuring signal parameters for generator monitoring and protection using adaptive orthogonal filters. The algorithm adapts the filter data window length and coefficients according to a coarse estimation of the signal frequency, allowing accurate measurements over a wide frequency band including during generator start-up. Measured signals are also used to train artificial neural networks to classify generator operation modes and detect phenomena like pole slipping and out-of-step conditions. The document describes the adaptive measurement scheme, provides an example using signals from simulations, and discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the design of an artificial neural network-based out-of-step protection system.
IEEE International Conference PresentationAnmol Dwivedi
IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE -
Paper Title "Real-Time Implementation of Phasor Measurement Unit Using NI CompactRIO".
Code Available on: https://github.com/anmold-07/Synchrophasor-Estimation
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Effective Area and Power Reduction for Low-Voltage CMOS Image Sensor Based Ap...IJTET Journal
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Modeling of Optical Scattering in Advanced LIGOHunter Rew
This document discusses modeling optical scattering in the Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detector. It describes calibrating cameras used to monitor scattered light by relating pixel intensity to incident power. Photodiodes along beam tube baffles measure scattered power during interferometer alignments. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function models total scatter based on incident and scattered power measurements. Images and photodiode data are analyzed to model scattering from test masses and simulate the stationary interferometer. Future work includes comparing model predictions to measured data.
Design of 6 bit flash analog to digital converter using variable switching vo...VLSICS Design
This paper presents the design of 6-bit flash analog to digital Converter (ADC) using the new variable
switching voltage (VSV) comparator. In general, Flash ADCs attain the highest conversion speed at the
cost of high power consumption. By using the new VSV comparator, the designed 6-bit Flash ADC exhibits
significant improvement in terms of power and speed of previously reported Flash ADCs. The simulation
result shows that the converter consumes peak power 2.1 mW from a 1.2 V supply and achieves the speed of
1 GHz in a 65nm standard CMOS process. The measurement of maximum differential and integral
nonlinearities (DNL and INL) of the Flash ADC are 0.3 LSB and 0.6 LSB respectively.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the parameters for pulsed LED operation to reduce power consumption while maintaining brightness. The study examined the effects of frequency, duty cycle, and offset on the peak current required for an LED to appear as bright as a reference DC current. Testing found that peak current decreased as duty cycle increased. The optimal duty cycle was near 6% based on minimizing power. While device differences were significant, they could be managed in a commercial product. Increasing the duty cycle reduces power consumption for pulsed LED operation.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a CMOS active pixel sensor using 0.6 μm image sensor technology. Key points:
1) A CMOS photodiode active pixel sensor was designed using 0.6 μm technology that has lower voltage and noise reduction capabilities.
2) Simulation results using PSPICE showed a measured output voltage swing of 0.47V to 3.04V for a 3.3V supply, and a calculated conversion gain of 5.24590 μV/e.
3) The design included a photodiode, reset transistor, source follower transistor, row select transistor, and bias transistor. Simulation waveforms showed the operation of each component.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes the development of an automatic MATLAB-based tool for measuring beam emittance at the Idaho Accelerator Center. An optical transition radiation screen and camera were installed to capture beam images during a quadrupole scan. MATLAB codes were developed to extract beam sizes from the images, perform a polynomial fit to determine emittance, and control the scan automatically via EPICS and MATLAB Channel Access. The tool was tested by measuring the emittance of the HRRL accelerator, reducing measurement time and error compared to manual methods.
The document summarizes an experiment to measure the quantum efficiency (QE) of a KAF-0402 CCD image sensor using a liquid crystal filter. Key steps included: (1) Taking images of the sensor illuminated by the filter across wavelengths from 400-750nm and converting the results to electrons/second/cm^2, (2) Measuring the corresponding photon flux with a photodiode, (3) Calculating QE by dividing the sensor output by the photon flux, and (4) Finding the results matched well with the manufacturer's reported QE curve after applying calibration coefficients to account for the photodiode's wavelength dependence.
This document describes the implementation and performance of multiple coulomb scattering (MCS) for measuring muon momentum in the MicroBooNE experiment. MCS is used to determine the momentum of muons that exit the detector volume and cannot be measured by range. It works by segmenting muon tracks and calculating the angular deflections between segments. A maximum likelihood method is then used to determine the momentum that best fits the measured deflections. When tested on simulation, MCS achieves a resolution of 10-20% for contained muons and 20-30% for exiting muons. Limitations include a minimum track length cut of 100 cm required for accuracy. Application to real MicroBooNE data shows similar performance within 15% for contained muons compared
This document summarizes an HDL approach for modeling a wireless sensor node system powered by a tunable energy harvester. Key aspects of the model include:
1) Modeling the interactions between mechanical, magnetic, and electrical domains of the microgenerator and how its resonant frequency can be tuned.
2) Modeling the behavior of other components like the accelerometer, tuning actuator, and power processing circuits using equations of varying complexity and abstraction levels.
3) Simulating the overall energy generation and consumption of the integrated wireless sensor node system, which harvests vibration energy and transmits sensor data via radio link.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Charge Sharing Suppression in Single Photon Processing Pixel Arrayijeei-iaes
This paper proposes a mechanism for suppression of charge sharing in single photon processing pixel array by introducing additional circuit. The idea of the proposed mechanism is that in each pixel only analog part will introduced, the digital part is shared between each four pixels, this leads to reduce the number of transistors (area). By having communication pixels, a decision that which one of the neighboring pixels shall collect the distributed charges is taken. The functionality, which involves analog and digital behaviors, is modeled in VHDL.
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithmIJECEIAES
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering man- ufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (R p and R )), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 10 s 28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.
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Timing-pulse measurement and detector calibration for the OsteoQuant®.
1. BMIL Timing Pulse Measurement and Detector Calibration for the OsteoQuant® Advisor: Dr. Thomas N. Hangartner By: Binu Enchakalody 1
2. The OsteoQuant® pQCTscanner which can provide precise density assessment of the trabecular and cortical regions of bone. Currently being upgraded to a x-ray tube source and a CZT semiconductor detector. 2 Ref: http://www.wright.edu/academics/bmil/bmil1.htm
3. Objective Implement a system capable of registering the motor- and detector timing-pulses of the Osteoquant® using a common time-base in microsecond resolution. 2a. Correct the photon-count loss due to dead time to an error level of less than 0.5% of the maximum expected photon counts. 2b. Correct the non-linearity of the projection values due to beam hardening to an error level of less than 1% of the expected maximum projection value. 3
5. Need for Timing-Pulse Measurement Data collected is only useful if there is synchronization between the motor- and detector-timing pulses. The motor- and detector timing-pulses have to be well synchronized to assure correlation between the data collected and the measurement interval. Aim Each detector frame should be accurately related to a motor position. Solution Measure time stamps using a common time base to relate a motor position to a detector frame. 5
6. Timing-Pulse Measurement: Analyzing the problem Sample Detector Timing-Pulse 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 ms Sample Motor Timing-Pulse 0 3 6 9 12 ms Common Time-Base (1/1000 resolution) 1 µs µs 3000 6000 8000 12000 0 2000 4000 10000 9000 6
7. Timing-Pulse Measurement: Requirement Requires counters working at clock frequencies of 1 MHz or above. High data transfer speed Fast event notification Solution The USB-4301 is a low-power USB-2.0-compliant, 16-bit, 5 channel, up-down binary counter, capable of operating at frequencies as high as 5 MHz can be used in event counting and pulse generating applications. 7
25. Detector Calibration: Dead Time Dead Time An event occurs at the detector is converted into an electrical signal depending on the intensity and duration of the event. The time required to collect this charge depends on certain characteristics (mobility, distance to collection electrodes, etc.) of the detector itself and on the subsequent electronics. Due to the random nature governed by Poisson statistics, there is always a probability that the detector misses a true event that follows a recorded event. The missed true events are called dead-time losses 16
26. Need for Dead-Time Correction Operating Parameters: Tube Voltage : 45 kVp Tube Current: 0 – 1 mA Photon accumulation time : 50 ms Aim: Correct the photon-count loss due an error level of less than 0.5% of the maximum expected photon counts (0.5% of 72,000) ± 350 counts. The photon counts-vs.-tube current response plot is mathematically modeled and then linearized. The measured non-linear and the expected linear photon counts for varying tube currents of one detector element from a sample data set 17
27. Detector Calibration: Beam Hardening Beam Hardening X-ray beams used in CT are usually polychromatic When the photon beam passes through material, it tends to preferentially loose its lower energy photons, hardening the beam in the process. Lower-energy x-rays are more prone to attenuation, and the average energy of a polychromatic beam varies with increasing thickness of the material, thereby making the beam harder. 18
28. Beam Hardening Operating Parameters: Tube Voltage : 45 kVp Tube Current: 1 mA Photon accumulation time : 50 ms Aim: Correct the non-linearity of the projection values due to beam hardening to an error level of less than 1% of the expected maximum projection value (1% of 5 projection value units) ± 0.05. The projections-vs.-thickness plot is mathematically modeled and then linearized. The measured non-linear and expected linear projection values for varying absorber thicknesses. 19
29. Experimental Setup Source : The tube can operate at a maximum anode voltage of 50 kVp and a maximum anode current of 1 mA, at a maximum operating temperature of 55oC. Detector : The detector is a CZT semi-conductor cuboid of 64 pixilated elements composed of 50% tellurium, 5% zinc and 45% cadmium. Slabs : Slabs are used in the beam hardening experiment as a substitute for the bone and soft-tissue in human-body (aluminum and Plexiglas). A total on 19 pairs of these slabs were used. Data was collected on 22 dates over a span of nine months. 20
30. Dead-Time Correction: Steps Modeling using the fourth-degree polynomial function Linearization of the model Drift and stability analysis of the correction Same-date Correction Different-date Correction 21
37. Beam-Hardening Correction: Steps Fifth-Degree Polynomial Model Modeling using the polynomial function for 10- and 19-plate data sets Linearizing the mathematical model Corrections applied on the 10- and 19-plate data sets Bimodal-Energy Model Modeling using the bimodal-energy model for 10- and 19-plate data sets Linearizing the mathematical model Corrections applied on the10- and 19-plate data sets Compare the stability analysis between both models 24
38. Beam-Hardening Correction According to Beer’s Law, the projection values of the x-ray beam passing through an object are linearly proportional to μ(E). The projection values are generally linearized to a linear line. i: 1, 2, 3, ... 19 for the number of slab pairs used I0 : counts collected with no object in the beam path Ii: counts collected with i number of slab pairs µeff: linear attenuation coefficient for Al and Pl di : thickness of i number of slab pairs 25
39. Linearization Using the Polynomial Model Based on the projection value-vs.-slab thickness plots, it was decided that an 5th-degree polynomial fit can model these data. Each detector element’s data was fitted using a second to a sixth-degree polynomial function. 26
42. μ1 is the slope by E1 for smaller thicknesses.To solve for the unknowns, the non-linear least squares method is used. The equation system was iteratively solved using a Matlab script by assuming initial values for the unknown fitting parameters. Ref: de Casteele, E. V., Dyck, D. V., Sijbers, J., and Raman, E. 2002. An energy-based beam hardening model in tomography. Phys Med Biol 47, 23–30. 27
49. The stability of the beam-hardening corrections were analyzed by evaluating the error statistics of the same-date and different-date corrected values.29
50. Secondary Correction Primary correction every day is a tedious process. Apply primary corrections from one particular date to the data sets collected from other dates and following this with a secondary correction (3rd degree polynomial) based only on a few plates (0, 6, 14, 19 or 0, 3, 7, 9) measured on the specific date. Without Secondary Correction With Secondary Correction 30
51. Stability analysis for beam-hardening corrections Same-date and different-date corrections. Same-date primary Different-date primary Different-date-primary followed by secondary Data collected on 22 dates, during nine months. 134 coefficient matrices for the 10-plate data sets. 5 coefficient matrices for the 19-plate data sets. Stability for the correction method is assumed if the residuals of the same-date and different-date corrections are less than 0.05. 31
52. Results: Dead-Time Correction Linearization using the fourth-degree model for a data set. Histogram of the individual residuals using a fourth-degree polynomial correction for a data set 32
53. Same-Date Corrections: 10 plate data-set 33 Corrected projection values and their histograms for the polynomial and the bimodal-energy model
54. Different-date corrections: 10 plate data-set Corrected projection values and their histograms for the polynomial and the bimodal-energy model 34
55. Different-date primary followed by secondary correction: 10 plate data-set 35 Corrected projection values and their histograms for the polynomial and the bimodal-energy model
56. Summary: Correction Methods Summary of the same-date and different-date primary (Prim) corrections using the fifth degree polynomial and bimodal-energy models, and the same-date and different-date primary corrections using both models followed by the secondary (Sec) corrections. The checked cells represent the methods that produced residuals lower than 0.05. 36
57. Detector Calibration: Summary The same-date dead-time corrections were all within the expected residual value. The data collection required for the dead-time corrections can be automated. Same-date primary corrections consistently produced corrected projection values that were well within the expected residual of 0.05. Most of the residuals for the different-date bimodal corrections were below 0.05, whereas the residual values for the different-date polynomial corrections were above 0.05. Future Work Using the non-paralyzable dead-time model. Beam hardening corrections should be studied with different tube voltages. Stability of the corrections over a shorter time period can be studied 37
Editor's Notes
Works on the translate-rotate principleThese movements are achieved through a combination of high-precision mechanical hardware and stepping motors.The three orthogonal movements in the scanner are the translation and rotation of the source and detector and the axial positioning of the gantry.
The motor moves the scanner at a required speed and acceleration. The motion-control system generates the necessary pulses to rotate the motor shaft for the required measurement interval. The data collected is irrelevant unless the motor and data collection timing pulses are correlatedAs we do not know the relative phase of the two pulse trains and do not want to assume consistency between the two frequenciesProvides a reference between the two pulse events, to relate a motor position to a detector frame.
This kind of data transfer can be achieved using a counter with a universal serial bus (USB) interface combined with a temporary storage buffer. Fast event notification speed from the counters to the computer should be in milliseconds or less to register all events.
Start pulse generated from CNTR3 of module 1. Produces a pulse after 65ms.The start pulse from CNTR 3 sets a FF, which enables the counting of an 8 bit counter at 1 MHz. 128ms later, the counter MSB transitions to a high state which resets the flip flop and thereby reshapes the input signal.
The synch pulse acts as a common point of reference to the two pulse trains. After a delay of 0.5ms after the synch pulse, the OR gates are activated and the counting starts.
Motor pulses were simulated using a function generator.Sync time pulses are the raw pulses subtracted from the start pulse. The start pulse is the only common time stamp for both modules.
There are certain general properties that apply to all types of radiation detectors.Some of these properties can cause loss in expected photon counts. These lossesare often modeled as being caused by dead-time and may result in errors in thereconstructed image if left uncorrected.
This charge is collected applying an electric field across the detector. The time taken to recover from an event registration is dead timeA problem occurs if another event happens during the time required to create the electric signal. The occurrence of a radiation quantum is a random event governed by Poisson statistics. and these losses become severe for larger event rates.
The consequence of dead-time is shown here.The scanner is to be operated at 1mA. Hence the expected counts according to the slope equation is 72,000.
In CT reconstruction, the reconstructed image values are assumed to be linearly proportional to the density of the object scanned, which is fulfilled if a mono-energetic x-ray source is used. However, use of a poly-energetic x-ray source results in wrongly estimated density values in some parts of the reconstructed image.
. The anode material is a compound made of tungsten, molybdenum and rhodiumEach slab measures 10.5 cm x 6.5 cm, with the thickness of an individual slab being 1.62 mm for aluminum and 7.8 mm for Plexig10 slab pairs simulate the arm, 19 leg
y_i is the modeled uncorrected tube current vs. photon count response. Y_i is the ideal response. y_i can be mathematically modeled as a function of beta, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependant variable.Slope is calculated from the linear part of the response.The fourth degree polynomial equation returns four root values out of which the complex and negative roots are ignored. The real root closest to the expected linear line is chosen.
Stability was tested using same and different date corrections.Coefficient vectors from 22 dates for data sets collected over nine months. For same-date corrections n is 64 x 10 . For diff date, it varies with the number of data sets. The results are discussed later
Corrections: Same date and Different date
In CT reconstruction, the reconstructed image values are assumed to be linearly proportional to the density of the object scanned.According to Beer’s Law, the projection values of the x-ray beam passing through an object are linearly proportional to μ(E). For a monoenergetic x-ray source, the effective attenuation coefficient μeff is a function of the average energy of the x-ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung). The projection values are generally linearized to a linear line of slope μeff
Purely a mathematical modelThe robustness of the different polynomial fits was measured using the F-test for a 99% confidence interval. Mathematical model is linearized. 5 root values
For lower energies, the equation is the same as Beer’s law. The author knows his energy and m1, m2 valueare equated to zero and the minimum squared error associated with each unknown are calculated.
To prove that the appropriate relationship between E2 and E1 exists for our data, a random 19-platedata set was chosen to calculate the fitting parameters and estimate the energies. A random 19-plate data set was chosen to calculate the fitting parameters and energies.
The idea of different date corrections was suggested because setting the parameters for correction prior to every scan is a tedious process especially beam hardening.If there is no drift in the detector response, the correction from another day can be used.Different date corrections are the correction coefficients from from the data collected on a different date applied on another data set.
Measuring the plates to calculate the parameters necessary for the primary correction every day is a tedious process.
The same-date and different-date corrections are assumed to be stable if their residuals are less than or equal to 350.
as the photon energy is a major factor in defining the attenuation properties