This document provides the syllabus for Archaeology as a subject for the UGC NET JRF exam scheduled for June 2019. It is divided into 10 units that cover topics in archaeology including its aims and methods, chronology and dating techniques, prehistory and the Stone Age, the Indus Valley civilization and post-Urban Harappan cultures, protohistory including the Iron Age, architecture, art, epigraphy, numismatics, and methodology of archaeological research. The syllabus is distributed by the University Grants Commission's NET Bureau and provides the latest updated syllabus for the June 2019 exam according to the document.
This Powerpoint Presentation is useful to students, Teachers, and History Lover.
This is useful to understand the History of early ancient India. It covers the Archeological and Cultural aspects of Ancient Indian History.
History notes time sequence of ancient to modern history in indiakuttaimon
The document provides a chronological overview of history in India from ancient to modern times. It divides Indian history into three periods: Ancient India from prehistoric to 700 AD, Medieval India from 700-1857 AD, and Modern India from 1857 onward. Some key events highlighted in the ancient period include the Indus Valley Civilization and the rise of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya. The medieval period saw the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, while the modern period was defined by the Indian independence movement and establishment of democratic rule after 1947.
Origin and Distribution of Megalithic Tradition in IndiaDebajit Ghosh
This document provides an overview of the origin and distribution of megalithic traditions in India. It discusses various theories that have been proposed about the origin of megalithism, including indigenous origins in South India as well as influences from maritime cultures. The document also examines traditions and legends connected to megalithic sites. Finally, it describes the major regions in India where megalithic sites are found, including South India, Vidarbha in Maharashtra, North and Central India, and Northeast India. It provides examples of different types of megalithic structures and discusses the cultural material found at these sites.
Ap Art History Art Of South Southeast Asiabassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the development of Buddhist and Hindu art in India under various dynasties like the Maurya and Gupta periods. Common Buddhist symbols and styles of Buddhist painting and sculpture are described. Architecture like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and rock-cut cave temples are examined. The spread of Indian cultural influences through Southeast Asia is also covered.
Art in south and southeast asia before 1200 bayla, kenn, eddiebassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It describes the major religions of Buddhism and Hinduism that influenced the art of the period. It then outlines the major time periods and dynasties, and highlights characteristics of art from each, including sculptures depicting Buddha and Hindu deities. The art combined influences from neighboring regions with local styles and was often used to illustrate religious stories and symbolism.
The document summarizes art and architecture in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the Indus civilization and later periods in India like the Maurya dynasty under Ashoka, who erected the lion capital pillar. The Gupta period saw refined stone sculptures and cave paintings at Ajanta. Buddhism spread across Southeast Asia, seen at sites like Borobudur in Java and Angkor Wat in Cambodia under the Khmer. Hindu art featured gods like Shiva, Vishnu, and their avatars and consorts. Regional styles included flat-roofed temples in the south and spired temples in the north.
The document summarizes the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire between the 4th and 6th centuries CE in India. It saw advancements in literature, art, science, and education due to peace and prosperity under the Gupta kings' rule. Two important figures were Samudragupta, who politically unified India, and Chandragupta II, who further patronized the arts and elevated culture. Reasons for progress included the kings' support of education and trade ties that made the region an important cultural center. The end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE halted further development.
This Powerpoint Presentation is useful to students, Teachers, and History Lover.
This is useful to understand the History of early ancient India. It covers the Archeological and Cultural aspects of Ancient Indian History.
History notes time sequence of ancient to modern history in indiakuttaimon
The document provides a chronological overview of history in India from ancient to modern times. It divides Indian history into three periods: Ancient India from prehistoric to 700 AD, Medieval India from 700-1857 AD, and Modern India from 1857 onward. Some key events highlighted in the ancient period include the Indus Valley Civilization and the rise of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya. The medieval period saw the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, while the modern period was defined by the Indian independence movement and establishment of democratic rule after 1947.
Origin and Distribution of Megalithic Tradition in IndiaDebajit Ghosh
This document provides an overview of the origin and distribution of megalithic traditions in India. It discusses various theories that have been proposed about the origin of megalithism, including indigenous origins in South India as well as influences from maritime cultures. The document also examines traditions and legends connected to megalithic sites. Finally, it describes the major regions in India where megalithic sites are found, including South India, Vidarbha in Maharashtra, North and Central India, and Northeast India. It provides examples of different types of megalithic structures and discusses the cultural material found at these sites.
Ap Art History Art Of South Southeast Asiabassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the development of Buddhist and Hindu art in India under various dynasties like the Maurya and Gupta periods. Common Buddhist symbols and styles of Buddhist painting and sculpture are described. Architecture like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and rock-cut cave temples are examined. The spread of Indian cultural influences through Southeast Asia is also covered.
Art in south and southeast asia before 1200 bayla, kenn, eddiebassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It describes the major religions of Buddhism and Hinduism that influenced the art of the period. It then outlines the major time periods and dynasties, and highlights characteristics of art from each, including sculptures depicting Buddha and Hindu deities. The art combined influences from neighboring regions with local styles and was often used to illustrate religious stories and symbolism.
The document summarizes art and architecture in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the Indus civilization and later periods in India like the Maurya dynasty under Ashoka, who erected the lion capital pillar. The Gupta period saw refined stone sculptures and cave paintings at Ajanta. Buddhism spread across Southeast Asia, seen at sites like Borobudur in Java and Angkor Wat in Cambodia under the Khmer. Hindu art featured gods like Shiva, Vishnu, and their avatars and consorts. Regional styles included flat-roofed temples in the south and spired temples in the north.
The document summarizes the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire between the 4th and 6th centuries CE in India. It saw advancements in literature, art, science, and education due to peace and prosperity under the Gupta kings' rule. Two important figures were Samudragupta, who politically unified India, and Chandragupta II, who further patronized the arts and elevated culture. Reasons for progress included the kings' support of education and trade ties that made the region an important cultural center. The end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE halted further development.
The Gupta Empire flourished in India from 320 to 550 CE. Key rulers included Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, who expanded the empire and engaged in profitable trade. The empire was characterized by a relatively free society with advances in mathematics, science, arts, and literature. However, the empire declined due to invasions of the Huns, breaking India into separate kingdoms until the arrival of Muslims.
Culture notes for mains ,from ccrt india helpful for ias aspirantsAshish Omer
1. The document discusses the culture and architecture of India. It describes the origins and characteristics of Indian culture, and provides details on the major architectural styles and sites throughout India's history. These include the Indus Valley civilization, Mauryan period, Buddhist stupas and schools of art like Gandhara and Mathura. It also examines the development of temple architecture and cave architecture across India from the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD.
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian history from the prehistoric period through the Gupta Empire. It describes the major periods such as the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization in depth, noting its major sites, advanced urban planning, and eventual decline. The document also summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in Bihar and its powerful Haryanka dynasty rulers including Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.
Terracotta : Special Reference to Gupta Period Ajay Kumar
This presentation is prepared by the MA student, to get basic and general information about the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students are advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan, including its:
- Establishment as an independent nation in 1947.
- Official languages of Urdu and English.
- Major religions being 95% Muslim and 5% other faiths such as Christianity and Hinduism.
- Rich cultural heritage derived from ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley Civilization as well as influences from empires and groups that have ruled the region over millennia such as the Mughals, British, and Sikhs.
- Diverse geography, climate, and cultural traditions across its provinces.
"Pakistan Cultural Event" on 13 April, 2012, to be organized in coordination with Stockholm International Researchers Association (SIRAP) and Pakistan Student Association (PSA) Stockholm.
This document provides an overview of the history and major artistic developments in India and Southeast Asia after 1200 CE. It outlines the major political periods and dynasties, including the rise of Mughal rule in northern India from the 16th-18th centuries. The document also summarizes the key religious traditions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism and how they were depicted artistically. Examples of major architectural sites are given, such as temples in Madurai and the Taj Mahal, as well as artistic styles that blended Islamic influence with local forms under the Mughals.
The document summarizes information about the Mahesh-murti, or Trimurti sculpture, located on Elephanta Island in Mumbai, India. It is a large 20-foot basalt sculpture depicting the three-headed Hindu god Shiva, representing the triple aspects of creation, protection, and destruction. The sculpture is dated to between 500-900 CE and was created by various dynasties, with evidence pointing most strongly to the Chalukya dynasty. It is located in Cave 1 and faces north. The sculpture was damaged during Portuguese rule when it was targeted for vandalism, but it remains one of the most impressive examples of Hindu religious art from that period.
The Kushana period from 50-320 AD saw the rise of two major schools of art in northern India - the Mathura school and the Gandhara school. The Mathura school produced indigenous stone sculptures focused on Hindu and Jain themes, depicting deities like Vishnu, Shiva and the Tirthankaras in a spiritual style. The Gandhara school was influenced by Greco-Roman styles and produced realistic sculptures of Buddha in grey schist, combining Indian and Hellenistic techniques. Major themes included Buddha's life events. The Kushanas promoted religious tolerance, with Buddhism flourishing under patron Kanishka.
The document discusses several reasons why erotic art is carved on temples in India. It notes that while erotic art makes up only 10% of the sculptures at Khajuraho, it is what the temples are most known for internationally. Some of the reasons provided for including erotic art include: to depict Indian beliefs that sex is spiritual rather than hedonistic; to signify humans relinquishing desires before entering temples; to represent the union of individual souls with the universal spirit; to depict four goals of Hinduism including pleasure; to educate people about sex; to signify distraction from asceticism; to represent Tantric beliefs; and to symbolize fertility and good luck. The art is meant to teach that one must
The document provides an overview of Indian history from 321 BCE to 1700 CE, including major empires, religions, and cultural developments. It summarizes the Maurya Empire under Ashoka that spread Buddhism; the Gupta Empire known as a golden age of arts and science; and the Mughal Empire that introduced Islamic influence. Key periods of Hinduism and architecture are also detailed.
The document summarizes South and Southeast Asian art before 1200 CE. It was heavily influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism, which often coexisted. Sculpture and architecture in the form of temples and stupas were the predominant art forms used to decorate religious sites with sensuous deities. Buddhist art focused on images of the Buddha and concepts like the Wheel of the Law and the Four Noble Truths. Hindu art featured representations of important deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi, sometimes shown with human-animal hybrid features. Major sites mentioned include Sanchi, Ajanta, Borobudur, Angkor Wat, and the Bayon.
The PPP is for the students of UG & PG not for my API and not even for the commercial purpose.
The *slide 50* of this PPP is wrongly typed the name *Samudragupta instead of Chandragupta II*. so kindly correct in your notes.
The document lists terms related to ancient Indian empires and art from the Maurya and Kushan periods. It includes the names of rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Kanishka, religions practiced such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, and art forms such as sculptures of animals, humans in specific poses, and architectural features of structures like stupas and rock-cut caves. The Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta was one of the largest in ancient times, while the Kushan Empire under Kanishka encouraged Greco-Buddhist and Hindu art styles and hosted an important Buddhist council.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The document discusses symbols and symbolism in Indian art. It provides examples of symbols that have multiple meanings, such as the pentagram symbol. It also discusses the oldest forms of visual communication through symbols and sign symbolism. Examples are given of symbolic representations of religious figures in Indian art such as Lord Buddha, Teerthankaras, Lord Shiva, and Vishnu. Rock art sites containing symbols from places like Odisha, Kerala, and Central India are mentioned. The literature discusses symbols engraved on memorial stones and pottery that may represent life after death. Various symbolic designs from sites in India, like labyrinths and ladders, are presented as well.
The Gupta Empire from the 4th to 6th centuries CE was a high point of India's ancient history, known as the Golden Age of India. Sources that provide information about this period include accounts by foreign travelers like Fa-Hien and works by the poet Kalidasa. Archaeologically, the Allahabad pillar inscription praised the emperor Samudragupta, while the Deogarh Temple showed architectural and artistic achievements. The large Nalanda University attracted students from across Asia. The Guptas created a sophisticated administrative system and the scientist Aryabhata made important advances in mathematics and astronomy. Overall, this was a period of extensive development and prosperity under strong imperial rule.
The Gupta Empire ruled much of northern India from 320 to 550 CE and established a period of peace and prosperity. This Golden Age of India saw advancements in science, technology, art, literature, and religion that solidified Hindu culture. Gupta architecture can be seen in their elaborate temples built to various Hindu gods during this religiously intense time. Sculpture also flourished as figures of Hindu deities and Buddhas emerged.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
It is an introduction to Archaeology and the recovery of social history of India through Archaeological sources. In this presentation i only sad about Prehistoy, Protohistory and Early History of India through Archaeological sources. I hope it will help you all to know more about archaeology and early history of India.
The document provides information on archeology and related fields such as paleontology, anthropology, numismatics, epigraphy, and tools used in archeology. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro as major urban centers. It details the discovery and early excavations of Harappa in the 19th century. The Indus Valley civilization spanned most of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, with over 1,000 sites of the Mature Harappan period dated from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
The Gupta Empire flourished in India from 320 to 550 CE. Key rulers included Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, who expanded the empire and engaged in profitable trade. The empire was characterized by a relatively free society with advances in mathematics, science, arts, and literature. However, the empire declined due to invasions of the Huns, breaking India into separate kingdoms until the arrival of Muslims.
Culture notes for mains ,from ccrt india helpful for ias aspirantsAshish Omer
1. The document discusses the culture and architecture of India. It describes the origins and characteristics of Indian culture, and provides details on the major architectural styles and sites throughout India's history. These include the Indus Valley civilization, Mauryan period, Buddhist stupas and schools of art like Gandhara and Mathura. It also examines the development of temple architecture and cave architecture across India from the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD.
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian history from the prehistoric period through the Gupta Empire. It describes the major periods such as the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization in depth, noting its major sites, advanced urban planning, and eventual decline. The document also summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in Bihar and its powerful Haryanka dynasty rulers including Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.
Terracotta : Special Reference to Gupta Period Ajay Kumar
This presentation is prepared by the MA student, to get basic and general information about the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students are advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan, including its:
- Establishment as an independent nation in 1947.
- Official languages of Urdu and English.
- Major religions being 95% Muslim and 5% other faiths such as Christianity and Hinduism.
- Rich cultural heritage derived from ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley Civilization as well as influences from empires and groups that have ruled the region over millennia such as the Mughals, British, and Sikhs.
- Diverse geography, climate, and cultural traditions across its provinces.
"Pakistan Cultural Event" on 13 April, 2012, to be organized in coordination with Stockholm International Researchers Association (SIRAP) and Pakistan Student Association (PSA) Stockholm.
This document provides an overview of the history and major artistic developments in India and Southeast Asia after 1200 CE. It outlines the major political periods and dynasties, including the rise of Mughal rule in northern India from the 16th-18th centuries. The document also summarizes the key religious traditions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism and how they were depicted artistically. Examples of major architectural sites are given, such as temples in Madurai and the Taj Mahal, as well as artistic styles that blended Islamic influence with local forms under the Mughals.
The document summarizes information about the Mahesh-murti, or Trimurti sculpture, located on Elephanta Island in Mumbai, India. It is a large 20-foot basalt sculpture depicting the three-headed Hindu god Shiva, representing the triple aspects of creation, protection, and destruction. The sculpture is dated to between 500-900 CE and was created by various dynasties, with evidence pointing most strongly to the Chalukya dynasty. It is located in Cave 1 and faces north. The sculpture was damaged during Portuguese rule when it was targeted for vandalism, but it remains one of the most impressive examples of Hindu religious art from that period.
The Kushana period from 50-320 AD saw the rise of two major schools of art in northern India - the Mathura school and the Gandhara school. The Mathura school produced indigenous stone sculptures focused on Hindu and Jain themes, depicting deities like Vishnu, Shiva and the Tirthankaras in a spiritual style. The Gandhara school was influenced by Greco-Roman styles and produced realistic sculptures of Buddha in grey schist, combining Indian and Hellenistic techniques. Major themes included Buddha's life events. The Kushanas promoted religious tolerance, with Buddhism flourishing under patron Kanishka.
The document discusses several reasons why erotic art is carved on temples in India. It notes that while erotic art makes up only 10% of the sculptures at Khajuraho, it is what the temples are most known for internationally. Some of the reasons provided for including erotic art include: to depict Indian beliefs that sex is spiritual rather than hedonistic; to signify humans relinquishing desires before entering temples; to represent the union of individual souls with the universal spirit; to depict four goals of Hinduism including pleasure; to educate people about sex; to signify distraction from asceticism; to represent Tantric beliefs; and to symbolize fertility and good luck. The art is meant to teach that one must
The document provides an overview of Indian history from 321 BCE to 1700 CE, including major empires, religions, and cultural developments. It summarizes the Maurya Empire under Ashoka that spread Buddhism; the Gupta Empire known as a golden age of arts and science; and the Mughal Empire that introduced Islamic influence. Key periods of Hinduism and architecture are also detailed.
The document summarizes South and Southeast Asian art before 1200 CE. It was heavily influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism, which often coexisted. Sculpture and architecture in the form of temples and stupas were the predominant art forms used to decorate religious sites with sensuous deities. Buddhist art focused on images of the Buddha and concepts like the Wheel of the Law and the Four Noble Truths. Hindu art featured representations of important deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi, sometimes shown with human-animal hybrid features. Major sites mentioned include Sanchi, Ajanta, Borobudur, Angkor Wat, and the Bayon.
The PPP is for the students of UG & PG not for my API and not even for the commercial purpose.
The *slide 50* of this PPP is wrongly typed the name *Samudragupta instead of Chandragupta II*. so kindly correct in your notes.
The document lists terms related to ancient Indian empires and art from the Maurya and Kushan periods. It includes the names of rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Kanishka, religions practiced such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, and art forms such as sculptures of animals, humans in specific poses, and architectural features of structures like stupas and rock-cut caves. The Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta was one of the largest in ancient times, while the Kushan Empire under Kanishka encouraged Greco-Buddhist and Hindu art styles and hosted an important Buddhist council.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The document discusses symbols and symbolism in Indian art. It provides examples of symbols that have multiple meanings, such as the pentagram symbol. It also discusses the oldest forms of visual communication through symbols and sign symbolism. Examples are given of symbolic representations of religious figures in Indian art such as Lord Buddha, Teerthankaras, Lord Shiva, and Vishnu. Rock art sites containing symbols from places like Odisha, Kerala, and Central India are mentioned. The literature discusses symbols engraved on memorial stones and pottery that may represent life after death. Various symbolic designs from sites in India, like labyrinths and ladders, are presented as well.
The Gupta Empire from the 4th to 6th centuries CE was a high point of India's ancient history, known as the Golden Age of India. Sources that provide information about this period include accounts by foreign travelers like Fa-Hien and works by the poet Kalidasa. Archaeologically, the Allahabad pillar inscription praised the emperor Samudragupta, while the Deogarh Temple showed architectural and artistic achievements. The large Nalanda University attracted students from across Asia. The Guptas created a sophisticated administrative system and the scientist Aryabhata made important advances in mathematics and astronomy. Overall, this was a period of extensive development and prosperity under strong imperial rule.
The Gupta Empire ruled much of northern India from 320 to 550 CE and established a period of peace and prosperity. This Golden Age of India saw advancements in science, technology, art, literature, and religion that solidified Hindu culture. Gupta architecture can be seen in their elaborate temples built to various Hindu gods during this religiously intense time. Sculpture also flourished as figures of Hindu deities and Buddhas emerged.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
It is an introduction to Archaeology and the recovery of social history of India through Archaeological sources. In this presentation i only sad about Prehistoy, Protohistory and Early History of India through Archaeological sources. I hope it will help you all to know more about archaeology and early history of India.
The document provides information on archeology and related fields such as paleontology, anthropology, numismatics, epigraphy, and tools used in archeology. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro as major urban centers. It details the discovery and early excavations of Harappa in the 19th century. The Indus Valley civilization spanned most of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, with over 1,000 sites of the Mature Harappan period dated from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
The document outlines the syllabus for the History subject in the NTA UGC NET JRF examination. It covers Indian history from ancient to modern times, including the pre-historic period, ancient India, medieval India, and modern India up to independence. Some of the key topics covered include the Indus Valley civilization, Vedic period, Mauryan empire, Gupta era, Delhi Sultanate, Mughal empire, Vijayanagara empire, regional kingdoms, colonial period and nationalism. The syllabus is divided into 10 units, covering aspects such as sources of history, political and administrative developments, society and culture, religion and economy during different historical periods. Key concepts, terms and personalities from Indian history are also
The document outlines the syllabus for an undergraduate history course (B.A. History) at Kumaun University, Nainital. It provides details on the structure, assessment, and content of the course across six semesters. Some key details include:
- The course consists of two theory papers worth 75 marks each per semester, with 55 marks for exams and 20 for internal assessment.
- Practical subjects have two 50-mark theory papers, one 50-mark practical exam, and internal assessment worth 15-35 marks.
- Paper topics cover ancient Indian history from earliest times to the Mauryan age, world history from the 15th-18th centuries, archaeology methodology, and
The document provides an overview of the historical evolution of Indian cultural heritage from a social perspective. It discusses the various periods of Indian history beginning with pre-historic settlements over 90,000 years ago. It then covers the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic age and literature, ancient India including the Mauryan period, medieval India under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, and modern India. For each period, key developments and influences on culture are described.
History of india and indian national movementManish Kumàr
This document provides an overview of the history of India from prehistoric times through the Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the Stone Age periods (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and tools used. The Mesolithic saw domestication of animals and early farming. The Neolithic brought polished stone tools, farming, domestication of cattle, pottery, painted designs. The Chalcolithic period added copper tools. It then details the Indus Valley Civilization from 2500-1700 BC, including major sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and elaborates on aspects of their advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and use of burnt bricks.
Distribution of upper paleolithic cultures.pptxMonika Kargeti
The Upper Paleolithic period in india, which lasted from around 40,000 to 10,000 yrs ago , characterised by significant advancements in human culture and technology. This era saw the emergence of modern human behaviour , including the development of sophisticated tools, art, and symbolic expression. The Upper Paleolithic culture in india was marked by the presence of various archaeological sites that provide valuable insights into the lives of early humans during this period.
The document summarizes the Stone Age periods in India, including the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras. It notes that the earliest humans in India date back around 1.38 million years ago based on archaeological sites. During the Paleolithic period, humans began using stone tools. The Mesolithic period saw the development of microlithic tools. Finally, the Neolithic period marked the beginning of settled agricultural societies in India around 6,000 BCE, with early villages forming and domestication of crops and animals.
A.indian archaeology and heritage educationAnum Khan
This document provides an overview of maps and archaeological sites from the Indian peninsular region dating from the Stone Age to early historic periods. It summarizes key Stone Age sites from the Lower Paleolithic through Mesolithic eras across states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Notably, it outlines sites providing evidence of Acheulian tool traditions as well as Mesolithic and Neolithic farming communities. The document also briefly outlines historic port sites along the eastern coast and Buddhist and megalithic sites in regions like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Orissa.
The document provides information on the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization. It discusses the major sites uncovered, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, and Dholavira. Key features of the Harappan civilization discussed include its organized city planning with grid layouts and drainage systems, agriculture including crops like wheat and barley, domestication of animals, use of bronze and copper tools, and development of crafts like pottery and seal making. The document also outlines the different phases of the Harappan civilization from early to late periods.
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This document provides the syllabus for the UGC NET JRF exam to be held in June 2019. It covers 10 units on the subject of Indian Culture. The units discuss topics like the meaning of culture, sources of studying Indian culture, pre-historic and proto-historic cultures, Vedic and post-Vedic periods, Mauryan and post-Mauryan period, Gupta and post-Gupta period, early medieval period, Sultanate period, Mughal period, and the modern period. The last few pages provide information about classroom and video coaching options offered by Astral Education to prepare for this exam.
1. The document discusses the prehistoric archaeological sites found in the Ganga Valley region of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, including rock art sites in the Kaimur hills.
2. It summarizes excavations that have uncovered artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic through Chalcolithic periods, indicating human habitation in the region dating back 100,000 years.
3. The document analyzes the geo-ecology of the region and suggests that the early inhabitants who occupied sites like Koldihwa and Mahagada during the Neolithic would have been the authors of the rock art found in the numerous rock shelter sites across the Kaimur hills.
The document provides an overview of the pre-historic period in India, which it divides into the Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, and Neolithic Age based on stone tool technology. It describes key developments in each period, including that Palaeolithic humans used quartzite tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, while Mesolithic humans began using bone tools and domesticated dogs. The document also discusses archaeological evidence found across India dating to the pre-historic period, including stone tools, cave paintings, and burial sites.
Clear UPSC Prelims 2021 by following our 120 Days Planner Revision Series for IAS Exam. It includes NCERT's, Mock tests, map based questions, CSAT questions, UPSC current affairs questions. revision through MCQs
This document provides an overview of rock art and civilizations across Asia, including research, findings, and opportunities. It discusses rock art in India, Pakistan, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, and more. Key points include that 95% of Chinese rock art images are animals, head motifs in China have been dated to over 5000 years old, and Southeast Asian rock art often includes hand stencils and body parts that may relate to totemic beliefs. The document also outlines research on the Indus Valley civilization, including major sites, artifacts, and the chronology of periods from pre-Harappan to late Harappan. Overall it reviews rock art across Asia and discusses what has been learned as well as potential future research
Jvala Travel Path to Mahabalipuram Ahmedabad Madurai.pdf.pdfRonanma
For Connoisseurs
A nuanced approach to comprehend South Indian Temple art and architecture.
https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/chola-marvels/
https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/pallava-passion/
https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/celebrating-kama/
https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/dravidian-treasure-trail/
For Seekers
To revisit and reinvent the 'self', thematic yoga practices are designed in unique ecosystems.
Restraint of a Mountain - https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/restraint-of-a-mountain/
Stillness of LAKE - https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/stillness-of-lake/
For Wellness
Designed exclusively for the professionals to gently push the body and expand the mind.
Finding the Anchor- https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/finding-the-anchor/
Kaleidoscope and Reality - https://jvala.travel/paths-of-jvala/kaleidoscope-reality/
For Children
Elements of Indian culture are introduced to children and young adults as art, story and theatre camps.
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NTA UGC NET JRF -93 tourism administration management-new updated syllabusUGC NET Astral Education
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NTA UGC NET JRF - 67 archaeology-new updated syllabus
1. NTA UGC NET JRF
NEW UPDATED
SYLLABUS
JUNE 2019
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS DISTRIBUTED & PROVIDED BY
2. 1
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION
NET BUREAU
Code NO: 67
Subject: ARCHAEOLOGY
SYLLABUS
Unit - I
Introduction to Archaeology:
Definition; aims, scope and ethics of archaeology; history and growth of
Archaeology. History of Indian archaeology.
Relationship of archaeology with social and natural sciences.
Type and nature of archaeological data.
Retrieval of archaeological data: Methods of explorations and excavations.
(Random and systematic prospections; subsurface investigations using modern
techniques such as remote sensing, resistivity surveys). Recording and
documentation.
Methods of artefact analysis: categorization, classification and characterization.
Methods of interpretation and related issues: Application of sociological and
anthropological models: Ethnography and experimental replication studies;
Traditional, Processual and Post-Processual approaches.
Preparation of archaeological reports.
Conservation and preservation of archaeological remains/sites: Aims and
Methods; Antiquarian laws.
Chronology and Dating Methods:
Relative dating: Cultural stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, typology, Fluorine,
Nitrogen and Phosphate analysis; Soil analysis
Chronometric methods: Radiocarbon (C14), Potassium/Argon, Fission track,
Luminescence dating (TL and OSL), Dendrochronology, Palaeomagnetic dating
Varve analysis, ESR dating, Obsidian hydration, Cosmogenic nuclides method of
dating.
UNIT – II:
Introduction to Prehistory
Prehistoric beginning: Geological, biological and cultural dimensions of humans.
Human origin and Geological time scale: Late Tertiary (Miocene and Pliocene)
and Quaternary Periods; Plio-Pleistocene boundary, Paleomagnetic records,
Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Major environment and climatic changes of
Pleistocene; Pleistocene and Marine Isotopic Stages (MIS).
Biostratigraphy of the Pleistocene: Pleistocene flora and Fauna.
Main stages of human evolution and important fossil records: Hominin ancestors
of the Late Miocene, Pliocene and the Pleistocene: Pre-Australopiths,
Australopiths and Homo; Hypotheses on modern human dispersal.
3. 2
Cultural backdrop: Evolution of stone implements and development of lithic
technologies: The Oldowan, Acheulian and the Flake and Blade based industries
of the Stone Age.
Palaeolithic cultural development in the world context:
Africa, Europe and South East Asia and China.
Early Stone Age, Middle Stone Age and Late Stone Age of Africa; Lower
Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and Upper Palaeolithic of Europe and West Asia.
Palaeolithic cultural developments in China and South East Asia.
Prehistoric Art: antiquity, significance, distribution.
Unit - III
Palaeolithic cultural developments in the Indian subcontinent:
Geo-chronology and Stone Age cultures of India: The Sohan Valley and the
Potwar Plateau sites in the Sivalik hills, The Belan and Son valleys, Didwana dune
16R in Rajasthan, Kortlayar valley/Attirampakkam in Tamilnadu and
Jwalapuram in Andhra Pradesh.
Lower Palaeolithic culture: Tool types and lithic technology; The Sohan industry
and its antiquity; The Acheulian industry and its spread into major river valleys:
Sites in the Narmada and the Sabarmati valleys, the Belan and the Son valley
sites, sites in the Hunsgi and Baichabal valleys, sites in the Krishna and the
Godavari valleys, sites in the Kortlayar valley; sites associated with the Playas of
Rajasthan.
Middle Palaeolithic culture and geographical spread; Tool types and lithic
technology of the Middle Palaeolithic: the prepared core techniques/Levallois
technique.
The Upper Palaeolithic culture: Tool types and lithic technologies of the Upper
Palaeolithic: Blade and bone implements; geographic distribution and major
sites.
Prehistoric Art in the Indian context: Antiquity, significance and distribution
Unit – IV
Mesolithic and Neolithic cultures:
Mesolithic in Europe; Epi-Palaeolithic developments in West Asia
Neolithic and Food Production: Neolithic stage in West Asia and China.
Mesolithic culture of the Indian subcontinent: Characteristic features; Tool types
and micro-blade technology; regional variations in tool assemblages; Evidence of
incipient stages of food production. Patterns of ecological adaptation and
distribution: Sites in the alluvial plains, horseshoe lakes, coastal sites, sand-dune
sites, sites in the plateaus and rock-shelter sites.
Neolithic cultures of the Indian subcontinent: Early farming communities of
Baluchistan: Mehrgarh and Kili-Gul-Muhammad. Neolithic culture in Kashmir.
4. 3
Neolithic culture in the Central Ganga and Vindhyan region: Koldihwa,
Mahagara, Lahuradewa etc. Eastern Neolithic sites: Chirand, Chechar Senuwar,
Kuchai, and Baidyapur and the Neolithic culture of the North-Eastern region:
Sarutaru, Selbalgiri, Daojali Hading, Marakdola.
Neolithic cultural development in the southern peninsular India: Sanganakallu,
Pikhlihal, Uttnur, Kodekal, Teklakota, Hallur, Nagarjunakonda and Ash-mound
sites.
Unit – V
Proto-history:
Courses towards urbanization: The Harappa culture.
Formative stages of the Harappa culture: Emergence of village farming/
Chalcolithic settlements and beginning of regional cultures in the North and
North-Western India and Pakistan. Contemporary developments in the Gagghar-
Saraswati system and in Gujarat (Pre-Urban /Pre and Early Harappan cultural
development).
Early Harappan and the emergence of the Urban Harappan cultural ethos.
Urban Harappan and geographical spread; settlement features; town planning
and architecture; Economic production: the urban-rural dichotomy, agriculture
and craft production. Trade and subsistence; standardisation of craft and the
Harappan script, evidence of overseas contacts. Socio-political organization; art
and evidence of religious beliefs; Authors? Important excavated sites:
Mohanjodaro, Harappa, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Surkotada, Banawali,
Rakhigarhi, Bagasra, Rojdi, Rangpur.
Regional variations within the material culture: the concept of Sorath and
Sindhi/Classical Harappan in Gujarat.
Post-Urban Harappan
Decline of the Urban Harappan: causes of decline and different theories on
decline .
Post-Urban phase: evidence from the Indus valley, Gagghar-Saraswati system
and from Gujarat (Post-Urban or Late Harappa cultures of Sindh, Punjab,
Haryana, Gujarat and Western Uttar Pradesh).
Other Chalcolithic Cultures of India:
The Copper Hoard and Ochre Coloured Pottery; Chalcolithic cultural remains in
the Ganga plain.
The Banas/Ahar cultural developments in southern Rajasthan and its antiquity
and distribution.
The Kayatha assemblage of Madhya Pradesh.
The Malwa culture of the Narmada valley and its geographic distribution.
Chalcolithic cultures of the Deccan region (Savalda, Malwa, Jorwe cultures).
UNIT – VI
The Iron Age and growth of new urban centres. Antiquity of Iron in India: Early
stages of Iron Age, new evidence from Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nal-ka-tila,
5. 4
Hallur, Kumaranahalli and Kodumanal.
Painted Grey Ware culture: Extent, and Chronology and characteristic traits.
Northern Black Polished Ware culture: Extent, chronology and characteristic
traits.
Iron Age in Peninsular India:
The Megalithic culture in peninsular India and beyond: Geographical spread,
typology, chronological contexts, cultural artefacts and authors of Megalithic
tradition.
The beginning of Early Historic period and the emergence of Urban centres in the
Ganga Valley and Peninsular India.
Multiple modes of economic production, expansion of trade and development of
trade routes, Maritime trade; emergence of new Urban centres.
Emergence of urban centres:
Important city sites: Rajghat, Ujjain, Vaisali, Taxila, Mathura, Sravasti, Kausambi,
Sisupalgargh etc.
Important sites of Historical period:
Sringaverpura, Ahichhatra, Atiranjikhera, Hasthinapur, Khairadih,
Chandarketugarh, Nasik, Adam, Satanikota, Nagarjunakonda, Arikamedu,
Kodumanal, Pattanam.
Unit – VII
Architecture: A significant source of Indian history
The Stupa architecture: Structural Stupas: Origin and development: North and
South Indian stupas.
Development of Rock-cut architecture: Origin and Development - Buddhist
Brahmanical and Jain.
Temple Architecture: Origin and development of temples, Main features of the
temple architecture, features and development of distinct architectural styles of
Nagara, Vesara, Dravida and Bhumija temples.
Gupta, Chalukyan, Pallava and Rashtrakuta temples. Regional styles: Khajuraho
temples, Temples of Odisha and Chola temples.
Art and Iconography
Sculptural Art: Stone and Bronze: Antiquity and development: The Mauryan
pillar capitals, early Yaksha-Yakshi images, Shunga, Western Kshatrapa,
Satvahana sculptures; the Kushana sculptures: Mathura and Gandhara Schools;
Gupta sculptures: Saranath school; Chalukya, Pallava; Pala, Chandela, Chola and
Hoysala sculptures.
6. 5
Iconography
Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Kartikeya, Ganesha, Surya, Shakti, Tirthankara (Rishabh
dev, Parshvanath and Mahavira), Buddha, Bodhisattva and Tara.
Terracotta Art: Mauryan to the Gupta period
Paintings: Rock-cut cave paintings: Ajanta, Bagh and Sittanavasal
Unit – VIII
Palaeography and Epigraphy:
Epigraphy as a source of Indian history:
Origin and antiquity of writing in India;
Origin and development of Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts: Various theories.
Study of selected inscriptions: Asokan Edicts: Rock Edicts II, X, XII, XIII; Lumbini
inscription of Asoka; Minor rock edict of Bairat; Besnagar Garuda pillar
inscription; Hathigumpha inscription of Kharvela, Ushavadata inscription in
Nasik cave 10, Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman, Nasik cave III inscription of
Vasishtaputra Pulmavi Year 19; Swat relic casket inscription; Saranath Buddha
image inscription, Lucknow museum Jain image inscription of the time of
Huviska; Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta; Bhitri inscription of
Skandagupta, Aihole pillar inscription of Pulkesin II; Gwalior inscription of Mihir
Bhoja; Khalimpur copper plate of Dharmpala; Sanjan copper plate of
Amoghavarsha, Mandsor inscription of Yeshovaran; Truvalangad copper plates
of Rajendra Chola year 6 and Sangli copper plate of Govinda IV, Tharsapalli
copper plates.
Unit – IX
Numismatics: Coins as an important source of history
Origin and antiquity of coinage in ancient India.
Technique/Methods of manufacturing coins: Silver, copper, gold and alloys.
Main type of coins: Punch marked coins, inscribed and un-inscribed cast coins.
Janpada and tribal coins, Indo-Greek coins. Saka-Kashtrapa, Kushana and
Satavahana coinage; Coins of the Gupta dynasty; Roman coins. Brief account of
Early Medieval Indian coinage.
Unit – X
Methodology of archaeological research.
Role and characteristics of research, research ethics, methods of research; case
studies and field investigations; Hypothesis formulation and research design;
data collection and processing: Primary and secondary sources, use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in archaeological research;
Methods of systematic referencing; Systematic presentation of data and results
13. Mr. Rakesh Mehta
Director, ASTRAL EDUCATION
receiving Prestigious
CHAMPIONS of CHANGE Award
from
Hon’ble Vice President of India
Shri Venkaiah Naidu Ji
at
Vigyan Bhawan, Delhi
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