This document discusses heterocyclic compounds, specifically pyrazoles. It describes pyrazoles as a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atoms at the 1st and 2nd positions. Several common synthesis routes for pyrazoles are outlined, including the Paal-Knorr synthesis using 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and hydrazines. The document also reviews reactions that pyrazoles undergo, such as electrophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction. Finally, some medicinal uses of pyrazoles are provided, including their use as anti-pyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Anticholinergics are drugs that inhibit the pharmacological response of acetylcholine (Ach) by competitively binding to and blocking muscarinic receptors. Their general structure consists of two carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings (R1 and R2) connected by a chain with an ester or ether group (X) and a basic nitrogen substituent. The R3 group can be hydrogen, hydroxyl, or hydroxymethyl. Maximum potency is seen with 2 carbon units between the ring and nitrogen. Older anticholinergics like atropine and scopolamine are non-selective for muscarinic receptor subtypes, while newer drugs show selectivity. Anticholinergics are used to treat
The document outlines the units and topics covered in a course on Medicinal Chemistry-I. Unit II discusses the synthesis of drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system including Tolazoline, Salbutamol, Phenylephrine, and Propranolol. Unit III covers drugs acting on the cholinergic nervous system such as Neostigmine, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride, Carbachol, and Ipratropium bromide. Units IV and V address drugs acting on the central nervous system, listing substances like Diazepam, Chlorpromazine, Ethosuximide, and others.
The document summarizes the acetate mevalonate pathway and its role in producing secondary metabolites. It begins with acetyl-CoA, which is converted through several steps to produce isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. These intermediates are precursors for various secondary metabolites like carotenoids, terpenes, sterols, and gibberellins. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid pigments that can be phytochemical or zoochemical in origin. Statins and bisphosphonates are drugs that target the mevalonate pathway. Diseases associated with defects in this pathway include mevalonic aciduria and hyperimmunoglobulin D
Preparation, Identification and Analysis of Drug (Pepsin) of natural originSnehankit Gurjar
It is collective information about Pepsin for my seminar on topic "Preparation, Identification and Analysis of Drug (Pepsin) of natural origin" for completion of my Seminar of the semester seventh of course Batchelor of Pharmacy 4th year.
This document discusses heterocyclic compounds, specifically pyrazoles. It describes pyrazoles as a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atoms at the 1st and 2nd positions. Several common synthesis routes for pyrazoles are outlined, including the Paal-Knorr synthesis using 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and hydrazines. The document also reviews reactions that pyrazoles undergo, such as electrophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction. Finally, some medicinal uses of pyrazoles are provided, including their use as anti-pyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Anticholinergics are drugs that inhibit the pharmacological response of acetylcholine (Ach) by competitively binding to and blocking muscarinic receptors. Their general structure consists of two carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings (R1 and R2) connected by a chain with an ester or ether group (X) and a basic nitrogen substituent. The R3 group can be hydrogen, hydroxyl, or hydroxymethyl. Maximum potency is seen with 2 carbon units between the ring and nitrogen. Older anticholinergics like atropine and scopolamine are non-selective for muscarinic receptor subtypes, while newer drugs show selectivity. Anticholinergics are used to treat
The document outlines the units and topics covered in a course on Medicinal Chemistry-I. Unit II discusses the synthesis of drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system including Tolazoline, Salbutamol, Phenylephrine, and Propranolol. Unit III covers drugs acting on the cholinergic nervous system such as Neostigmine, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride, Carbachol, and Ipratropium bromide. Units IV and V address drugs acting on the central nervous system, listing substances like Diazepam, Chlorpromazine, Ethosuximide, and others.
The document summarizes the acetate mevalonate pathway and its role in producing secondary metabolites. It begins with acetyl-CoA, which is converted through several steps to produce isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. These intermediates are precursors for various secondary metabolites like carotenoids, terpenes, sterols, and gibberellins. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid pigments that can be phytochemical or zoochemical in origin. Statins and bisphosphonates are drugs that target the mevalonate pathway. Diseases associated with defects in this pathway include mevalonic aciduria and hyperimmunoglobulin D
Preparation, Identification and Analysis of Drug (Pepsin) of natural originSnehankit Gurjar
It is collective information about Pepsin for my seminar on topic "Preparation, Identification and Analysis of Drug (Pepsin) of natural origin" for completion of my Seminar of the semester seventh of course Batchelor of Pharmacy 4th year.
This document summarizes a presentation on antianginal drugs. It introduces angina pectoris as chest pain caused by coronary heart disease and myocardial ischemia from an imbalance of blood supply and oxygen demand to the heart. The document classifies common antianginal drugs as nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. It provides examples of drugs in each class and describes their mechanisms of action in treating angina by relaxing smooth muscles or reducing heart rate and oxygen demand.
It contains classification, SAR, MOA, metabolism and usd of hypnotics and sedatives. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines were discussed as per PCI syllabus. This helps B.Pharm students to learn with focus
The document describes a two-step process to prepare benzocaine from p-nitrobenzoic acid. The first step involves reducing p-nitrobenzoic acid to p-aminobenzoic acid using tin and hydrochloric acid. The second step is a Fischer esterification of p-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form benzocaine. The procedure provides details of the reaction conditions and calculations to determine the theoretical and percent yield of benzocaine produced.
This document provides an overview of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and its rules of 1945 in India. It discusses the history and objectives of the act, key definitions, schedules, provisions around importing and manufacturing drugs, licensing requirements, and offenses and penalties. The act was implemented to regulate the drug industry and ensure safety, quality and standards through licensing and inspection. It covers allopathic, ayurvedic, siddha and unani medicines.
1. The document discusses different types of general anesthetics that act on the central nervous system including inhalation anesthetics, ultra short-acting barbiturates, and dissociative anesthetics.
2. It describes key properties and uses of various general anesthetic drugs like halothane, sevoflurane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, methohexital sodium, thiamylal sodium, thiopental sodium, and ketamine hydrochloride.
3. The document also explains the four stages of general anesthesia and the ideal characteristics of anesthetic drugs. It provides information on the classification, synthesis, properties and side effects of different general anesthetic agents.
Local anesthetics are classified into four main categories: 1) Benzoic acid derivatives like cocaine and cyclomethycaine, 2) Amino benzoic acid derivatives like procaine and tetracaine, 3) Lidocaine/anilide derivatives like lidocaine and bupivacaine, and 4) Miscellaneous agents like phenacaine. Some local anesthetics discussed in more detail include butacaine, propoxycaine, tetracaine, oxybuprocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, and etidocaine. Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking voltage-gated sodium channels to inhibit nerve impulse conduction and sensation.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on cholinergic antagonists. It will cover muscarinic antagonists, their therapeutic applications and structure-activity relationships. It will also cover nicotinic antagonists, including their use as neuromuscular blockers. The learning objectives are to understand the structures, uses and binding properties of various cholinergic antagonists, and how their chemical structures relate to their activities. Key topics include the pharmacophores of antimuscarinics, specific drugs from different classes, and differences between depolarizing and non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers.
SAR and Synthesis of adrenergic blockersDrParthiban1
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, specifically adrenergic antagonists and beta blockers. It provides information about Propranolol and Tolazoline, including their uses and syntheses. It also summarizes the structure-activity relationships of beta blockers, noting that most are aryloxypropanolamines, the S-configuration of the hydroxyl group is important for receptor affinity, and lipophilicity affects central nervous system effects.
This document discusses various types of analgesic medications, including narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. It provides details on the mechanism of action, effects, and examples of specific narcotic analgesics like morphine, codeine, and fentanyl. It also summarizes non-narcotic anti-inflammatory agents and their uses in treating pain and inflammation, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. The document outlines the side effects of narcotic analgesics like drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression.
1. The document discusses narcotic analgesics and narcotic antagonists, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and uses.
2. It describes the three main opioid receptors and their roles in pain management. Morphine and its analogues are discussed in terms of important structural features that determine their activity.
3. Individual narcotic analgesics like morphine sulfate, codeine, meperidine hydrochloride, and narcotic antagonists such as nalorphine hydrochloride are explained in terms of their therapeutic uses.
1 UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY SONALI PAWAR
Medicinal chemistry is a multidisciplinary field that combines organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and other sciences to study the design, synthesis and actions of pharmaceutical drugs. The document provides a brief history of medicinal chemistry, noting early examples of medicinal substances used in ancient civilizations. It then discusses several important physicochemical properties that influence a drug's biological effects, including solubility, partition coefficient, hydrogen bonding, ionization and others. The relationships between these properties and drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion are also summarized.
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicineShiv Kumar
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional system of medicine, Allopathy or modern system of medicine. Ayurvedic system of medicine, Unani system of medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Homeopathy system of medicine, Chinese system of medicine, Alternative system of medicine, Traditional system of medicine
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
Stereochemistry (Reactions of Chiral Molecules)Ashwani Dhingra
1) Stereochemistry describes reactions involving chiral molecules and stereoisomers. These reactions can generate new chiral centers, retain existing configurations, or form diastereomers.
2) The free radical chlorination of (S)-(-)-1-chloro-2-methylbutane produced six fractions. Four were optically active due to retention or generation of new stereocenters. Two were optically inactive due to bond cleavage forming a racemic mixture or loss of chirality.
3) The mechanisms and stereochemistry of the reactions determine whether optical activity is retained or lost through configurations, diastereomers, racemic mixtures, or achiral products.
The document discusses various classes of sedative and hypnotic drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and newer non-benzodiazepine drugs. It describes the mechanism of action of these drugs as potentiating the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain through binding to GABAA receptors or barbiturate sites. This results in increased chloride conductance, membrane hyperpolarization, and central nervous system depression. The document also provides structure-activity relationships and examples of specific drugs from each class like diazepam, zolpidem, and pentobarbital along with their medical uses, side effects, and synthesis when relevant.
This document discusses several enzymes and proteins. It provides details on their biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, chemical constituents, and uses. The key enzymes discussed include pepsin, urokinase, streptokinase, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, and papain. The key proteins discussed are gelatin and casein. For each enzyme/protein, concise information is given about where it is sourced from, how it is isolated and purified, its chemical makeup, and its applications.
General Anaesthesia (Medicinal Chemistry)Yogesh Tiwari
General anaesthetics are group of drugs that produces loss of consciousness, and therefore, loss of all sensations.
The absolute loss of sensation is termed as anaesthesia.
Aim To Perform Assay of Aspirin Tablet.pptxPratikTerse3
This document describes the procedure for performing an assay of an aspirin tablet. It begins by defining what an assay is and listing different types of assays. It then lists the required chemicals and glassware needed. It provides information on aspirin, including its molecular formula, molecular weight, category/uses, description, and solubility. The principal of the assay is described as an acidimetric titration where aspirin is hydrolyzed to acetic acid and salicylic acid, followed by back titration using phenol red indicator. The reaction mechanism is listed. Steps of the procedure are outlined, including extracting aspirin from tablets. A calculation is shown to determine the factor relating milliliters of sodium hydroxide to
presentation is based on mainly the chemistry of aspirin,A little bit introduction about nsaid is also here.The uses,doses and side effects are also in these presentation.
This document summarizes a presentation on antianginal drugs. It introduces angina pectoris as chest pain caused by coronary heart disease and myocardial ischemia from an imbalance of blood supply and oxygen demand to the heart. The document classifies common antianginal drugs as nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. It provides examples of drugs in each class and describes their mechanisms of action in treating angina by relaxing smooth muscles or reducing heart rate and oxygen demand.
It contains classification, SAR, MOA, metabolism and usd of hypnotics and sedatives. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines were discussed as per PCI syllabus. This helps B.Pharm students to learn with focus
The document describes a two-step process to prepare benzocaine from p-nitrobenzoic acid. The first step involves reducing p-nitrobenzoic acid to p-aminobenzoic acid using tin and hydrochloric acid. The second step is a Fischer esterification of p-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form benzocaine. The procedure provides details of the reaction conditions and calculations to determine the theoretical and percent yield of benzocaine produced.
This document provides an overview of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and its rules of 1945 in India. It discusses the history and objectives of the act, key definitions, schedules, provisions around importing and manufacturing drugs, licensing requirements, and offenses and penalties. The act was implemented to regulate the drug industry and ensure safety, quality and standards through licensing and inspection. It covers allopathic, ayurvedic, siddha and unani medicines.
1. The document discusses different types of general anesthetics that act on the central nervous system including inhalation anesthetics, ultra short-acting barbiturates, and dissociative anesthetics.
2. It describes key properties and uses of various general anesthetic drugs like halothane, sevoflurane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, methohexital sodium, thiamylal sodium, thiopental sodium, and ketamine hydrochloride.
3. The document also explains the four stages of general anesthesia and the ideal characteristics of anesthetic drugs. It provides information on the classification, synthesis, properties and side effects of different general anesthetic agents.
Local anesthetics are classified into four main categories: 1) Benzoic acid derivatives like cocaine and cyclomethycaine, 2) Amino benzoic acid derivatives like procaine and tetracaine, 3) Lidocaine/anilide derivatives like lidocaine and bupivacaine, and 4) Miscellaneous agents like phenacaine. Some local anesthetics discussed in more detail include butacaine, propoxycaine, tetracaine, oxybuprocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, and etidocaine. Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking voltage-gated sodium channels to inhibit nerve impulse conduction and sensation.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on cholinergic antagonists. It will cover muscarinic antagonists, their therapeutic applications and structure-activity relationships. It will also cover nicotinic antagonists, including their use as neuromuscular blockers. The learning objectives are to understand the structures, uses and binding properties of various cholinergic antagonists, and how their chemical structures relate to their activities. Key topics include the pharmacophores of antimuscarinics, specific drugs from different classes, and differences between depolarizing and non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers.
SAR and Synthesis of adrenergic blockersDrParthiban1
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, specifically adrenergic antagonists and beta blockers. It provides information about Propranolol and Tolazoline, including their uses and syntheses. It also summarizes the structure-activity relationships of beta blockers, noting that most are aryloxypropanolamines, the S-configuration of the hydroxyl group is important for receptor affinity, and lipophilicity affects central nervous system effects.
This document discusses various types of analgesic medications, including narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. It provides details on the mechanism of action, effects, and examples of specific narcotic analgesics like morphine, codeine, and fentanyl. It also summarizes non-narcotic anti-inflammatory agents and their uses in treating pain and inflammation, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. The document outlines the side effects of narcotic analgesics like drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression.
1. The document discusses narcotic analgesics and narcotic antagonists, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and uses.
2. It describes the three main opioid receptors and their roles in pain management. Morphine and its analogues are discussed in terms of important structural features that determine their activity.
3. Individual narcotic analgesics like morphine sulfate, codeine, meperidine hydrochloride, and narcotic antagonists such as nalorphine hydrochloride are explained in terms of their therapeutic uses.
1 UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY SONALI PAWAR
Medicinal chemistry is a multidisciplinary field that combines organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and other sciences to study the design, synthesis and actions of pharmaceutical drugs. The document provides a brief history of medicinal chemistry, noting early examples of medicinal substances used in ancient civilizations. It then discusses several important physicochemical properties that influence a drug's biological effects, including solubility, partition coefficient, hydrogen bonding, ionization and others. The relationships between these properties and drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion are also summarized.
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicineShiv Kumar
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional system of medicine, Allopathy or modern system of medicine. Ayurvedic system of medicine, Unani system of medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Homeopathy system of medicine, Chinese system of medicine, Alternative system of medicine, Traditional system of medicine
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
Stereochemistry (Reactions of Chiral Molecules)Ashwani Dhingra
1) Stereochemistry describes reactions involving chiral molecules and stereoisomers. These reactions can generate new chiral centers, retain existing configurations, or form diastereomers.
2) The free radical chlorination of (S)-(-)-1-chloro-2-methylbutane produced six fractions. Four were optically active due to retention or generation of new stereocenters. Two were optically inactive due to bond cleavage forming a racemic mixture or loss of chirality.
3) The mechanisms and stereochemistry of the reactions determine whether optical activity is retained or lost through configurations, diastereomers, racemic mixtures, or achiral products.
The document discusses various classes of sedative and hypnotic drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and newer non-benzodiazepine drugs. It describes the mechanism of action of these drugs as potentiating the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain through binding to GABAA receptors or barbiturate sites. This results in increased chloride conductance, membrane hyperpolarization, and central nervous system depression. The document also provides structure-activity relationships and examples of specific drugs from each class like diazepam, zolpidem, and pentobarbital along with their medical uses, side effects, and synthesis when relevant.
This document discusses several enzymes and proteins. It provides details on their biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, chemical constituents, and uses. The key enzymes discussed include pepsin, urokinase, streptokinase, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, and papain. The key proteins discussed are gelatin and casein. For each enzyme/protein, concise information is given about where it is sourced from, how it is isolated and purified, its chemical makeup, and its applications.
General Anaesthesia (Medicinal Chemistry)Yogesh Tiwari
General anaesthetics are group of drugs that produces loss of consciousness, and therefore, loss of all sensations.
The absolute loss of sensation is termed as anaesthesia.
Aim To Perform Assay of Aspirin Tablet.pptxPratikTerse3
This document describes the procedure for performing an assay of an aspirin tablet. It begins by defining what an assay is and listing different types of assays. It then lists the required chemicals and glassware needed. It provides information on aspirin, including its molecular formula, molecular weight, category/uses, description, and solubility. The principal of the assay is described as an acidimetric titration where aspirin is hydrolyzed to acetic acid and salicylic acid, followed by back titration using phenol red indicator. The reaction mechanism is listed. Steps of the procedure are outlined, including extracting aspirin from tablets. A calculation is shown to determine the factor relating milliliters of sodium hydroxide to
presentation is based on mainly the chemistry of aspirin,A little bit introduction about nsaid is also here.The uses,doses and side effects are also in these presentation.
NSAIDs (Non Steroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs)MDSAMIMULLAH
This document provides information on Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various NSAIDs. The major classes covered include salicylates (aspirin), propionic acid derivatives (ibuprofen), anthranilic acid derivatives (mefenamic acid), aryl-acetic acid derivatives (diclofenac), and para-aminophenol derivatives (paracetamol). Selective COX-2 inhibitors like celecoxib are also mentioned, which have fewer side effects than non-selective NSAIDs.
This document provides information on Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various NSAIDs. Key NSAIDs discussed include aspirin, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, and paracetamol. The document also covers the structure-activity relationships that determine the properties of different NSAID classes.
NON STEROIDAL ANTI INFLAMMTORY DRUGS ( NSAID'S)Suvarta Maru
NSAIDs are a heterogeneous group of drugs that have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. They work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) and the synthesis of prostaglandins. NSAIDs can be classified as non-selective COX inhibitors, preferential COX-2 inhibitors, or selective COX-2 inhibitors. Common NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are available over the counter, while others require a prescription. Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor used to treat pain and inflammation.
This document provides information on various classes of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It discusses narcotic analgesics, antipyretics, classifications of NSAIDs including salicylic acid derivatives, pyrazolones, indoleacetic acids, anthranilic acids, and arylpropionic acids. Specific NSAIDs covered include oxyphenbutazone, indomethacin, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, and celecoxib. The document outlines their chemical structures, mechanisms of action, uses, syntheses and side effects.
This document discusses non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including their mechanism of action, types, uses, and side effects. It explains that NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and reducing inflammation. There are two types of NSAIDs - non-selective ones that inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, and COX-2 selective ones that have fewer gastrointestinal side effects but can increase heart risks. Common NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are used to treat pain, fever, and inflammatory conditions. However, NSAIDs also increase risks of ulcers, heart issues, and kidney disease.
This whole slide is all about the NSAIDs in detail
it contents - 1. Inflammation 2. NSAIDs 3. Salicylate (Aspirin)
4. Propionic Acid Derivatives (Ibuprofen) 5. Anthranilic Acid Derivatives[Fenamate] (Mephenamic Acid)
Related questions about above topics
This document provides an overview of analgesics, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action, and examples of commonly used drugs. It begins with definitions of pain and analgesics. It then discusses the early history of analgesics from isolation of morphine in 1806 to development of various classes in the late 19th century. The document goes on to classify analgesics based on mechanism of action, including NSAIDs, opioids, alcohol, and cannabis. Several subclasses and examples of commonly used drugs are described for NSAIDs in particular.
1. NSAIDs work primarily by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which catalyze the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. This inhibition reduces inflammation.
2. Most NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, though some are more selective for one or the other. Selective COX-2 inhibitors like celecoxib were developed to reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
3. NSAIDs are classified into groups including salicylates, anthranilic acid derivatives, arylalkanoic acids, and indole acetic acid derivatives. Common NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, indome
This document discusses drugs used for pain management, including analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and adjunctive medications. It covers the pathways of pain and inflammation, describing how nociceptive and neuropathic pain arise. It details the mechanisms of common drug classes like opioids, NSAIDs, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants. Key topics include the arachidonic acid cascade, prostaglandin functions, COX enzyme inhibition, and the differences between non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAIDs. Adverse effects, drug interactions, and considerations for specific pain types are also addressed.
Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain without causing unconsciousness. They are divided into opioid and non-opioid categories. Opioid analgesics include natural opium alkaloids like morphine and codeine, semi-synthetic opiates, and synthetic opioids. They act on opioid receptors in the brain. Non-opioid analgesics include NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen, which reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Acetaminophen is also a non-opioid analgesic. Both opioid and non-opioid analgesics can cause side effects like hypersensitivity, peptic ulcers, liver damage, and renal toxicity when taken in excess.
Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain without causing unconsciousness. They are divided into opioid and non-opioid categories. Opioid analgesics include natural opium alkaloids like morphine and codeine, semi-synthetic opiates, and synthetic opioids. They act on opioid receptors in the brain. Non-opioid analgesics include NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen, which reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Acetaminophen is also a non-opioid analgesic. Both opioid and non-opioid analgesics can cause side effects like hypersensitivity, peptic ulcers, liver damage, and renal toxicity when taken in excess.
This document discusses nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which provide analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It classifies NSAIDs based on their selectivity for inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes. Traditional NSAIDs nonselectively inhibit both enzymes, while newer selective COX-2 inhibitors like celecoxib only target COX-2. The document also covers the mechanisms of pain and how NSAIDs work to reduce inflammation by blocking prostaglandin synthesis. Specific details are provided about aspirin's pharmacological actions, adverse effects, and common uses.
The document discusses non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their role in periodontal disease treatment. It covers the definition of NSAIDs, their history of use, classification, mechanisms of action including inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, and various types including salicylates, propionic acid derivatives, and selective COX-2 inhibitors. NSAIDs are proposed to have host modulatory properties for periodontal disease by suppressing inflammation and bone resorption mediated by prostaglandins. However, risks of adverse gastrointestinal effects must be weighed against potential benefits for periodontitis.
- NSAIDs work by blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are mediators of inflammation. Traditional NSAIDs block both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing inflammation but also the protective stomach lining. Selective COX-2 inhibitors block only COX-2, reducing inflammation without affecting the stomach.
- NSAIDs include salicylate derivatives like aspirin, para-aminophenol derivatives like paracetamol, and classes derived from pyrazolones, fenamates, arylalkanoic acids, propionic acids, and heteroaryl acetic acids. Each class has different structures and mechanisms of action.
NSAIDs are the chemically diverse class of drugs that have anti-inflammatory, analgesic & antipyretic properties.
They are also called as Non Narcotic, Non Opioid, Aspirin like analgesics.
They are among the widely used therapeutic agents world wide and often taken without prescription for minor aches and pain.
They are used to suppress the symptoms of inflammation associated with rheumatic disease.
Here are the key points about kappa receptors:
- Located in cerebral cortex and spinal cord
- Stimulation produces analgesia mainly in the spinal cord
- Causes less intense miosis and respiratory depression compared to mu receptors
- Endogenous ligand is dynorphin A
- There are subtypes kappa1, kappa2, and kappa3
- Kappa1 receptor is the main subtype involved in analgesia
So in summary, kappa receptors mediate analgesia mainly at the spinal level and have less potent respiratory depressive effects compared to mu receptors. Dynorphin is the endogenous ligand that acts on kappa receptors.
- NSAIDs are a class of drugs that relieve pain, reduce inflammation and fever by blocking the production of prostaglandins.
- They are used to treat conditions like headaches, arthritis, and pain from infections or injuries.
- NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, preventing the formation of prostaglandins which promote inflammation. Selective COX-2 inhibitors block COX-2 without affecting COX-1 to reduce stomach irritation.
This document provides information on the pharmacology of aspirin. It begins by discussing inflammation and NSAIDs. Aspirin is classified as a NSAID and its mode of action involves irreversibly inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme, decreasing prostaglandin production. This leads to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and antiplatelet effects. The document outlines aspirin's therapeutic uses, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics and marketed preparations.
Similar to NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (20)
It was one of my presentation for my master's in pharmacy. It assisted me in better understanding the many pharmacy research fields as well as what to do before, during, and following a research project. I am hoping that it will also provide the readers a better understanding of the fascinating world of research.
It was an assignment of mine when i was undergraduate, studying at Gono Bishwabidyalay. this assignment contains:
Introduction, Definitions, Unique characteristics, categories, routes, advantages and dis-advantages.
On insulin part i focused on:
Introduction, different formulations of insulin, injectable insulin preparation, methods of insulin preparation, quality control of insulin, quality control parameter, common quality control tests, packaging and packaging materials..
COVID-19:
Introduction
immunosenescence, ARDS,
Hyperinflammation and mortality
Cytokine storm , Inflammatory storm,
Treatment of COVID-19,
Acalabrunitib, Tocilizumab, Anakinra and Itolizumab,
Roleof itolizumab in suppressing the cytokine storm.
Approval status of Itolizumab.
Treatment with the anti-CD6 MAb Itolizumab.
Current status of itolizumab in the treatment of COVID-19,
Common side effects of itolizumab.
Expert opinion
Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (Ultimate final note)MdNazmulIslamTanmoy
Intravenous Infusion (IV): Define intravenous infusion. Write down advantages and disadvantages of intravenous infusion,
Write down the pharmacokinetics of IV infusion, Calculate the plasma drug concentration at steady-state after IV infusion, Determine the half life (t1/2) by IV infusion method, Show that in case of IV infusion the time to reach 99% steady-state is 6.65 t1/2.
Multiple-Dosage Regimens: Write a short note on Multiple-Dosage Regimens. What are the basic considerations for multiple dosage regimen?, What are the purposes of multiple-dosage regimens (MDR)? Write down the importance of MDR, Write short note on repetitive intravenous injections, Prove that C∞av is not arithmetic average of C∞max and C∞min, Give brief description on superposition principle and Plateau principle?.
Individualization: Write down about individualization of drug dosing regimen? What are the advantages of individualization? How will you optimizing dosage regimen?, What are the sources of variability in drug response? What are the causes of Inter subject Pharmacokinetics Variability? Write down the steps involved in individualization of dosage regimen?, Write short note on – dosing of drug in obese patient and also discuss about dosing of drug in neonates, infants and children?, Write down about dosing of drug in elderly and hepatic disease? Give some examples of drugs who's conc. Changes due to hepatic impairment?, Explain some clinical experience with individualization and optimization based on plasma drug levels?
NON-linear pharmacokinetics: Derive the Michaelis-Menten Equation or Non-Liner pharmacokinetic and Linear pharmacokinetic model, Define non-linear pharmacokinetics. Why it is called dose dependent pharmacokinetics?, Why Michaelis-Menten equation is termed as mixed order kinetics?, A given drug is metabolized by capacity-limited pharmacokinetics. Assume KM is 50훍g/mL, Vmax is 20훍g/mL per hour and apparent VD is 20 L/kg, Differentiate between linear & non-linear Pharmacokinetics.
Non-compartment model: Briefly describe compartment model?, Briefly describe non-compartment model?, What is MRT? Write down the importance of MRT?, What is MAT? Write down the importance of MAT?, Compare between compartment model and non-compartment models.
Carcinogenesis
Theories of carcinogenesis
Hallmarks of cancer
Important Oncogenes
RB & p53 genes
Metastasis
Aetiology and Pathogenesis of cancer
Tests for carcinogenicity
How to repair damaged DNA?
Basic DNA repair mechanism
Repair of double stranded break
Hydrogels,
introduction,
historical background,
properties,
classification,
difference between chemical and physical hydrogels,
common uses,
pharmaceutical applications,
preparation methods,
list of monomers used,
analytical machines,
advantages,
disadvantages,
conclusion
Spermatogenesis steps, hormonal regulation and abnormalitiesMdNazmulIslamTanmoy
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in males. It occurs in three stages: spermatocytogenesis where spermatogonia proliferate into primary spermatocytes, meiosis where primary spermatocytes undergo two divisions to form spermatids, and spermiogenesis where spermatids undergo changes to form spermatozoa. Hormones like testosterone, LH, FSH, growth hormone, and estrogen regulate spermatogenesis by stimulating Leydig and Sertoli cells. Abnormalities can result in conditions like azoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia.
Enzyme catalysed reactions, enzyme kinetics and it’s mechanism of action.MdNazmulIslamTanmoy
Enzymes are protein catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in living organisms. They accelerate reactions by lowering the activation energy of transition states through interactions with substrates. Enzymes are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze, such as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Enzyme kinetics follow the Michaelis-Menten model where the enzyme-substrate complex breaks down into products. The catalytic activity of enzymes is explained by thermodynamic changes in transition states and specific interactions between the enzyme and substrate at its active site.
Spli2 is launching a new portable water filter called Spli2 to provide consumers with affordable and environmentally friendly access to clean drinking water. The filter removes bacteria and other contaminants at rates exceeding EPA standards. It is a low-cost alternative to bottled water that also reduces plastic waste. Spli2 aims to market the filter through displays in grocery and convenience stores near bottled water. It will target health-conscious urban consumers and emphasize the product's affordability, portability, quality and environmental benefits over bottled water.
E. Salt form of the drug
F. Lipophilicity of the drug
pH partition theory
Assumption of PH partition theory
Diagram showing the transfer of drug across the membrane
Limitations of pH-partition hypothesis
(Q.U): Mathematical problem
Formulation factors affecting drug availability
First pass effect
Gastric emptying time
Gastrointestinal motility
Short note on Gastric emptying and motility
Physicochemical factors affecting drug absorption
A. Drug solubility and dissolution rate
B. Particle size and surface area of drugs
C. Polymorphism and amorphism
D. Hydrate or solvates
Biopharmaceutical classification system of drug
This document introduces physiological factors influencing drug availability, including the circulatory system and mechanisms of drug absorption across membranes. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes through the heart, blood, and vessels. There are three types of circulation: systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to cells and back, pulmonary circulation moves deoxygenated blood between the heart and lungs, and portal circulation transports blood from the intestines to the liver. Drug absorption is influenced by membrane physiology, with mechanisms including carrier-mediated transport like active transport against gradients and facilitated diffusion, as well as non-carrier mediated simple diffusion down concentration gradients.
This document introduces concepts related to biopharmaceutics including Fick's first law of diffusion, gastrointestinal physiology, and the relationship between drug products and their pharmacological action. It defines key terms such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Fick's first law states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is proportional to the difference in drug concentration on each side. The document also describes the anatomy and protective mucous layer of the gastrointestinal tract, and explains that orally administered drugs must dissolve before being absorbed and distributed throughout the body, where they may act, be stored, metabolized, or excreted.
ADRs
Classifications of ADRs
Thompson and DoTS system classification
Factors: age, gender, Co-morbidities, ethnicity, Pharmacogenetics,G6PD deficiency, porphyrias
Immunological reactions
Classifications
Epidemiology and pharmacovigilance of ADRs
Yellow card scheme,
Thalidomide tragedy
Factors that may raise or suppress suspicion of a drug
The liver is the largest gland in the body and performs many critical metabolic functions like carbohydrate and protein metabolism. It also plays an important role in hormone regulation, bile production, and blood clotting factor synthesis. Chronic liver disease can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis over many years. Cirrhosis is characterized by liver scarring and nodule formation, resulting in loss of liver function. Common causes include alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Complications arise due to portal hypertension and liver failure. Diagnosis involves liver biopsy or lab tests showing abnormalities in liver enzymes and clotting factors.
HPLC
Chromatography
Mobile Phase & Stationary Phase
CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
Characteristics of HPLC
Purpose
Superiority of HPLC
TYPES OF HPLC TECHNIQYES
Principle
PHASING SYSTEM & (normal vs reversed phase)
INSTRUMENTATION
Flow diagram of HPLC instrument
Advantages of HPLC
Hospital:
Definition
Classification
Functions of hospitals
Requirements for Hospital
Q. Differences between General Hospital and Specialized Hospital
Hospital Pharmacy
Objectives of hospital pharmacy
Functions of general hospital pharmacy
Operational functions of hospital pharmacy
Administrative structure of hospital pharmacy
Abilities and responsibilities of hospital pharmacist
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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2. NSAIDS:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are members of a drug class that
reduces pain, decreases fever, prevents blood clots, and in higher doses, decreases
inflammation. e. g Aspirin
• Class of NSAIDs: There are four classes of drugs
1. Analgesic
2. Antipyretics
3. Anti-inflammatory
4. Antiplatelet.
A) Analgesic: An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve
analgesia, relief from pain. ... Analgesics include paracetamol (known in North America as
acetaminophen or simply APAP), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as
the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as morphine and oxycodone.
B) Antipyretics: Drugs/Agents that reduces fever by lowering the body temperature (8th edition
2010, Oxford University Press)
3. Mechanism of Fever/Pyrexia:
1. Release of endogenous pyrogens (Interleukin-1 enzyme) from leucocytes
2. Generation of Prostaglandin
3. Stimulation of thermoregulatory centers in hypothalamus
4. Reduce sweating and increases body temperature by vasoconstriction.
C) Anti-inflammatory: Inflammation is defined as complex series of events that occurs
in vascularized living tissues in response to local injury and tissue damage. Where
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs that help
reduce inflammation.
Causes of inflammation:
Physical agents: heat, cold, radiation, mechanical trauma.
Chemical agents: organic and inorganic poisons.
Infective agents: bacteria and virous.
Immunological agents: cell mediated antigen-antibody reactions.
4. D) Antiplatelets: Are a group of medicines that stop blood cells (called platelets) from sticking
together and forming a blood clot. Whenever there is an injury in your body, platelets are sent to
the site of the injury, where they clump together to form a blood clot. This stops the bleeding in
your body.
• General mechanism of NSAIDs and Prostaglandins:
5. • Note: From above mechanism it is seen that:
COX-1 Prostaglandins are beneficial because they help in: -
1. Cytoprotecting gastroduodenal mucosa (housekeeping)
2. Regulation of renal blood flow.
3. Platelet aggregation.
• Whereas
COX-2 Prostaglandins are harmful because they mediate-
1. Fever
2. Pain
3. Inflammation
4. Inflammatory stimuli
6. CLASSIFICATION OF NSAIDS
A. Traditional/Non-selective COX inhibitors:
i. Salicylic acids: Aspirin.
ii. Propionic acids: Ibuprofen, Naproxen.
iii. Anthranilic acid: Mefenamic acid
iv. Aryl-acetic acid derivative: Diclofenac and acedofenac
v. Oxicam derivatives: Piroxicam and tenoxicam
vi. Pyrrolo-pyrrole derivative: Ketorolac
vii. Indole derivatives: Indomethacin
viii. Pyrazolone derivative: Phenyl-butazone
B. Preferential COX-2 inhibitors:
Nimesulide
Meloxicam
C. Selective COX-2 inhibitors:
Celecoxib
Etoricoxib
D Analgesic-antipyretic with poor anti-inflammatory action:
1. Para-amino phenol derivatives: Paracetamol
2. Pyrazolone derivative: Propiphenazone
3. Benzoxazocine derivative: Nefopam
7. EXAMPLES OF FEW NSAIDS:
Aspirin
• Aspirin is the oldest analgesic. Aspirin is acetyl-salicylic acid (the prototype which
converted in the body to salicylic acid). It is weaker than morphine. Aspirin
irreversibly inhibits COX-1 & COX-2 activity.
Structure Activity Relationship (SAR):
1. For the optimal activity of aspirin acetyl group is necessary at position no.2.
2. Increase in carbon chain with acetyl group will decrease the activity.
3. If carboxylic group is replaced by ester group its activity will decrease.
4. Attachment of any substituent at position no.4 the pharmacological of aspirin will
lost.
5. Halogen substituent to benzene ring result in increase activity but toxicity
increase.
6. Removal of -OH group from salicylic results in benzoic acid, that is less active.
8. • Synthesis of Aspirin:
• The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an esterification reaction.
• Uses:
1. Antipyretic 4. Acute rheumatic fever
2. Analgesic 5. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Anti-inflammatory 6. Osteo-arthritis.
• Dosage: 300-900 mg hours
• Max: 4g daily (children not recommended)
9. IBUPROFEN
• Ibuprofen was the 1st member of propionic acid class of NSAIDs to come into general
use. They may often significant advantage over aspirin and indomethacin since they
are usually better tolerated.
10. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (SAR):
1. The substitution of methyl group on the alkanoic acid portion of acetic
acid derivative enhance anti-inflammatory action and reduce many
side effect But smaller or larger substituent (H,C2H5,C3H7) show
diminish activity.
2. Isobutyl substituent gives maximum activity. Small substituent (-CH3,
-C2H5) reduced activity, Longer substituent {-(CH2)2CH3, -
(CH2)5CH3} sharply reduced activity.
3. The S-isomer of ibuprofen is more active than R-isomer.
11. • Mechanism of action (MOA):
i. Ibuprofen
ii. Irreversible bind with COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme
iii. Reduce PG and thromboxane synthesis
• Synthesis of Ibuprofen:
Uses:
1. Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory.
2. Anti-platelet
3. Rheumatic Arthritis
4. Osteoarthritis
12. NAPROXEN
• Naproxen is used to relieve pain from various conditions such as headache, muscle aches,
tendonitis, dental pain, and menstrual cramps. It also reduces pain, swelling, and joint stiffness
caused by arthritis, bursitis, and gout attacks. This medication is known as a nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug (NSAID).
14. INDOMETHACIN
• Indomethacin is one of the commonly used and most effective NSAIDs to reduced
fever, pain, stiffness and swelling.
15. • Structure Activity Relationship (SAR):
1. The N-benzyl derivative substitute in the para-position with F,Cl,CF3 and S-CH3 groups are the
most active.
2. Presence of Indole ring nitrogen is not essential for activity. As C version indene analog
(sulindac) is also active.
3. -CH3 group at 2nd position are more active than phenyl.
4. Replacement of -COOH group at 3rd position with other acidic functions decrease the activity.
Amide analogs are inactive.
5. -CH2 branching has no effect on activity.
6. At the 5th position, the substituent activities are ranked as:
• OCH3 > F > N(CH3)2 > CH3 > COCH3 > H.
• Dosage: Gout: Orally 100mg, initially followed by 50 mg 3times a day.
• Antipyretic: 25-50 mg, 2-3 times daily.