The document discusses database normalization. The goals of normalization are to eliminate redundant data and ensure related data is stored together. It describes the various normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and 4NF. 1NF focuses on atomic values and unique identifiers. 2NF builds on 1NF by removing subsets of data that apply to multiple rows. 3NF then removes columns not dependent on the primary key. The benefits of normalization include greater organization, less redundancy, consistency and flexibility.

2. NormalizationNormalization
What Normalization is forWhat Normalization is for
is to make sure
that each database
table carries only the
attributes
that actuallyactually
describedescribe
What is needed.What is needed.

3. Normalisation is a technique used for designing relational
database tables to minimise duplication of information.
Data is normalised in order to redundancy and
inconsistency, and to make it easier to maintain.
Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables
into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked
each time a query is issued.
Normalisation provides rules that help:
o Organise data efficiently
o Ensure that only related data are stored in the table.

4. •Atomic data values, eliminates
duplicate columns from the same
table
•Each row is uniquely identified;
Needs a primary key, so each
row can be unique
•Each field name is also unique

6. There are two goals of the normalization
process:
eliminate redundant dataeliminate redundant data (for example,
storing the same data in more than one
table) and
ensure data dependenciesensure data dependencies make sense (only
storing related data in a table). Both of these
are worthy goals as they reduce the amount
of space a database consumes and ensure
that data is logically stored.

7. First normal form (1NF)First normal form (1NF) sets the very basic rules for an organized
database:
Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify
each row with a unique column or set of columns (the primary
key).
Second normal form (2NF)Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of
removing duplicative data:
Meet all the requirements of the first normal form.
Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table
and place them in separate tables.
Create relationships between these new tables and their
predecessors through the use of foreign keys.
Third normal form (3NF)Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further:
Meet all the requirements of the second normal form.
Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key.
Finally, fourth normal form (4NF)Finally, fourth normal form (4NF) has one additional requirement:
Meet all the requirements of the third normal form.
A relation is in 4NF if it has no multi-valued dependencies.

8. Definition: In order to be in Second Normal
Form, a relation must first fulfill the
requirements to be in First Normal Form.
Additionally, each nonkey attribute in the
relation must be functionally dependent upon
the primary key.

9. Order # Customer Contact Person Total
1 Acme Widgets John Doe $134.23
2 ABC Corporation Fred Flintstone $521.24
3 Acme Widgets John Doe $1042.42
4 Acme Widgets John Doe $928.53
The relation is in First Normal Form, but not Second Normal Form:
Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them inRemove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in
separate tablesseparate tables

10. Customer Contact Person
Acme Widgets John Doe
ABC Corporation Fred Flintstone
Order # Customer Total
1 Acme Widgets $134.23
2 ABC Corporation $521.24
3 Acme Widgets $1042.42
4 Acme Widgets $928.53

11. The creation of two separate tables eliminates
the dependency problem experienced in the
previous case.
In the first table, contact person is dependent
upon the primary key -- customer name. The
second table only includes the information
unique to each order.
Someone interested in the contact person for
each order could obtain this information by
performing a JOIN operation

12. summary
the rules for second normal form are:
• Non key attributes must depend on every part
of the primary key.
• The table must already be in first normal form

13. Advantages of normalization
• Normalization provides numerous benefits to a
database. Some of the major benefits include the
following :
• Greater overall database organization
• Reduction of redundant data
• Data consistency within the database
• A much more flexible database design
• A better handle on database security