This document provides information about non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) in India. It defines NBFCs as non-banking institutions that conduct lending, acquisition, and leasing activities but do not accept demand deposits. NBFCs are divided into categories including asset finance companies, investment companies, and loan companies. Key differences between NBFCs and banks are that NBFCs cannot accept demand deposits or issue checks. The Reserve Bank of India regulates NBFCs and places restrictions on their acceptance of public deposits.

1. NON-BANKING FINANCIAL
COMPANIES
Udit Khandelwal

2. What is a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)?

3. A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a
company registered under the Companies Act, 1956
and is engaged in the business of loans and advances,
acquisition of shares/stock/bonds/debentures/
securities issued by Government or local authority or
other securities of like marketable nature, leasing,
hire-purchase, insurance business, chit business.
It does not include any institution whose principal
business is that of agriculture activity, industrial
activity, sale/purchase/construction of immovable
property.

4. •A non-banking institution which is a company and
which has its principal business of receiving deposits
under any scheme or arrangement or any other
manner, or lending in any manner.
•The deposits received do not involve investment, asset
financing, or loans.
•Besides the above class of NBFCs the Residuary Non-
Banking Companies are also registered as NBFC with
the Reserve Bank of India.
RESIDUARY NON-BANKING
COMPANY
.

5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NBFC’S AND
BANK’S
(i) a NBFC cannot accept demand deposits (demand
deposits are funds deposited at a depository
institution that are payable on demand --
immediately or within a very short period -- like
your current or savings accounts.)
(ii) it is not a part of the payment and settlement
system and as such cannot issue cheque to its
customers drawn to itself; and
(iii)deposit insurance facility of DICGC (Deposit
Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation ) is
not available for NBFC depositors unlike in case
of banks.

6. The NBFCs that are registered with RBI are:
(i) equipment leasing company;
(ii) hire-purchase company;
(iii) loan company;
(iv) investment company.
With effect from December 6, 2006 the above NBFCs
registered with RBI have been reclassified as
(i) Asset Finance Company (AFC)
(ii) Investment Company (IC)
(iii) Loan Company (LC)

7.  Asset finance Companies (AFC)
AFC are financial institutions whose principal business is of
financing physical assets such as automobiles, tractors,
construction equipments material handling equipments and other
machines.
ex: Bajaj Auto Finance corp. , Fullerton India etc
 Investment Companies (IC)
ICs generally are involved in the business of shares, stocks,
bonds, debentures issued by government or local authority that
are marketable in nature
ex: Stock Broking Companies, Gilt firms
 Loan Companies (LC)
LCs are loan giving companies which operate in the business of
providing loans. These can be housing loans, gold loans etc
ex: Mannapuram Gold Finance, HDFC
TYPES OF NBFC

8. NBFCS : OVERVIEW
 13000+ players registered under RBI : A & B categories
 Spread all across the country
 Approx. 570 NBFCs authorized to accept public deposits (Catg.
A)
 Assets worth Rs. 15000 Crore financed annually & growing
steadily
 Asset financing
 Commercial vehicles
 Passenger cars
 Multi-utility & multi-purpose vehicles
 Two-wheelers & Three-wheelers
 Construction equipments
 Consumer durables

9. ROLE OF NBFCS
 As recognized by RBI & Expert Committees /
Taskforce
 Development of sectors like Transport & Infrastructure
 Substantial employment generation
 Help & increase wealth creation
 Broad base economic development
 Irreplaceable supplement to bank credit in rural segments
 major thrust on semi-urban, rural areas & first time
buyers / users
 To finance economically weaker sections
 Huge contribution to the State exchequer

10. ROLE OF NBFCS (CONTD..)
 70-80% of Commercial Vehicles are finance
driven
 Indian economy is more dependent on roads
 Heavy Govt. outlay for mega road projects
 Heavy replacement demand anticipated – 30 lacs
commercial vehicles by the year 2007
 Another Rs.6000 Crores required for phasing out old
commercial vehicles
 CRISIL in its study has placed commercial vehicle
financing under “low risk” category
 Each commercial vehicle manufactured, sold and
financed gives employment to minimum 20 persons
(direct and indirect)

11. CUSTOMER SERVICE
 The key factor for our survival & growth
 NBFCs provide prompt, tailor made service with least hassles. This
more than compensates for the higher lending rates of NBFCs as
compared to Banks & FIs
 All customers get direct and easy access to and individual attention of
the top management
 NBFCs cater to a class of borrowers who :-
- Do not necessarily have a high income
- But have adequate net worth
- Are honest and sincere (gauged by the personal touch maintained
with them).

12. A company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 and
desirous of commencing business of non-banking financial
institution as defined under Section 45 I(a) of the RBI Act,
1934 should have a minimum net owned fund of Rs 25 lakh
(raised to Rs 200 lakh w.e.f April 21, 1999). The company is
required to submit its application for registration in the
prescribed format along with necessary documents for Bank’s
consideration. The Bank issues Certificate of Registration
after satisfying itself that the conditions as enumerated in
Section 45-IA of the RBI Act, 1934 are satisfied.
REGISTRATION
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13. In case a NBFC defaults in repayment of deposit what course of action
can be taken by depositors?
If a NBFC defaults in repayment of deposit, the
depositor can approach Company Law Board or
Consumer Forum or file a civil suit to recover
the deposits

14. Category of NBFC Ceiling on public
deposits
AFCs maintaining CRAR of
15% without credit rating
AFCs with CRAR of 12% and
having
minimum investment grade
credit rating
1.5 times of NOF or Rs
10 crore
whichever is less
4 times of NOF
LC/IC with CRAR of 15%
and
having minimum investment
grade credit rating
1.5 times of NOF
CEILING ON PUBLIC DEPOSITS

15. The symbols of minimum investment grade rating of the Credit rating agencies are:
Name of rating agencies Level of minimum investment
grade credit rating (MIGR)
CRISIL FA- (FA MINUS)
ICRA MA- (MA MINUS)
CARE CARE BBB (FD)
FITCH Ratings India Pvt. Ltd tA-(ind)(FD)
SYMBOLS OF MINIMUM
INVESTMENT GRADE RATING

16. Regulations on NBFC :
i) The NBFCs are allowed to accept/renew public deposits for a
minimum period of 12 months and maximum period of 60 months.
They cannot accept deposits repayable on demand.
ii) NBFCs cannot offer interest rates higher than the ceiling rate
prescribed by RBI from time to time. The present ceiling is 11 per
cent per annum. The interest may be paid or compounded at rests
not shorter than monthly rests.
iii) NBFCs cannot offer gifts/incentives or any other additional benefit
to the depositors.
iv) NBFCs (except certain AFCs) should have minimum investment
grade credit rating.

17. v) The deposits with NBFCs are not insured.
vi) The repayment of deposits by NBFCs is not guaranteed by RBI.
vii) There are certain mandatory disclosures about the company in the
Application Form issued by the company soliciting deposits.

18. WORKING AND CURRENT
POSITION OF NBFC’S

20. Cost of Funding - Shot up during the crisis due to short tenure
borrowings, stabilized now & expected to be less volatile due to larger
proportion of long term Funding
•Many NBFCs took advantage of the lower interest rate regime at the shorter
end of the yield curve by borrowing short term funds (3months – 1 year) at
lower rates and lending for maturities ranging from 3-4 years at higher rates.
•Average borrowings costs increased from around 9.5-10.0% in FY08 to
11.5-12.0% in FY09. This shows the severity of the impact as financial crisis
affected funding costs in the second half of FY09
•The response by NBFCs was to gradually replace short term funding with long
term sources.

21. Asset Quality – Deteriorated more due to unsecured loans
which is now virtually stopped by most players, provisioning
has improved & asset quality expected not
to worsen further.
•Aggregate Gross NPA (The net non-performing assets to loans )ratio
trended from around 1.1% for FY08 to around 2.1% in FY09.
•Unsecured lending has virtually stopped for many NBFCs and
underwriting norms have also been tightened in general for other
asset classes

22. The systemically important non-deposit taking non-banking
financial companies (NBFCs-ND-SI) were permitted to raise
short-term foreign currency borrowings.
 Allowed banks to avail liquidity support under the LAF for
the purpose of meeting the
funding requirements of NBFCs through relaxation in the
maintenance of SLR up to 1.5 per cent of their NDTL.
 Risk weights on banks’ exposures to claims on NBFCs-NDSI
were reduced to 100 per
cent from 150 per cent.
 Deferring the higher CAR norms for NBFCs-ND-SI by 1 year.
MEASURES TO OVERCOME THE
CRISIS

23. Overall positive outlook on the sector due to
•The better ALM position,
• Focus on relatively safer asset classes and
•The demonstrated acceptance of the sector as systemically
important by the regulator.
•Mergers with profitable companies
•Short term foreign buying allowed.
•Portfolio diversification
― Including asset management companies
― House finance companies
― Ventured into insurance sector.
OUTLOOK

24. •RBI has been taking efforts to tighten control over NBFCs, which are more
loosely regulated than banks.
•Any takeover or merger involving deposit-taking NBFCs now requires the
prior approval of RBI. In addition, the management of the merged entity
must comply with the ‘fit and proper’ criteria of RBI.
•RBI also chided NBFCs involved in micro-finance for charging high rates
while accessing cheaper funds from banks.
RBI’S REGULATION REVISION OF
NBFC’S IN IT’S ANNUAL
REPORT(AUGUST25TH2010)

25. •The end-borrowers do not get the benefit of low interest rates, as NBFCs are
assigned the responsibility of managing the loans. Consequently, the borrower
continues to pay the same rate of interest, which is as high as 23.6-30 per
cent.
•According to the banking regulator, there are 12 systematically important
non-deposit NBFCs that are lenders with an asset size of at least Rs 100 crore
engaged in micro-finance lending.
•“The main sources of funds for these NBFCs are borrowings from banks and
financial institutions. Most of them have received large amounts as foreign
direct investment and many of them are now largely foreign-owned,”