This document summarizes research on cervical cerclage and other interventions for preventing preterm birth. It discusses when cerclage is recommended based on gestational age, prior preterm birth history, and cervical length measurements on ultrasound. Cerclage is generally effective for reducing preterm birth in high-risk singleton pregnancies but not for multiple gestations. Complications of cerclage are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that while cerclage provides clear benefits, it is not absolutely indicated and should be considered based on individual risk factors and cervical status.
This document summarizes research on cervical cerclage and other interventions for preventing preterm birth. It discusses when cerclage is recommended based on gestational age, prior preterm birth history, and cervical length measurements on ultrasound. Cerclage is generally effective for reducing preterm birth in high-risk singleton pregnancies but not for multiple gestations. Complications of cerclage are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that while cerclage provides clear benefits, it is not absolutely indicated and should be considered based on individual risk factors and cervical status.
This document provides an overview of current issues in perinatology and preterm birth. It discusses definitions and common causes of preterm birth such as spontaneous preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Risk factors for preterm birth include multiple gestations, preeclampsia, and maternal medical conditions. Complications of prematurity are also reviewed such as respiratory distress syndrome and intraventricular hemorrhage. Current tocolytic medications for inhibiting preterm labor are described including beta-agonists, calcium channel blockers, nitric oxide donors, and oxytocin receptor antagonists. The efficacy, maternal and fetal effects, dosing, and contraindications of specific medications like ritodrin and nifed
This document provides an overview of current issues in perinatology and preterm birth. It discusses definitions and common causes of preterm birth such as spontaneous preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Risk factors for preterm birth include multiple gestations, preeclampsia, and maternal medical conditions. Complications of prematurity are also reviewed such as respiratory distress syndrome and intraventricular hemorrhage. Current tocolytic medications for inhibiting preterm labor are described including beta-agonists, calcium channel blockers, nitric oxide donors, and oxytocin receptor antagonists. The efficacy, maternal and fetal effects, dosing, and contraindications of specific medications like ritodrin and nifed
Gebelik endokrinolojisi, khd2014, namık kemal üniversitesiFatih Güven
Gebelik endokrinolojisi konusunda Speroff'un Klinik Jinekolojik Endokrinoloji ve İnfertilite kitabının 2007 basımlı Türkçe çevirisi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.Fotoğrafları kitaptan çektim, çok kaliteli olmadı fakat yeterli.
Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when one or more pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum, descend from their normal positions due to weakness or damage in the muscles and tissues that support these organs. The document discusses the anatomy of pelvic floor support, factors that can contribute to prolapse, and how different types of prolapse such as cystocele, rectocele, and enterocele are evaluated and treated. Conservative treatments focus on lifestyle changes while surgical repairs aim to reconstruct the weakened pelvic floor tissues and fascia.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of genital prolapse. It begins by describing normal uterine and vaginal support structures. It then discusses the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse, including neuromuscular dysfunction and weakness of supporting ligaments. Evaluation involves history, physical exam including staging systems, and sometimes additional tests. Treatment options include conservative approaches like pessaries or intravaginal devices, as well as surgical options.
Complications of mesh and should we use it ? - www.jinekoklojivegebelik.comjinekolojivegebelik.com
The document discusses the use of mesh in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery, comparing synthetic and biological meshes. It summarizes various studies that have found complication rates ranging from 0-39% for synthetic meshes and 0-64% for biological meshes. While mesh may be preferable for recurrent or complex cases, there is no strong evidence currently to support its routine use in POP surgery. Further research through RCTs and pooled audits is still needed.
The document discusses several potential postpartum complications including postpartum hemorrhage, infection, urinary incontinence, prolapse, and mental health issues. Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality and can be life-threatening, with causes such as uterine atony, lacerations, and retained placenta. Other complications include infection, urinary incontinence, structural issues like prolapse, and mental health issues such as postpartum depression. Prevention, early assessment, and treatment are emphasized to manage complications.
This document provides an overview of abdominal anatomy terminology and structures. It discusses the internal coverings of the abdomen including the peritoneum and mesenteries. It then covers the blood supply and innervation of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Finally, it discusses some common congenital abnormalities that can occur in embryonic development of the gastrointestinal tract.
Gebelik Kolestazı -Cholestasis of Pregnancy - www.jinekolojivegebelik.comjinekolojivegebelik.com
1. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is characterized by pruritus and jaundice in the last trimester of pregnancy, and can recur in subsequent pregnancies.
2. Laboratory findings include elevated serum bile acids and liver enzymes. The condition can cause complications like preterm birth and fetal distress.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving pruritus through medications like cholestyramine, antihistamines, phenobarbital, and ursodeoxycholic acid. Delivery may be indicated if symptoms are severe or fetal well-being is compromised.
PCOS is a common hormonal disorder characterized by oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism. It can cause long term health risks like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer. Management involves lifestyle changes like weight loss through diet and exercise to improve symptoms. Medications may be used to treat irregular periods, hirsutism, and help with ovulation induction and fertility. Screening for metabolic complications is recommended due to increased risk.
PCOS was first described in 1935 and affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age, making it the most common endocrine disorder. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Patients often see multiple medical practitioners before receiving a correct diagnosis of PCOS due to its variable signs and symptoms. Women with PCOS are also at higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic complications. Lifestyle interventions including diet and exercise can help manage symptoms and reduce health risks associated with PCOS.
Case 1 involves a 17-year-old female with primary amenorrhea who has normal development and health history. Her physical exam and labs are normal except she is underweight. She likely has hypothalamic amenorrhea due to inadequate calorie and fat intake and should be evaluated for an eating disorder.
Case 2 is a 24-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea and irregular periods. She is overweight with signs of PCOS like acne and hirsutism. Her labs show elevated testosterone and cystic ovaries on ultrasound consistent with a diagnosis of PCOS.
Case 3 is a 29-year-old with secondary amenorrhea and a history of spontaneous abortion and D&
1. The document discusses various causes of amenorrhea including hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, and outflow tract issues.
2. Evaluation involves assessing secondary sex characteristics, symptoms, family history, and targeted medical tests.
3. Treatment focuses on identifying and managing underlying disorders, hormone replacement, and addressing risks like osteoporosis or infertility.
This document provides an overview of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. PCOS is characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligoovulation or anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. It affects 4-12% of women and is associated with insulin resistance and related metabolic complications. Diagnosis requires two of the three above criteria in the absence of other disorders. Management involves lifestyle changes, medications to regulate cycles and reduce hair growth, and long-term strategies to address insulin resistance and related risks like cardiovascular disease.
This document discusses different types of amenorrhea (primary and secondary) and provides information on their causes and evaluations. Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation by age 16 with normal development or by age 14 without development. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for 6 months in a previously menstruating female. Causes of primary amenorrhea include hypogonadism, gonadal dysgenesis, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Causes of secondary amenorrhea include pregnancy, CNS disorders, pituitary disorders, ovarian disorders, uterine abnormalities, and systemic disorders/medications. Evaluations for amenorrhea involve pregnancy testing, physical exams, and laboratory tests