The document provides a historical overview of journalism in the United States from the colonial period to modern times. It discusses the development of newspapers from early colonial publications to penny papers that appealed to mass audiences. It also covers the rise of yellow journalism in the late 19th century pioneered by Pulitzer and Hearst, as well as the shift to objective journalism in the 20th century. The document also outlines four theories of the press - authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and communist - and their perspectives on who can access media and what barriers exist.

1. Where journalism began Newspapers School of Journalism and Mass Communication

2. You Be the Editor! What would YOU put in a newspaper? What would YOU leave out? How far would you go in covering the news? Would you show an execution at the moment of death? School of Journalism and Mass Communication

3. Sensationalism In 1928, the New York Daily News secretly photographed the execution of convicted killer Ruth Snyder. The photographer used a camera strapped to his leg. He snapped the picture at the exact moment of the execution School of Journalism and Mass Communication

4. What is NEWS? News satisfies our need to know things we cannot experience personally. News documents daily life and bears witness to ordinary and extraordinary events. Does it just report FACTS, or does it help us to interpret them? School of Journalism and Mass Communication

5. The Colonial Period 1690 – 1820 Publick Occurrances Both Foreign and Domestic The Boston Newsletter By 1765, about thirty newspapers First DAILY paper in 1784 Readership primarily limited to elite and educated men School of Journalism and Mass Communication

6. Political vs. Commercial Press Both shaped by response to British rule and the spread of commerce PARTISAN PRESS : political bias, argued for one perspective COMMERCIAL PRESS : served interests of business and economic leaders School of Journalism and Mass Communication

7. Colonial Period 1690 – 1820 John Peter Zenger Freedom of the Press School of Journalism and Mass Communication

8. Penny Press 1833 – 1856 New York Sun The first mass medium 1 penny per copy Shift from subscription to advertising School of Journalism and Mass Communication

9. Penny Press Strategies Focus on local events, scandals and crime Ran serialized and human interest stories Celebrity news Fashion notes Jokes School of Journalism and Mass Communication

10. Penny Press 1833 – 1856 Associated Press 1848 Merger of Illinois and New York press services Civil War Created a market for news Provided something to cover Telegraph Added timeliness to the news School of Journalism and Mass Communication

11. Yellow Journalism 1865 – 1900 School of Journalism and Mass Communication

12. Joseph Pulitzer Eastern European immigrant, built empire from St. Louis Post-Dispatch to New York World Appealed to working classes Promoted consumerism Crusaded against corruption School of Journalism and Mass Communication

13. William Randolph Hearst Son of U.S. senator, built empire from San Francisco Examiner to New York Journal: Appealed to immigrant and working class Sensational journalism (like tabloids today) Champion of the underdog Model for Citizen Kane (1941 film) School of Journalism and Mass Communication

14. Objective Journalism 1890 + Opinion moved to the editorial pages Journalistic Style Journalism Schools Both sides of the story School of Journalism and Mass Communication

15. Objective Journalism 1890 + Became dominant model in 20th century American journalism Reporters strive to maintain a NEUTRAL, UNBIASED ATTITUDE about the issues Reporters seek to show BALANCED and COMPETING POINTS OF VIEW. School of Journalism and Mass Communication

16. New Journalism Era 1960 + 1960s to present Public has a right to know more than the facts Interpretation and analysis Blurring of fact and fiction School of Journalism and Mass Communication

17. New Journalism A style of reporting that tries to put issues and events in broader social and historical context. Explanatory, interpretive analysis of news Why? To help public to better understand complex events and issues School of Journalism and Mass Communication

18. Two Competing Models: STORY model: dramatized events, used individual characters and narrative structure INFORMATION model: emphasized a purely factual, straightforward approach School of Journalism and Mass Communication

19. Inverted Pyramid Style Efficient model for news reporting Concentrated main details about news at top of story (WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN) Initially, to ensure that primary elements got through telegraph transmissions School of Journalism and Mass Communication

20. Declining Credibility Loss of credibility by newspapers only 21 percent of Americans believe content in local newspapers American Society of Newspaper Editors project to improve credibility School of Journalism and Mass Communication

21. Newspaper Credibility ASNE survey (1998) Too many factual errors Newspapers don’t demonstrate respect for readers and community Public suspects bias Too many sensationalized stories Readers have different priorities Bad personal experience with press School of Journalism and Mass Communication

22. The Newspaper Content Advertising display ads Opinion editorial writer political pundits reader opinions Graphics comics tables and graphs News soft news features hard news breaking news in-depth news Photojournalism integrates words and photographs School of Journalism and Mass Communication

23. Who’s NOT Reading the Paper? Younger people The elderly Low income Apartment dwellers Heavy TV users School of Journalism and Mass Communication

24. Four Theories of the Press Authoritarian Libertarian Social Responsibility Communist School of Journalism and Mass Communication

25. Authoritarian Gutenberg Moveable type Church was the source of divine truth “ The divine right of kings” Press is left to “wise” men Press exists to support the leaders School of Journalism and Mass Communication

26. Authoritarian Who can use the media Anyone who is licensed or approved by the government What are the barriers for entry into the media marketplace? School of Journalism and Mass Communication

27. Libertarian Grew out of English philosophy John Locke, John Milton, John Stuart Mill The “marketplace of ideas” The media and the government are independent of each other The philosophy of rationalism and natural law School of Journalism and Mass Communication

28. Libertarian The U.S. First Amendment “ Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of a religion, or prohibiting the free exchange thereof; of abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people to peacefully assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” School of Journalism and Mass Communication

29. Libertarian Purpose of the media inform entertain Sell School of Journalism and Mass Communication

30. Libertarian Who can use the media? Anyone with the money to do so. What are the barriers for entry into the media marketplace? School of Journalism and Mass Communication

31. Social Responsibility Based on the Libertarian model The Press serves two masters Its own financial needs The public’s need for information Writings of W.E. Hocking and the Hutchins Commission School of Journalism and Mass Communication

32. Social Responsibility Who can use the media? Everyone who has something to say What are the barriers for entry into the media marketplace? School of Journalism and Mass Communication

33. Communist Developed in the Soviet Union Grew out of Marxist thought The press exist to contribute to the success of the state The media further the philosophy, ends and methods of the state “ planned” system, not a “controlled” system School of Journalism and Mass Communication

34. Communist Who can use the media? Loyal and orthodox members of the party What are the barriers for entry into the media marketplace? School of Journalism and Mass Communication

35. Socially Responsible Press Journalism Schools teach professional standards Journalists are free of obligation Opinion is clearly marked Local influence and control Need for reader/viewer feedback School of Journalism and Mass Communication