This document provides examples and guidelines for citing sources in notes and bibliographies using the Chicago Manual of Style Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style). It includes examples of citing journal articles from print and online sources, magazine articles from print and online sources, newspaper articles, books by one, two, or multiple authors, books translated or edited by others, and book chapters. The examples show how to format footnotes and bibliographies for these common source types according to Chicago Style guidelines.
This is the Chicago Manual Style workshop for the Writing Center at Purdue University Calumet. It shows students how to format their paper and cite sources correctly according to the Chicago Manual of Style.
This is the Chicago Manual Style workshop for the Writing Center at Purdue University Calumet. It shows students how to format their paper and cite sources correctly according to the Chicago Manual of Style.
How to Cite Sources Using Harvard, Chicago, and MLA stylesDoctoralNet Limited
Citations of journal articles, newspaper information, printed and edited books, and ebooks using Harvard, Chicago, and MLA referencing styles are presented.
Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0Download and save this document to you.docxwillcoxjanay
Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0
Download and save this document to your hard drive - do it now!
There is certainly a great deal of confusion regarding the appropriate formatting of footnotes and bibliographies. Chicago, Turabian, APA, MLA - which style guide ought you to use? APUS requires what they call Chicago/Turabian style guides. The two style guides are similar but not the same. I have opted to use the Turabian style guide in all my classes at APUS and to assist you with this, I have created what I call the Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0 - it is called 2.0 since it is actually my second attempt at such an undertaking!
The information provided here is taken from the 7th Edition of Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), and while I make no claim to being comprehensive (you can buy Turabian at any bookstore), what I have included here seem to me to be the most common sort of formatting issues you will encounter in your writing.
One of the few things I learned in my Historical Methods class in graduate school (I say "few" because that course actually taught me very little) is that when it comes to footnotes and bibliographies - be consistent. The object of a footnote is to direct your reader to the exact location of a passage, idea, or piece of data you have obtained from another source in the most direct manner possible. Turabian suggests that writers cite sources for four reasons: (1) to give credit, (2) to assure readers about the accuracy of your facts, (3) to show readers the research tradition that informs your work - we could almost call this historiography, and (4) to help readers follow or extend your research (133-34). Which brings up the question, when do we use citations? Again, here's what Turabian has to say: when you quote exact words from a source, when you paraphrase ideas associated with a specific source, or when you use any idea, data, or method attributable to any source you may have consulted (134).
The examples used here are what Turabian calls "notes-bibliography style" or simply "bibliography style," which is the most common form in the humanities. You must keep a sharp eye to the elements of each notation/entry as well as spacing, and punctuation. Sample footnotes and bibliography appear at the end.
N = footnote B = bibliography
Book: Single Author
N
1 Morris Dickstein, Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009), 38.
B
Dickstein, Morris. Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.
Book: Single Editor
N
1 Michael J. Hogan, ed., Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 96-101.
B
Hogan, Michael J., ed. Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Book: Two Aut ...
Question:
◦ Were
the
experiences
of
male
and
female
slaves
similar
or
different
in
the
nineteenth-‐century
South?
Reading:
1)
Narrative
of
the
Life
of
Frederick
Douglass
2)
Deborah
Gray
White,
Arn’t
I
a
Woman
3)
Any
pertinent
documents
from
textbook
and
document
collection
Requirements:
1) Papers
must
be
at
least
1,000
words
long
2) Footnotes
are
required
3) Bibliography
is
required
4) Please
number
pages
5) Please
include
a
title
page
Turabian Style - Sample Footnotes and
Bibliographic Entries (6th edition)
Turabian documentation format uses Footnotes or Endnotes and a Bibliography.
Footnotes: In the text, the note reference follows the passage to which it refers and is
marked with an arabic numeral typed slightly above the line (superscript). Notes are
arranged numerically at the foot (Footnotes) of the page. Notes include complete
bibliographic information when cited for the first time.
Bibliography: Lists only sources used in writing the paper. Entries are arranged
alphabetically by author's surname and include complete bibliographic information.
See the following examples for more information. Note the difference in form and
punctuation.
Type of
entry Footnote Entry Form Bibliography Form
Book, one
author
Daniel A. Weiss, Oedipus in Not-
tingham: D.H. Lawrence (Seattle:
Univer- sity of Washington Press,
1962), 62.
Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H.
Lawrence. Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1962.
Book, two
authors
Walter E. Houghton and G. Robert
Strange, Victorian Poetry and Poetics
(Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1959), 27
Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange.
Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cam- bridge:
Harvard University Press, 1959.
Book, 3+
authors / Book
in a series
Jaroslav Pelikan and others, Reli-
gion and the University, York Univer-
sity Invitation Lecture Series
(Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 1964), 109.
Pelikan, Jaroslav, M.G. Ross, W.G. Pollard,
M.N. Eisendrath, C. Moeller, and A. Wittenberg.
Religion and the Uni- versity. York University
Invitation Lecture Series. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1964.
Book, no author
given
New Life Options: The Working
Women's Resource Book (New York:
McGraw- Hill, 1976), 42.
New Life Options: The Working Women's Re-
source Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
Institution,
association, or
the like, as
"author"
American Library Association, ALA
Handbook of Organization and
1995/1996 Membership Directory
(Chicago: American Library
Association, 1995), MD586.
American Library Association. ALA Handbook
of Organization and 1995/1996 Member- ship
Directory. Chicago: American Library
Association, 1995.
Edito.
1 ASA Format The American Sociological Associatio.docxjoyjonna282
1
ASA Format
The American Sociological Association Style is intended for use by authors preparing
manuscripts for publication in ASA journals. This handout is intended for students who are
instructed to use ASA style when writing research papers. Consult the American Sociological
Association Style Guide for more detailed information (Ref Desk HM 569.A54 2007).
Manuscript Format
• All text (including footnotes & references) must be doubled spaced and in a
12 point type.
• Margins must be at least 1¼ inches on all four sides.
• A separate title page including title of paper, name(s) & institution(s) of authors,
word count for the manuscript (including footnotes and references), title footnote
(includes names, addresses of authors, acknowledgements, credits, and grants).
• If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200 word) abstract headed
with the title.
• Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed with the title of the paper.
Citations in Text
• If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses:
When Chu (1977) studied…
• If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
When the study was completed… (Jones 1994).
• If the page number is to be included, it follows the year of publication after a colon, with
no space between the colon and the page number:
…as reported by Chavez (1966:16).
• For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text. Afterwards use the
first name and “et al.” For more than three names, use the first author’s last name plus
“et al.” Examples as follow:
Three authors, first in-text citation = (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954)
Three authors, later in-text citations = (Smith et al. 1954)
More than three authors = (Snow et al. 1999)
• Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks. The citation follows the
end-quote mark and precedes the period, as follows:
“In the late 1990s, reported data shows that technologically oriented jobs paid better”
(Hildenbrand 1999:47).
2
Footnotes & Endnotes
• Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite material of limited
availability or to add information presented in a table.
• Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript
Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the manuscript page or in a separate
section headed "Endnotes."
Reference List
• References follow the text and endnotes in a separate section headed "References."
• All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
• Remember: Like all other parts of the manuscript, references should be
double-spaced.
• List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
• Use hanging indention (see examples below).
• Invert the author’s name (type it last name first). If there are two or more authors,
invert only the fir ...
(Course Assignment Title Assignment IDHIST 1301 United States .docxtarifarmarie
(
Course Assignment Title Assignment ID
HIST 1301: United States History I
Analyzing an Historical Debate
Electoral College-Was it necessary at the time it was developed and is it a valid process in the electoral process today?
Outcomes/Rubrics to be Assessed by the Assignment
Communication
Critical
Thinking
Social
Responsibility
Personal Responsibility
Assignment Description
Analyzing an Historical Debate
For this assignment, you will analyze the following historical issue from the first half of U.S. History (pre-1877). You will need to compare at least two opposing issues on that issue.
Part I. Introduction
Describe in general the issue that is
debated:
For example, you may analyze the importance of this issue important to the culture, economics, political system, or social structure at the time.
Part II. Historical Debate
What is the main argument in each perspective?
On what points
do they agree or
disagree?
Analyze the evidence that is provided to support
each
thesis:
What types of evidence are used? Does the evidence support the thesis?
Part III.
Conclusion
How did the reading(s) change the way in which you understood
the subject?
How are the issues presented in the reading(s) still relevant to you today? Please explain how your personal background and life experiences might influence your perspective on this
topic.
Imagine that you have been asked to tackle
a current national or global issue
. How would you use the readings to help you do
so?
)Signature Assignment
(
Format:
The paper must be a minimum of 500 words. Typed, double-spaced, using 12 point font. The assignment will be uploaded as a file on
Blackboard.
)
Chicago Style Formatting and Citations
Basic Formatting
Cover Page and First Page
Bibliography
Bibliography – title, centered – on first page only
Starts on new page
Continue page numbers from paper
References – alphabetical, single-spaced, hanging indent
Footnotes
Appear on the page where information is cited
Accompany a number in the text that corresponds to the number of the citation
Indented 5 spaces (tab doesn’t work, have to hit space 5 times)
First reference to a source:
o Includes all information in the bibliography citation (formatted differently) plus a
page number
Second reference to a source:
o Author Last name, Shortened Title, page.
Footnote Tips:
Differences with Bibliography Citation
Names are not reversed (First Last instead of Last, First)
Commas replace periods in the citation
Parentheses around the publishing information (City: Publisher, Year)
Includes page numbers at the end of the citation
o Exception- web sources without page numbers
Citations – Formatting for Notes and Bibliography
Book
Basic Format
Note (N):
1. Author First Author Last, Titile in Italics (City: Publisher, yr), pg.
Bib (B):
Author Last, First. Title in Italics..
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
How to Cite Sources Using Harvard, Chicago, and MLA stylesDoctoralNet Limited
Citations of journal articles, newspaper information, printed and edited books, and ebooks using Harvard, Chicago, and MLA referencing styles are presented.
Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0Download and save this document to you.docxwillcoxjanay
Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0
Download and save this document to your hard drive - do it now!
There is certainly a great deal of confusion regarding the appropriate formatting of footnotes and bibliographies. Chicago, Turabian, APA, MLA - which style guide ought you to use? APUS requires what they call Chicago/Turabian style guides. The two style guides are similar but not the same. I have opted to use the Turabian style guide in all my classes at APUS and to assist you with this, I have created what I call the Turabian Cheat Sheet 2.0 - it is called 2.0 since it is actually my second attempt at such an undertaking!
The information provided here is taken from the 7th Edition of Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), and while I make no claim to being comprehensive (you can buy Turabian at any bookstore), what I have included here seem to me to be the most common sort of formatting issues you will encounter in your writing.
One of the few things I learned in my Historical Methods class in graduate school (I say "few" because that course actually taught me very little) is that when it comes to footnotes and bibliographies - be consistent. The object of a footnote is to direct your reader to the exact location of a passage, idea, or piece of data you have obtained from another source in the most direct manner possible. Turabian suggests that writers cite sources for four reasons: (1) to give credit, (2) to assure readers about the accuracy of your facts, (3) to show readers the research tradition that informs your work - we could almost call this historiography, and (4) to help readers follow or extend your research (133-34). Which brings up the question, when do we use citations? Again, here's what Turabian has to say: when you quote exact words from a source, when you paraphrase ideas associated with a specific source, or when you use any idea, data, or method attributable to any source you may have consulted (134).
The examples used here are what Turabian calls "notes-bibliography style" or simply "bibliography style," which is the most common form in the humanities. You must keep a sharp eye to the elements of each notation/entry as well as spacing, and punctuation. Sample footnotes and bibliography appear at the end.
N = footnote B = bibliography
Book: Single Author
N
1 Morris Dickstein, Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009), 38.
B
Dickstein, Morris. Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.
Book: Single Editor
N
1 Michael J. Hogan, ed., Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 96-101.
B
Hogan, Michael J., ed. Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Book: Two Aut ...
Question:
◦ Were
the
experiences
of
male
and
female
slaves
similar
or
different
in
the
nineteenth-‐century
South?
Reading:
1)
Narrative
of
the
Life
of
Frederick
Douglass
2)
Deborah
Gray
White,
Arn’t
I
a
Woman
3)
Any
pertinent
documents
from
textbook
and
document
collection
Requirements:
1) Papers
must
be
at
least
1,000
words
long
2) Footnotes
are
required
3) Bibliography
is
required
4) Please
number
pages
5) Please
include
a
title
page
Turabian Style - Sample Footnotes and
Bibliographic Entries (6th edition)
Turabian documentation format uses Footnotes or Endnotes and a Bibliography.
Footnotes: In the text, the note reference follows the passage to which it refers and is
marked with an arabic numeral typed slightly above the line (superscript). Notes are
arranged numerically at the foot (Footnotes) of the page. Notes include complete
bibliographic information when cited for the first time.
Bibliography: Lists only sources used in writing the paper. Entries are arranged
alphabetically by author's surname and include complete bibliographic information.
See the following examples for more information. Note the difference in form and
punctuation.
Type of
entry Footnote Entry Form Bibliography Form
Book, one
author
Daniel A. Weiss, Oedipus in Not-
tingham: D.H. Lawrence (Seattle:
Univer- sity of Washington Press,
1962), 62.
Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H.
Lawrence. Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1962.
Book, two
authors
Walter E. Houghton and G. Robert
Strange, Victorian Poetry and Poetics
(Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1959), 27
Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange.
Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cam- bridge:
Harvard University Press, 1959.
Book, 3+
authors / Book
in a series
Jaroslav Pelikan and others, Reli-
gion and the University, York Univer-
sity Invitation Lecture Series
(Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 1964), 109.
Pelikan, Jaroslav, M.G. Ross, W.G. Pollard,
M.N. Eisendrath, C. Moeller, and A. Wittenberg.
Religion and the Uni- versity. York University
Invitation Lecture Series. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1964.
Book, no author
given
New Life Options: The Working
Women's Resource Book (New York:
McGraw- Hill, 1976), 42.
New Life Options: The Working Women's Re-
source Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
Institution,
association, or
the like, as
"author"
American Library Association, ALA
Handbook of Organization and
1995/1996 Membership Directory
(Chicago: American Library
Association, 1995), MD586.
American Library Association. ALA Handbook
of Organization and 1995/1996 Member- ship
Directory. Chicago: American Library
Association, 1995.
Edito.
1 ASA Format The American Sociological Associatio.docxjoyjonna282
1
ASA Format
The American Sociological Association Style is intended for use by authors preparing
manuscripts for publication in ASA journals. This handout is intended for students who are
instructed to use ASA style when writing research papers. Consult the American Sociological
Association Style Guide for more detailed information (Ref Desk HM 569.A54 2007).
Manuscript Format
• All text (including footnotes & references) must be doubled spaced and in a
12 point type.
• Margins must be at least 1¼ inches on all four sides.
• A separate title page including title of paper, name(s) & institution(s) of authors,
word count for the manuscript (including footnotes and references), title footnote
(includes names, addresses of authors, acknowledgements, credits, and grants).
• If required, on a separate page provide a short (150-200 word) abstract headed
with the title.
• Begin the text of the paper on a separate page headed with the title of the paper.
Citations in Text
• If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses:
When Chu (1977) studied…
• If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
When the study was completed… (Jones 1994).
• If the page number is to be included, it follows the year of publication after a colon, with
no space between the colon and the page number:
…as reported by Chavez (1966:16).
• For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text. Afterwards use the
first name and “et al.” For more than three names, use the first author’s last name plus
“et al.” Examples as follow:
Three authors, first in-text citation = (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954)
Three authors, later in-text citations = (Smith et al. 1954)
More than three authors = (Snow et al. 1999)
• Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks. The citation follows the
end-quote mark and precedes the period, as follows:
“In the late 1990s, reported data shows that technologically oriented jobs paid better”
(Hildenbrand 1999:47).
2
Footnotes & Endnotes
• Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite material of limited
availability or to add information presented in a table.
• Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript
Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the manuscript page or in a separate
section headed "Endnotes."
Reference List
• References follow the text and endnotes in a separate section headed "References."
• All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
• Remember: Like all other parts of the manuscript, references should be
double-spaced.
• List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
• Use hanging indention (see examples below).
• Invert the author’s name (type it last name first). If there are two or more authors,
invert only the fir ...
(Course Assignment Title Assignment IDHIST 1301 United States .docxtarifarmarie
(
Course Assignment Title Assignment ID
HIST 1301: United States History I
Analyzing an Historical Debate
Electoral College-Was it necessary at the time it was developed and is it a valid process in the electoral process today?
Outcomes/Rubrics to be Assessed by the Assignment
Communication
Critical
Thinking
Social
Responsibility
Personal Responsibility
Assignment Description
Analyzing an Historical Debate
For this assignment, you will analyze the following historical issue from the first half of U.S. History (pre-1877). You will need to compare at least two opposing issues on that issue.
Part I. Introduction
Describe in general the issue that is
debated:
For example, you may analyze the importance of this issue important to the culture, economics, political system, or social structure at the time.
Part II. Historical Debate
What is the main argument in each perspective?
On what points
do they agree or
disagree?
Analyze the evidence that is provided to support
each
thesis:
What types of evidence are used? Does the evidence support the thesis?
Part III.
Conclusion
How did the reading(s) change the way in which you understood
the subject?
How are the issues presented in the reading(s) still relevant to you today? Please explain how your personal background and life experiences might influence your perspective on this
topic.
Imagine that you have been asked to tackle
a current national or global issue
. How would you use the readings to help you do
so?
)Signature Assignment
(
Format:
The paper must be a minimum of 500 words. Typed, double-spaced, using 12 point font. The assignment will be uploaded as a file on
Blackboard.
)
Chicago Style Formatting and Citations
Basic Formatting
Cover Page and First Page
Bibliography
Bibliography – title, centered – on first page only
Starts on new page
Continue page numbers from paper
References – alphabetical, single-spaced, hanging indent
Footnotes
Appear on the page where information is cited
Accompany a number in the text that corresponds to the number of the citation
Indented 5 spaces (tab doesn’t work, have to hit space 5 times)
First reference to a source:
o Includes all information in the bibliography citation (formatted differently) plus a
page number
Second reference to a source:
o Author Last name, Shortened Title, page.
Footnote Tips:
Differences with Bibliography Citation
Names are not reversed (First Last instead of Last, First)
Commas replace periods in the citation
Parentheses around the publishing information (City: Publisher, Year)
Includes page numbers at the end of the citation
o Exception- web sources without page numbers
Citations – Formatting for Notes and Bibliography
Book
Basic Format
Note (N):
1. Author First Author Last, Titile in Italics (City: Publisher, yr), pg.
Bib (B):
Author Last, First. Title in Italics..
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
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A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
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VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirements
Newestchicago.pdf
1. 1
Quick Reference Guide to the Chicago Manual of Style
Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style) 12/16/15
Definitive Resources available at the Research Writing Studio on Haggard 2:
Chicago Manual of Style Online
Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for
Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
For more information from the University of Chicago Press:
Newest Questions and Answers about The Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/new/new_questions01.html
Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
The following are examples of the more common citations. When in doubt your final word is the Chicago
Manual of Style, the official website, and your professor.
The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic citation systems. The following examples are based on
The Notes and Bibliographies or Humanities Style. Consult your professor for preferences.
Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style)
The note reference follows the passage to which it refers and is marked with a numeral. Notes are arranged
numerically either at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the manuscript (endnotes). Notes
include complete bibliographic information when cited for the first time. The bibliography lists only sources
used in writing the paper. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name and include complete
bibliographic information.
The Chicago Manual of Style allows a shortened note when the reference has a full bibliography reference.
Shortened notes are also used for subsequent footnotes (see below). Full note examples are given below as
well as “following footnote” or short note examples.
Shortened Citations (Chicago Manual of Style, sections 14.24-31, p. 667-70)
For Subsequent References to the Same Source:
When you cite the same work in a subsequent reference, use only the author’s last name and the page number.
In cases of two authors, use both last names. In case of more than two authors, use the first author’s last name
and the abbreviation “et al.” for the remaining authors. In the case of an article or book without an author, use a
shortened title and page number. In addition, you may use the Latin abbreviation "Ibid." when referring to a
“single work cited in the note immediately preceding.” (Chicago Manual of Style, section 14.29, p. 669).
If your bibliography includes more than one work by the same author, the shortened form must also include the
title or keywords from the title.
NOTE: Section and page references to the Chicago Manual of Style are given for each example. When
applicable, the most current examples are from FAQ about The Chicago Manual of Style.
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/new/new_questions01.html
2. 2
Journals/Magazines/Newspapers
Basic Example
Note:
1. First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Name of Journal volume number, issue
number (year):page number.
Bibliography:
Last Name, First Name. “ Title of Article.”Name of Journal volume number, issue
number.
Journal Article, Print
14.175-14.198, pp. 730-38
Chicago Manual of Style
recommends furnishing all elements
of a citation (volume, issue number
or month, year, page numbers) when
possible as a hedge against an error
in one or another of these elements.
However, the issue number can be
left out if the paging is continuous
throughout the volume.
Note:
1. Sean Hanretta, "Women, Marginality and the Zulu State: Women’s
Institutions and Power in the Early Nineteenth Century," Journal of African
History 39, no. 3 (1998): 389.
Following footnote:
2. Hanretta, “Zulu State,” 390.
Bibliography:
Hanretta, Sean. "Women, Marginality and the Zulu State: Women’s
Institutions and Power in the Early Nineteenth Century." Journal
of African History 39, no. 3 (1998):389-415.
Online Article from Academic
Search Complete or another
Database
14.184, pp. 733-35
Use the Digital Object Identifier (doi)
for the article when available. When
there is no doi and the URL is not
stable, treat as a print journal
(example above).
Use access date only if required by
your professor.
Note:
3. Doug Mercer, “Future-Histories of Hanford:The Material and
Semiotic Production of a Landscape,” Cultural Geographies 9, no. 1
(2002):35, doi:10.1191/1474474002eu232oa.
Following footnote:
4. Mercer, Future-Histories of Hanford,” 40.
Bibliography:
Mercer, Doug. “Future-Histories of Hanford:The Material and Semiotic
Production of a Landscape.” Cultural Geographies 9, no.1(2002):35-
67. doi:10.1191/1474474002eu232oa.
Online Article from a Database,
No DOI but with a Stable Article
URL (JSTOR)
14.184, pp. 733-34
Use access date only if required by
your professor.
Note:
6. Dancy Chapman Turner, and Marcus A. M. Bell, “The Ethnobotany
of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island,” Economic Botany 25,
(1971):63-104, http://jstor.org/stable/4253212.
Following footnote:
7. Dancy and Bell, “Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish,” 101.
Bibliography:
Turner, Dancy Chapman, and Marcus A. M. Bell. “The Ethnobotany of the
Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island.” Economic Botany 25, no.
1(1971):63-104. http://jstor.org/stable/4253212.
3. 3
Magazine Article
14.199-14.202, pp. 739-39
(Often cited in text and commonly
omitted from the Bibliography)
Note:
8. Adam Rogers, "Thinking Differently: Brain Scans Give New Hope of
Diagnosing ADHD," Newsweek, December 25, 1998, 61.
Following footnote:
9. Rogers, “Thinking Differently,” 61.
Bibliography:
Rogers, Adam. "Thinking Differently: Brain Scans Give New Hope of
Diagnosing ADHD." Newsweek, December 25,1998.
Online Magazine
14.200, p. 739
(Often cited in-text and commonly
omitted from the Bibliography)
Note:
10. Kate Abbott, “A Brief History of Intolerance in America,” Time,
August 30, 2010, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/.
Following footnote: Abbott, “A Brief History.”
(Page numbers may not be given in an online magazine.)
Bibliography:
Abbott, Kate. “A Brief History of Intolerance in America. Time, August 30,
2010. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/.
Newspaper Article with Author
14.203, pp. 739-40
News items from daily papers are
rarely listed separately in a
bibliography when using this style. In
a work containing both a bibliography
and notes, citations to specific items
may be given in the notes or in the
text and not listed in the bibliography
Note:
11. Tanya Kerstiens, "Pick a Color: Children of Mixed Race Struggle to
Find Identity," Bellingham Herald, sec. C1., January 10, 1999.
Following footnote:
12. Kerstiens, “Pick a Color.”
Page numbers are omitted because of the variety of editions with different
page numbering. Include the edition where given, such as “final edition” or
“Eastern edition.” For example:
13. Teri Karush Rogers, “A Wall to Enlighten, Not Obstruct,” New York
Times, July 6, 2005, late edition.
Newspaper Article without
Author
14.207, p. 741
Note:
14. “Pakistan: 50 Years of Upheaval, Corruption and Civil War,” New
York Times, August 15, 1997, sec. B7.
News items from daily papers are rarely listed separately in a bibliography.
When a bibliography reference is needed for an article with an
anonymous source, use the following example where the name of the
newspaper comes first:
Bibliography:
New York Times, “Pakistan: 50 Years of Upheaval, Corruption and Civil
War,” August 15, 1997.
4. 4
Online Newspaper Article from
a Database
14.271 p. 763
Note:
15. Christopher Gray, “Mrs. Waldo’s Mysterious Mansion,” New
York Times, October 10, 2010, late edition, ProQuest Newspapers.
Bibliography:
News items from daily papers are rarely listed separately in a
bibliography. (See previous examples.)
Books
Basic Example
Note:
First Name Last Name, Title of Book (City, State Abbreviation:
Publisher, year); page number.
Bibliography:
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City, State Abbreviation: Publisher,
year.
Authored Book
14.75, p. 695
Note (one author):
16. Gilbert Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures: Exploring Gay and
Lesbian Lives (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 32.
Following footnote:
17. Herdt, Same Sex, 32.
Bibliography (one author):
Herdt, Gilbert. Same Sex, Different Cultures: Exploring Gay and Lesbian
Lives. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.
Book with Two or Three
Authors or Editors
14.76, p. 695-96
Note:
18. Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinius, and George Chauncey,
Jr., eds., Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past (New
York: New American Library, 1989), 571.
Following footnote:
19. Duberman, Vicinius, and Chauncey, Hidden from History, 254.
Bibliography :
Duberman, Martin Bauml, Martha Vicinius, and George Chauncey, Jr.,
eds. Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past.
New York: New American Library, 1989.
5. 5
Book with Four to Ten
Authors or Editors
14.76, p. 695-96
For works with 4-10 authors, list
all authors in the Bibliography.
For works with more than 10
authors, only the first seven are
listed in the Bibliography. See
the section above for
acceptable variations.
Note:
20. Janice Acoose et al., eds. Reasoning Together: The Native Critics
Collective (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), 411.
Following footnote:
21. Acoose et al., Reasoning Together, 412.
Bibliography:
Acoose, Janice, Craig Womack, Daniel Heath Justice, and Christopher
B. Teuton, eds. Reasoning Together: The Native Critics Collective.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
Translator, Compiler,
Editor with an Author
14.88, p. 700
Note:
22. Claude Julien, Canada: Europe's Last Chance, trans. Penny
Williams (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968), 52.
Note: Use the abbreviations trans. or ed. or comp.
Following footnote:
23. Julien, Canada, 57.
Bibliography:
Julien, Claude. Canada: Europe's Last Chance. Translated by Penny
`Williams. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968.
Note: Use the complete words: Translated by, Edited by, or Compiled by
Chapter or Essay in an
Edited Book or Anthology
14.111-116, pp. 707-709
Note:
24. Mary M. Vaux, “Flowers of the Canadian Rockies,” in This Wild
Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada, ed. Colleen Skidmore
(Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2006), 235-38.
Following footnote:
25. Vaux, “Flowers,” 237.
Bibliography:
Vaux, Mary M. “ Flowers of the Canadian Rockies.” In This Wild Spirit:
Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada, edited by Colleen
Skidmore, 235-38. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2006.
Entry from an
Encyclopedia or
Dictionary, Familiar
14.247, p. 755
Note:
26. Encyclopedia Americana, 11th ed., s.v. "impeachment."
Note: s.v. stands for sub verbo, "under the word"
Bibliography: Well known reference books are usually not listed in
bibliographies.
6. 6
Entry from a Specialized
Encyclopedia, Dictionary
or
Reference Book
14.247, p. 755
Note:
29. Encyclopedia of the American West, eds. Charles Phillips and
Alan Axelrod (New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1996), s.v.
"Cowboy Songs."
Following Footnote:
30. Encyclopedia of the American West, 42.
Bibliography:
Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod, eds. Encyclopedia of the American
West. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1996.
Note: s.v. stands for sub verbo, "under the word."
Scriptural References
14.252-14.225, pp. 757-58
Scriptural references usually
appear only in text citations or
notes.
Major sacred texts like the Bible
and the Qur’an are capitalized
but not underlined or italicized.
Note:
31. 1 Cor. 13:1-13 (King James).
Note:
32. Koran 18:33-45
Theses, Dissertations
(Online)
14.224, p. 746-48
When you need to divide a URL
in a citation, break before a
slash ( /).
Note:
35. Anne-Kathrin Kreft, “The Weight of History: Change and
Continuity in German Foreign Policy Towards the Israeli-Palestinian
Conflict” (master’s thesis, WWU, 2010), 152,
http://content.wwu.edu/cgi-in/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/
theses&CISOPTR=327&filename=328.pdf.
Bibliography:
Kreft, Anne-Kathrin. “The Weight of History: Change and Continuity in
German Foreign Policy Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.”
Master’s thesis, WWU, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu
/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=
/theses&CISOPTR=327&filename=328.pdf.
Abstract from
Dissertations & Theses
Database
14.224, pp. 746-47
Note:
36. Dail Mershon Murray. “The Extraordinary World of Joe
Washington: The Oral Narratives of a Coast Salish Indian Philosopher”
(PhD diss., University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1998), abstract in
Dissertations & Theses.
Bibliography:
Murray, Dail Mershon. “The Extraordinary World of Joe Washington: The
Oral Narratives of a Coast Salish Indian Philosopher.” Ph.D. diss.,
University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1998. Abstract in
Dissertations & Theses.
7. 7
Online and Selected Non-Print Sources
Website
14.243-14.246, pp. 752-54
Include an access date when
available, or the date of the last
revision or update.
Note:
37. Academic Technology and User Services, “Frequently Asked
Copyright Questions,” last modified March 15, 2010,
http//west.wwu.edu
/atus/copyright/copyrightfaq.shtml.
Bibliography:
Academic Technology and User Services. “Frequently Asked
Copyright
Questions.” Last modified March 15, 2010. http://west.wwu.edu
/atus/copyright/copyrightfaq.shtml.
When you need to divide a URL in a citation, break before a slash ( /).
Primary Document from an
Academic Website (Freely
Available)
14.169, p. 728
Citation examples for specific styles
are often provided at academic sites
like this one.
Note:
38. Picquet, Louisa and Hiram Mattison, Lousia Piquet, the
Octoroon, or, Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life (New York,
1861, 59, Documenting the American South, University Library, The
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004),
http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/picquet/menu.html.
Bibliography:
Picquet, Louisa and Hiram Mattison. Louisa Picquet, the Octoroon,
or, Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life. New York, 1861.
Documenting the American South. University Library. The
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004.
http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/picquet/menu.html.
Blog Entry/Comment
14.246, p. 754
“Blog entries may be cited within in the text
of the paper instead of in a note, and they
are commonly omitted from a bibliography.”
The example provided here, follows a more
detailed style that can be used with a
frequently cited blog.
Note:
39. Ron Hogan, “Read This: The Parasol Protectorate,”
Beatrice.com (blog), October 21, 2010,
http://beatrice.com/wordpress/page/2/.
Bibliography:
Ron Hogan. Beatrice.com (blog).
http://beatrice.com/wordpress/page/2/.
Lecture
14.226, p. 747
Note:
40. Brian Bingham, “Immersion Experiences & Intensive
Mentoring” (lecture, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA,
October 23, 2003).
Bibliography:
Bingham, Brian. “Immersion Experiences & Intensive Mentoring.”
Lecture, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA, October
23, 2003.
8. 8
Films (DVD)
14.278-280, pp. 767-69
The oldest date is the original
release date.
Note:
41. Amadeus, special ed., directed by Milos Forman (1984;
Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002), DVD.
Bibliography:
Amadeus, special ed. Directed by Milos Forman. 1984. Burbank, CA:
Warner Home Video, 2002. DVD.
Citations Taken from Secondary Sources
14.273. p. 764
The Chicago Style discourages using
a secondary source. However, when
the original source is not available,
references to the work of one author
as quoted in that of another must cite
both works.
Ask for assistance in the Research-
Writing Studio on Haggard 2, when
you need help locating an original
work. We may be able to get the
source through Summit or Interlibrary
Loan.
Note:
42. Marinda B. Moore, The Geographical Reader for the Dixie
Children (Raleigh, NC.: Branson, Farrar and Company, 1863), 103,
quoted in Emmy E. Werner, Reluctant Witnesses: Children’s Voices
from the Civil War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 53.
Following footnote:
43. Moore, Geographical Reader, 53.
12/16/15