Semantic annotation of images is an important research topic on both image understanding and database
or web image search. Image annotation is a technique to choosing appropriate labels for images with
extracting effective and hidden feature in pictures. In the feature extraction step of proposed method, we
present a model, which combined effective features of visual topics (global features over an image) and
regional contexts (relationship between the regions in Image and each other regions images) to automatic
image annotation.In the annotation step of proposed method, we create a new ontology (base on WordNet
ontology) for the semantic relationships between tags in the classification and improving semantic gap
exist in the automatic image annotation.Experiments result on the 5k Corel dataset show the proposed
method of image annotation in addition to reducing the complexity of the classification, increased accuracy
compared to the another methods.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotationijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotationijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
Collaborative semantic annotation of images ontology based modelsipij
The document presents a collaborative semantic annotation approach for images based on ontology. It proposes using ontologies to extract multiple meanings from images as different annotators may interpret images differently. Annotators would propose keywords from an ontology and dictionary to describe image contents. The system would then determine the most representative meaning by measuring similarities between meanings based on keyword frequencies and rankings. This emergent semantic approach aims to capture different interpretations of images for more accurate semantic annotation compared to single-annotator methods.
Performance Evaluation Of Ontology And Fuzzybase Cbiracijjournal
In This Paper, We Have Done Performance Evaluation Of Ontology Using Low-Level Features Like
Color, Texture And Shape Based Cbir, With Topic Specific Cbir.The Resulting Ontology Can Be Used
To Extract The Appropriate Images From The Image Database. Retrieving Appropriate Images From An
Image Database Is One Of The Difficult Tasks In Multimedia Technology. Our Results Show That The
Values Of Recall And Precision Can Be Enhanced And This Also Shows That Semantic Gap Can Also Be
Reduced. The Proposed Algorithm Also Extracts The Texture Values From The Images Automatically
With Also Its Category (Like Smooth, Course Etc) As Well As Its Technical Interpretation
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotation ijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotationijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on
both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual
topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship
between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous
image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions
are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are
helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of
information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum
Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
A Multi Criteria Decision Making Based Approach for Semantic Image Annotationijcax
Automatic image annotation has emerged as an important research topic due to its potential application on both image understanding and web image search. This paper presents a model, which integrates visual topics and regional contexts to automatic image annotation. Regional contexts model the relationship between the regions, while visual topics provide the global distribution of topics over an image. Previous image annotation methods neglected the relationship between the regions in an image, while these regions are exactly explanation of the image semantics, therefore considering the relationship between them are helpful to annotate the images. Regional contexts and visual topics are learned by PLSA (Probability
Latent Semantic Analysis) from the training data. The proposed model incorporates these two types of information by MCDM (Multi Criteria Decision Making) approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum Method). Experiments conducted on the 5k Corel dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
Collaborative semantic annotation of images ontology based modelsipij
The document presents a collaborative semantic annotation approach for images based on ontology. It proposes using ontologies to extract multiple meanings from images as different annotators may interpret images differently. Annotators would propose keywords from an ontology and dictionary to describe image contents. The system would then determine the most representative meaning by measuring similarities between meanings based on keyword frequencies and rankings. This emergent semantic approach aims to capture different interpretations of images for more accurate semantic annotation compared to single-annotator methods.
Performance Evaluation Of Ontology And Fuzzybase Cbiracijjournal
In This Paper, We Have Done Performance Evaluation Of Ontology Using Low-Level Features Like
Color, Texture And Shape Based Cbir, With Topic Specific Cbir.The Resulting Ontology Can Be Used
To Extract The Appropriate Images From The Image Database. Retrieving Appropriate Images From An
Image Database Is One Of The Difficult Tasks In Multimedia Technology. Our Results Show That The
Values Of Recall And Precision Can Be Enhanced And This Also Shows That Semantic Gap Can Also Be
Reduced. The Proposed Algorithm Also Extracts The Texture Values From The Images Automatically
With Also Its Category (Like Smooth, Course Etc) As Well As Its Technical Interpretation
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ONTOLOGY AND FUZZYBASE CBIRacijjournal
IN THIS PAPER, WE HAVE DONE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ONTOLOGY USING LOW-LEVEL FEATURES LIKE
COLOR, TEXTURE AND SHAPE BASED CBIR, WITH TOPIC SPECIFIC CBIR.THE RESULTING ONTOLOGY CAN BE USED
TO EXTRACT THE APPROPRIATE IMAGES FROM THE IMAGE DATABASE. RETRIEVING APPROPRIATE IMAGES FROM AN
IMAGE DATABASE IS ONE OF THE DIFFICULT TASKS IN MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THE
VALUES OF RECALL AND PRECISION CAN BE ENHANCED AND THIS ALSO SHOWS THAT SEMANTIC GAP CAN ALSO BE
REDUCED. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM ALSO EXTRACTS THE TEXTURE VALUES FROM THE IMAGES AUTOMATICALLY
WITH ALSO ITS CATEGORY (LIKE SMOOTH, COURSE ETC) AS WELL AS ITS TECHNICAL INTERPRETATION.
This document describes a proposed content-based image retrieval system using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) and k-means clustering. It begins by discussing CBIR techniques and features like color, texture, and shape. It then outlines the proposed system which includes training a BPNN on image features, validating images, and testing by querying and retrieving similar images. Performance is analyzed based on metrics like accuracy, efficiency, and classification rate. Results show the system achieves up to 98% classification accuracy within 5-6 seconds.
This document describes a proposed method to improve image classification accuracy and speed using the bag-of-features model with spatial pooling. The proposed method has two phases: a training phase to create an image feature database, and an evaluation phase to classify new images. In the evaluation phase, spatial pooling is applied to input image features before classification with KNN. Variance-based feature selection is also used to reduce features before KNN classification. Experimental results show the proposed method improves classification accuracy up to 5% and reduces classification time by up to 50% compared to the standard bag-of-features model.
Learning to Rank Image Tags With Limited Training Examples1crore projects
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Novel Hybrid Approach to Visual Concept Detection Using Image AnnotationCSCJournals
Millions of images are being uploaded on the internet without proper description (tags) about these images. Image retrieval based on image tagging approach is much faster than Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) approach but requires an entire image collection to be manually annotated with proper tags. This requires a lot of human efforts and time, and hence not feasible for huge image collections. An efficient method is necessary for automatically tagging such a vast collection of images. We propose a novel image tagging method, which automatically tags any image with its concept. Our unique approach to solve this problem involves manual tagging of small exemplar image set and low-level feature extraction of all the images, hence called a hybrid approach. This approach can be used to tag a large image dataset from manually tagged small image dataset. The experiments are performed on Wang's Corel Dataset. In the comparative study, it is found that, the proposed concept detection system based on this novel tagging approach has much less time complexity of classification step, and results in significant improvement in accuracy as compared to the other tagging approaches found in the literature. This approach may be used as faster alternative to the typical Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) approach for domain specific applications.
Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the fields of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines.
A novel Image Retrieval System using an effective region based shape represen...CSCJournals
With recent improvements in methods for the acquisition and rendering of shapes, the need for retrieval of shapes from large repositories of shapes has gained prominence. A variety of methods have been proposed that enable the efficient querying of shape repositories for a desired shape or image. Many of these methods use a sample shape as a query and attempt to retrieve shapes from the database that have a similar shape. This paper introduces a novel and efficient shape matching approach for the automatic identification of real world objects. The identification process is applied on isolated objects and requires the segmentation of the image into separate objects, followed by the extraction of representative shape signatures and the similarity estimation of pairs of objects considering the information extracted from the segmentation process and shape signature. We compute a 1D shape signature function from a region shape and use it for region shape representation and retrieval through similarity estimation. The proposed region shape feature is much more efficient to compute than other region shape techniques invariant to image transformation.
IMAGE CONTENT DESCRIPTION USING LSTM APPROACHcsandit
In this digital world, artificial intelligence has provided solutions to many problems, likewise to
encounter problems related to digital images and operations related to the extensive set of
images. We should learn how to analyze an image, and for that, we need feature extraction of
the content of that image. Image description methods involve natural language processing and
concepts of computer vision. The purpose of this work is to provide an efficient and accurate
image description of an unknown image by using deep learning methods. We propose a novel
generative robust model that trains a Deep Neural Network to learn about image features after
extracting information about the content of images, for that we used the novel combination of
CNN and LSTM. We trained our model on MSCOCO dataset, which provides set of annotations for a particular image, and after the model is fully automated, we tested it by providing raw images. And also several experiments are performed to check efficiency and robustness of the system, for that we have calculated BLUE Score.
Query Image Searching With Integrated Textual and Visual Relevance Feedback f...IJERA Editor
There are many researchers who have studied the relevance feedback in the literature of content based image
retrieval (CBIR) community, but none of CBIR search engines support it because of scalability, effectiveness
and efficiency issues. In this, we had implemented an integrated relevance feedback for retrieving of web
images. Here, we had concentrated on integration of both textual features (TF) and visual features (VF) based
relevance feedback (RF), simultaneously we also tested them individually. The TFRF employs and effective
search result clustering (SRC) algorithm to get salient phrases. Then a new user interface (UI) is proposed to
support RF. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is scalable, effective and accurated
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION IN IMAGE PROCESSING sipij
The aim of this paper is to present a comparative study of two linear dimension reduction methods namely
PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis). The main idea of PCA is to
transform the high dimensional input space onto the feature space where the maximal variance is
displayed. The feature selection in traditional LDA is obtained by maximizing the difference between
classes and minimizing the distance within classes. PCA finds the axes with maximum variance for the
whole data set where LDA tries to find the axes for best class seperability. The neural network is trained
about the reduced feature set (using PCA or LDA) of images in the database for fast searching of images
from the database using back propagation algorithm. The proposed method is experimented over a general
image database using Matlab. The performance of these systems has been evaluated by Precision and
Recall measures. Experimental results show that PCA gives the better performance in terms of higher
precision and recall values with lesser computational complexity than LDA
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES IN CONTENT BASED IMAGE RETRIEVALcscpconf
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time. Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as compared with other two techniques.
A comparative analysis of retrieval techniques in content based image retrievalcsandit
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image
Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in
image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to
help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach
for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen
Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using
edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the
particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time.
Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and
comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as
compared with other two techniques.
C OMPARATIVE S TUDY OF D IMENSIONALITY R EDUCTION T ECHNIQUES U SING PCA AND ...csandit
The aim of this paper is to present a comparative s
tudy of two linear dimension reduction
methods namely PCA (Principal Component Analysis) a
nd LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis).
The main idea of PCA is to transform the high dimen
sional input space onto the feature space
where the maximal variance is displayed. The featur
e selection in traditional LDA is obtained
by maximizing the difference between classes and mi
nimizing the distance within classes. PCA
finds the axes with maximum variance for the whole
data set where LDA tries to find the axes
for best class seperability. The proposed method is
experimented over a general image database
using Matlab. The performance of these systems has
been evaluated by Precision and Recall
measures. Experimental results show that PCA based
dimension reduction method gives the
better performance in terms of higher precision and
recall values with lesser computational
complexity than the LDA based method.
A Review on Matching For Sketch TechniqueIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several techniques for sketch-based image retrieval. It discusses methods using SIFT features, HOG descriptors, color segmentation, and gradient orientation histograms. It also reviews applications of these techniques to domains like facial recognition, graffiti matching, and tattoo identification for law enforcement. The techniques aim to extract visual features from sketches that can be used to match and retrieve similar images from databases. While achieving good results, the methods have limitations regarding database size and specificity, and accuracy with complex textures and shapes. Overall, the review examines advances in using sketches as queries for image retrieval.
Tag based image retrieval (tbir) using automatic image annotationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tag based image retrieval (tbir) using automatic image annotationeSAT Journals
Abstract In recent days, several social networking sites are more popular with digitized images. It comprises the major portion of the databases which makes the search engines to face difficulty in searching. We present a proficient image retrieval technique, which achieves eminent retrieval efficiency. Most of the images are annotated manually, thus the visual content and tags may be mismatched. This leads to poor performance in Tag Based Image Retrieval (TBIR). Automatic Image Annotation (AIA) analyzes the missing and noisy tags and over-refines it to increase the performance of TBIR. AIA can be achieved using the Tag Completion algorithm. The images retrieved from the TBIR are ranked based on the relevancy of the tags and visual content of the images. The relevancy can be evaluated using Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technique. Based on the ranks, the images are indexed in the Tag matrix. Thus the images that match the search query can be retrieved in an optimal way. Keywords: Image Retrieval, Automatic Image Annotation, Tag Based Image Retrieval (TBIR), Tag Completion Algorithm, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), Tag Matrix
A Low Rank Mechanism to Detect and Achieve Partially Completed Image TagsIRJET Journal
1. The document proposes a low-rank mechanism to detect and complete partially tagged images by approximating a global nonlinear model with local linear models using locality sensitivity and low-rank factorization.
2. It describes searching images based on category, keywords, or non-similar images and re-ranking images based on user likes/dislikes to increase the rank of more viewed images.
3. The proposed method is evaluated on a dataset showing its effectiveness over previous approaches through improved accuracy.
$$ Using statistics to search and annotate pictures an evaluation of semantic...mhmt82
This document summarizes and compares two approaches to semantic image annotation and retrieval on large databases: Supervised Multi-class Labeling (SML) and Supervised Category-based Labeling (SCBL). SML treats each semantic concept as a separate image class and learns class-conditional distributions, allowing optimal annotation and retrieval. SCBL groups images into categories, labels categories with concepts, and annotates images with frequent category labels, trading off performance for scalability. The document evaluates these approaches on large databases to establish their relative performance and scalability.
A Study on Image Retrieval Features and Techniques with Various CombinationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses image retrieval techniques for content-based image retrieval systems. It begins with an introduction to the growth of digital image collections and the need for large-scale image retrieval systems. It then reviews different features used for image retrieval, such as color histograms, color moments, color coherence vectors, and discrete wavelet transforms. Edge features and corner features are also discussed. The document concludes that using only one feature type such as color or texture is not sufficient, and the best approach is to extract multiple high-quality features and combine them for image retrieval.
HIGH-LEVEL SEMANTICS OF IMAGES IN WEB DOCUMENTS USING WEIGHTED TAGS AND STREN...IJCSEA Journal
The multimedia information retrieval from World Wide Web is a challenging issue. Describing multimedia object in general, images in particular with low-level features increases the semantic gap. From WWW, information present in a HTML document as textual keywords can be extracted for capturing semantic information with the view to narrow the semantic gap. The high-level textual information of images can be extracted and associated with the textual keywords, which narrow down the search space and improve the precision of retrieval. In this paper, a strength matrix is being proposed, which is based on the frequency of occurrence of keywords and the textual information pertaining to image URLs. The strength of these textual keywords are estimated and used for associating these keywords with the images present in the documents. The high-level semantics of the image is described in the HTML documents in the form of image name, ALT tag, optional description, etc., is used for estimating the strength. In addition, word position and weighting mechanism is also used for further improving the association textual keywords with the image related text. The effectiveness of information retrieval of the proposed technique is found to be comparatively better than many of the recently proposed retrieval techniques. The experimental results of the proposed method endorse the fact that image retrieval using image information and textual keywords is better than those of the text based and the content-based approaches.
NEW ONTOLOGY RETRIEVAL IMAGE METHOD IN 5K COREL IMAGESijcax
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new ontology-based method for automatic image retrieval and annotation using 5,000 images from the Corel dataset. The method combines global and regional visual features with contextual relationships defined in an ontology. It creates a new ontology based on WordNet to semantically relate tags and reduce gaps between low-level features and high-level concepts. Experimental results show the proposed method increases annotation accuracy compared to other methods.
THE STUDY OF CUCKOO OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR PRODUCTION PLANNING PROBLEMijcax
Constrained Nonlinear programming problems are hard problems, and one of the most widely used and
common problems for production planning problem to optimize. In this study, one of the mathematical
models of production planning is survey and the problem solved by cuckoo algorithm. Cuckoo Algorithm is
efficient method to solve continues non linear problem. Moreover, mentioned models of production
planning solved with Genetic algorithm and Lingo software and the results will compared. The Cuckoo
Algorithm is suitable choice for optimization in convergence of solution
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COLOR, TEXTURE AND SHAPE BASED CBIR, WITH TOPIC SPECIFIC CBIR.THE RESULTING ONTOLOGY CAN BE USED
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REDUCED. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM ALSO EXTRACTS THE TEXTURE VALUES FROM THE IMAGES AUTOMATICALLY
WITH ALSO ITS CATEGORY (LIKE SMOOTH, COURSE ETC) AS WELL AS ITS TECHNICAL INTERPRETATION.
This document describes a proposed content-based image retrieval system using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) and k-means clustering. It begins by discussing CBIR techniques and features like color, texture, and shape. It then outlines the proposed system which includes training a BPNN on image features, validating images, and testing by querying and retrieving similar images. Performance is analyzed based on metrics like accuracy, efficiency, and classification rate. Results show the system achieves up to 98% classification accuracy within 5-6 seconds.
This document describes a proposed method to improve image classification accuracy and speed using the bag-of-features model with spatial pooling. The proposed method has two phases: a training phase to create an image feature database, and an evaluation phase to classify new images. In the evaluation phase, spatial pooling is applied to input image features before classification with KNN. Variance-based feature selection is also used to reduce features before KNN classification. Experimental results show the proposed method improves classification accuracy up to 5% and reduces classification time by up to 50% compared to the standard bag-of-features model.
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Novel Hybrid Approach to Visual Concept Detection Using Image AnnotationCSCJournals
Millions of images are being uploaded on the internet without proper description (tags) about these images. Image retrieval based on image tagging approach is much faster than Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) approach but requires an entire image collection to be manually annotated with proper tags. This requires a lot of human efforts and time, and hence not feasible for huge image collections. An efficient method is necessary for automatically tagging such a vast collection of images. We propose a novel image tagging method, which automatically tags any image with its concept. Our unique approach to solve this problem involves manual tagging of small exemplar image set and low-level feature extraction of all the images, hence called a hybrid approach. This approach can be used to tag a large image dataset from manually tagged small image dataset. The experiments are performed on Wang's Corel Dataset. In the comparative study, it is found that, the proposed concept detection system based on this novel tagging approach has much less time complexity of classification step, and results in significant improvement in accuracy as compared to the other tagging approaches found in the literature. This approach may be used as faster alternative to the typical Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) approach for domain specific applications.
Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the fields of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines.
A novel Image Retrieval System using an effective region based shape represen...CSCJournals
With recent improvements in methods for the acquisition and rendering of shapes, the need for retrieval of shapes from large repositories of shapes has gained prominence. A variety of methods have been proposed that enable the efficient querying of shape repositories for a desired shape or image. Many of these methods use a sample shape as a query and attempt to retrieve shapes from the database that have a similar shape. This paper introduces a novel and efficient shape matching approach for the automatic identification of real world objects. The identification process is applied on isolated objects and requires the segmentation of the image into separate objects, followed by the extraction of representative shape signatures and the similarity estimation of pairs of objects considering the information extracted from the segmentation process and shape signature. We compute a 1D shape signature function from a region shape and use it for region shape representation and retrieval through similarity estimation. The proposed region shape feature is much more efficient to compute than other region shape techniques invariant to image transformation.
IMAGE CONTENT DESCRIPTION USING LSTM APPROACHcsandit
In this digital world, artificial intelligence has provided solutions to many problems, likewise to
encounter problems related to digital images and operations related to the extensive set of
images. We should learn how to analyze an image, and for that, we need feature extraction of
the content of that image. Image description methods involve natural language processing and
concepts of computer vision. The purpose of this work is to provide an efficient and accurate
image description of an unknown image by using deep learning methods. We propose a novel
generative robust model that trains a Deep Neural Network to learn about image features after
extracting information about the content of images, for that we used the novel combination of
CNN and LSTM. We trained our model on MSCOCO dataset, which provides set of annotations for a particular image, and after the model is fully automated, we tested it by providing raw images. And also several experiments are performed to check efficiency and robustness of the system, for that we have calculated BLUE Score.
Query Image Searching With Integrated Textual and Visual Relevance Feedback f...IJERA Editor
There are many researchers who have studied the relevance feedback in the literature of content based image
retrieval (CBIR) community, but none of CBIR search engines support it because of scalability, effectiveness
and efficiency issues. In this, we had implemented an integrated relevance feedback for retrieving of web
images. Here, we had concentrated on integration of both textual features (TF) and visual features (VF) based
relevance feedback (RF), simultaneously we also tested them individually. The TFRF employs and effective
search result clustering (SRC) algorithm to get salient phrases. Then a new user interface (UI) is proposed to
support RF. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is scalable, effective and accurated
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION IN IMAGE PROCESSING sipij
The aim of this paper is to present a comparative study of two linear dimension reduction methods namely
PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis). The main idea of PCA is to
transform the high dimensional input space onto the feature space where the maximal variance is
displayed. The feature selection in traditional LDA is obtained by maximizing the difference between
classes and minimizing the distance within classes. PCA finds the axes with maximum variance for the
whole data set where LDA tries to find the axes for best class seperability. The neural network is trained
about the reduced feature set (using PCA or LDA) of images in the database for fast searching of images
from the database using back propagation algorithm. The proposed method is experimented over a general
image database using Matlab. The performance of these systems has been evaluated by Precision and
Recall measures. Experimental results show that PCA gives the better performance in terms of higher
precision and recall values with lesser computational complexity than LDA
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES IN CONTENT BASED IMAGE RETRIEVALcscpconf
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time. Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as compared with other two techniques.
A comparative analysis of retrieval techniques in content based image retrievalcsandit
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image
Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in
image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to
help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach
for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen
Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using
edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the
particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time.
Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and
comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as
compared with other two techniques.
C OMPARATIVE S TUDY OF D IMENSIONALITY R EDUCTION T ECHNIQUES U SING PCA AND ...csandit
The aim of this paper is to present a comparative s
tudy of two linear dimension reduction
methods namely PCA (Principal Component Analysis) a
nd LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis).
The main idea of PCA is to transform the high dimen
sional input space onto the feature space
where the maximal variance is displayed. The featur
e selection in traditional LDA is obtained
by maximizing the difference between classes and mi
nimizing the distance within classes. PCA
finds the axes with maximum variance for the whole
data set where LDA tries to find the axes
for best class seperability. The proposed method is
experimented over a general image database
using Matlab. The performance of these systems has
been evaluated by Precision and Recall
measures. Experimental results show that PCA based
dimension reduction method gives the
better performance in terms of higher precision and
recall values with lesser computational
complexity than the LDA based method.
A Review on Matching For Sketch TechniqueIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several techniques for sketch-based image retrieval. It discusses methods using SIFT features, HOG descriptors, color segmentation, and gradient orientation histograms. It also reviews applications of these techniques to domains like facial recognition, graffiti matching, and tattoo identification for law enforcement. The techniques aim to extract visual features from sketches that can be used to match and retrieve similar images from databases. While achieving good results, the methods have limitations regarding database size and specificity, and accuracy with complex textures and shapes. Overall, the review examines advances in using sketches as queries for image retrieval.
Tag based image retrieval (tbir) using automatic image annotationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tag based image retrieval (tbir) using automatic image annotationeSAT Journals
Abstract In recent days, several social networking sites are more popular with digitized images. It comprises the major portion of the databases which makes the search engines to face difficulty in searching. We present a proficient image retrieval technique, which achieves eminent retrieval efficiency. Most of the images are annotated manually, thus the visual content and tags may be mismatched. This leads to poor performance in Tag Based Image Retrieval (TBIR). Automatic Image Annotation (AIA) analyzes the missing and noisy tags and over-refines it to increase the performance of TBIR. AIA can be achieved using the Tag Completion algorithm. The images retrieved from the TBIR are ranked based on the relevancy of the tags and visual content of the images. The relevancy can be evaluated using Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technique. Based on the ranks, the images are indexed in the Tag matrix. Thus the images that match the search query can be retrieved in an optimal way. Keywords: Image Retrieval, Automatic Image Annotation, Tag Based Image Retrieval (TBIR), Tag Completion Algorithm, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), Tag Matrix
A Low Rank Mechanism to Detect and Achieve Partially Completed Image TagsIRJET Journal
1. The document proposes a low-rank mechanism to detect and complete partially tagged images by approximating a global nonlinear model with local linear models using locality sensitivity and low-rank factorization.
2. It describes searching images based on category, keywords, or non-similar images and re-ranking images based on user likes/dislikes to increase the rank of more viewed images.
3. The proposed method is evaluated on a dataset showing its effectiveness over previous approaches through improved accuracy.
$$ Using statistics to search and annotate pictures an evaluation of semantic...mhmt82
This document summarizes and compares two approaches to semantic image annotation and retrieval on large databases: Supervised Multi-class Labeling (SML) and Supervised Category-based Labeling (SCBL). SML treats each semantic concept as a separate image class and learns class-conditional distributions, allowing optimal annotation and retrieval. SCBL groups images into categories, labels categories with concepts, and annotates images with frequent category labels, trading off performance for scalability. The document evaluates these approaches on large databases to establish their relative performance and scalability.
A Study on Image Retrieval Features and Techniques with Various CombinationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses image retrieval techniques for content-based image retrieval systems. It begins with an introduction to the growth of digital image collections and the need for large-scale image retrieval systems. It then reviews different features used for image retrieval, such as color histograms, color moments, color coherence vectors, and discrete wavelet transforms. Edge features and corner features are also discussed. The document concludes that using only one feature type such as color or texture is not sufficient, and the best approach is to extract multiple high-quality features and combine them for image retrieval.
HIGH-LEVEL SEMANTICS OF IMAGES IN WEB DOCUMENTS USING WEIGHTED TAGS AND STREN...IJCSEA Journal
The multimedia information retrieval from World Wide Web is a challenging issue. Describing multimedia object in general, images in particular with low-level features increases the semantic gap. From WWW, information present in a HTML document as textual keywords can be extracted for capturing semantic information with the view to narrow the semantic gap. The high-level textual information of images can be extracted and associated with the textual keywords, which narrow down the search space and improve the precision of retrieval. In this paper, a strength matrix is being proposed, which is based on the frequency of occurrence of keywords and the textual information pertaining to image URLs. The strength of these textual keywords are estimated and used for associating these keywords with the images present in the documents. The high-level semantics of the image is described in the HTML documents in the form of image name, ALT tag, optional description, etc., is used for estimating the strength. In addition, word position and weighting mechanism is also used for further improving the association textual keywords with the image related text. The effectiveness of information retrieval of the proposed technique is found to be comparatively better than many of the recently proposed retrieval techniques. The experimental results of the proposed method endorse the fact that image retrieval using image information and textual keywords is better than those of the text based and the content-based approaches.
Similar to NEW ONTOLOGY RETRIEVAL IMAGE METHOD IN 5K COREL IMAGES (20)
NEW ONTOLOGY RETRIEVAL IMAGE METHOD IN 5K COREL IMAGESijcax
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new ontology-based method for automatic image retrieval and annotation using 5,000 images from the Corel dataset. The method combines global and regional visual features with contextual relationships defined in an ontology. It creates a new ontology based on WordNet to semantically relate tags and reduce gaps between low-level features and high-level concepts. Experimental results show the proposed method increases annotation accuracy compared to other methods.
THE STUDY OF CUCKOO OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR PRODUCTION PLANNING PROBLEMijcax
Constrained Nonlinear programming problems are hard problems, and one of the most widely used and
common problems for production planning problem to optimize. In this study, one of the mathematical
models of production planning is survey and the problem solved by cuckoo algorithm. Cuckoo Algorithm is
efficient method to solve continues non linear problem. Moreover, mentioned models of production
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijcax
This document compares the performance of five routing protocols (AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR, DYMO) in mobile ad hoc networks through simulations. It summarizes each protocol and discusses the simulation setup. The protocols are categorized as reactive, proactive, or hybrid. Key performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing load are evaluated under varying pause times using the NS-2 simulator. The analysis seeks to determine the best operational conditions for each protocol in mobile ad hoc networks.
PREDICTING ACADEMIC MAJOR OF STUDENTS USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS TO THE CASE OF ...ijcax
In this study, which took place current year in the city of Maragheh in IRAN. Number of high school
students in the fields of study: mathematics, Experimental Sciences, humanities, vocational, business and
science were studied and compared. The purpose of this research is to predict the academic major of high
school students using Bayesian networks. The effective factors have been used in academic major selection
for the first time as an effective indicator of Bayesian networks. Evaluation of Impacts of indicators on
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On Fuzzy Soft Multi Set and Its Application in Information Systems ijcax
Research on information and communication technologies have been developed rapidly since it can be
applied easily to several areas like computer science, medical science, economics, environments,
engineering, among other. Applications of soft set theory, especially in information systems have been
found paramount importance. Recently, Mukherjee and Das defined some new operations in fuzzy soft
multi set theory and show that the De-Morgan’s type of results hold in fuzzy soft multi set theory with
respect to these newly defined operations. In this paper, we extend their work and study some more basic
properties of their defined operations. Also, we define some basic supporting tools in information system
also application of fuzzy soft multi sets in information system are presented and discussed. Here we define
the notion of fuzzy multi-valued information system in fuzzy soft multi set theory and show that every fuzzy
soft multi set is a fuzzy multi valued information system.
Web is a collection of inter-related files on one or more web servers while web mining means extracting
valuable information from web databases. Web mining is one of the data mining domains where data
mining techniques are used for extracting information from the web servers. The web data includes web
pages, web links, objects on the web and web logs. Web mining is used to understand the customer
behaviour, evaluate a particular website based on the information which is stored in web log files. Web
mining is evaluated by using data mining techniques, namely classification, clustering, and association
rules. It has some beneficial areas or applications such as Electronic commerce, E-learning, Egovernment, E-policies, E-democracy, Electronic business, security, crime investigation and digital library.
Retrieving the required web page from the web efficiently and effectively becomes a challenging task
because web is made up of unstructured data, which delivers the large amount of information and increase
the complexity of dealing information from different web service providers. The collection of information
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we have studied the basic concepts of web mining, classification, processes and issues. In addition to this,
this paper also analyzed the web mining research challenges.
SPAM FILTERING SECURITY EVALUATION FRAMEWORK USING SVM, LR AND MILR ijcax
The Pattern classification system classifies the pattern into feature space within a boundary. In case
adversarial applications use, for example Spam Filtering, the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS),
Biometric Authentication, the pattern classification systems are used. Spam filtering is an adversary
application in which data can be employed by humans to attenuate perspective operations. To appraise the
security issue related Spam Filtering voluminous machine learning systems. We presented a framework for
the experimental evaluation of the classifier security in an adversarial environments, that combines and
constructs on the arms race and security by design, Adversary modelling and Data distribution under
attack. Furthermore, we presented a SVM, LR and MILR classifier for classification to categorize email as
legitimate (ham) or spam emails on the basis of thee text samples.
Visually impaired people face many problems in their day to day lives. Among them, outdoor navigation is
one of the major concerns. The existing solutions based on Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) and Global
Positioning System (GPS) track ZigBee units or RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags fixed on the
navigation system. The issues pertaining to these solutions are as follows: (1) It is suitable only when the
visually impaired person is commuting in a familiar environment; (2) The device provides only a one way
communication; (3) Most of these instruments are heavy and sometimes costly. Preferable solution would
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The objective of this paper is to break down the technological barriers, and to propose a system by
developing an Android App which would help a visually impaired person while traveling via the public
transport system like Bus. The proposed system uses an inbuilt feature of smart phone such as GPS
location tracker to track the location of the user and Text to Speech converter. The system also integrates
Google Speech to Text converter for capturing the voice input and converts them to text. This system
recommends the requirement of installing a GPS module in buses for real time tracking. With minor
modification, this App can also help older people for independent navigation.
INTELLIGENT AGENT FOR PUBLICATION AND SUBSCRIPTION PATTERN ANALYSIS OF NEWS W...ijcax
The rapid growth of Internet has revolutionized online news reporting. Many users tend to use online news
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ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application
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provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means
the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all
the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling
booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the
system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All
the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and
disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin
can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.
The design of silicon chips in every semiconductor industry involves the testing of these chips with other
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Printed Circuit Board design that serves as a validation platform is foundational to the semiconductor
industry.
The manual/repetitive design activities that accompany the development of this board must be minimized to
achieve high quality, improve design efficiency, and eliminate human-errors. One of the time consuming
tasks in the board design is the Trace Length matching. The paper aims to reduce the length matching time
by automating it using SKILL scripts.
RESEARCH TRENDS İN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY İN TURKEY: 2010-2018 YEAR THESIS AN...ijcax
The purpose of this research is the analysis using meta-analysis of studies in the field of Educational
Technology in Turkey and in the field is to demonstrate how to get to that trend. For this purpose, a total of
263 studies were analyzed including 98 theses and 165 articles published between 2010-2018. Purpose
sampling method was used when selecting publications. In the research, while selecting articles and theses;
Turkey addressed; YOK Tez Tarama Database, Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Education,
Educational Sciences : Theory & Practice Journal, Education and Science Journal, Elementary Education
Online Journal, The Turkish Online Journal of Education and The Turkish Online Journal of Educational
Technology used in journals. Publications have been reviewed under 11 criteria. Index, year of
publication, research scope, method, education level, sample, number of samples, data collection methods,
analysis techniques, and research tendency, research topics in Educational Technology Research in Turkey
has revealed. The data is interpreted based on percentage and frequency and the results are shown using
the table.
RESEARCH TRENDS İN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY İN TURKEY: 2010-2018 YEAR THESIS AN...ijcax
The purpose of this research is the analysis using meta-analysis of studies in the field of Educational
Technology in Turkey and in the field is to demonstrate how to get to that trend. For this purpose, a total of
263 studies were analyzed including 98 theses and 165 articles published between 2010-2018. Purpose
sampling method was used when selecting publications. In the research, while selecting articles and theses;
Turkey addressed; YOK Tez Tarama Database, Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Education,
Educational Sciences : Theory & Practice Journal, Education and Science Journal, Elementary Education
Online Journal, The Turkish Online Journal of Education and The Turkish Online Journal of Educational
Technology used in journals. Publications have been reviewed under 11 criteria. Index, year of
publication, research scope, method, education level, sample, number of samples, data collection methods,
analysis techniques, and research tendency, research topics in Educational Technology Research in Turkey
has revealed. The data is interpreted based on percentage and frequency and the results are shown using
the table
IMPACT OF APPLYING INTERNATIONAL QUALITY STANDARDS ON MEDICAL EQUIPMENT IN SA...ijcax
This document summarizes a study on the impact of applying international quality standards on medical equipment in Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was distributed to 300 healthcare professionals in public and private hospitals to collect data. The results showed that around 80% of respondents strongly agreed that international standards like ISO have significantly improved safety, testing and calibration of medical devices, use of consistent terminology, and compatibility/interoperability. Adopting global quality standards appears to have reduced risks associated with medical equipment and enhanced patient safety in Saudi Arabia according to the healthcare workers surveyed.
SPAM FILTERING SECURITY EVALUATION FRAMEWORK USING SVM, LR AND MILR ijcax
The Pattern classification system classifies the pattern into feature space within a boundary. In case adversarial applications use, for example Spam Filtering, the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS), Biometric Authentication, the pattern classification systems are used. Spam filtering is an adversary
application in which data can be employed by humans to attenuate perspective operations. To appraise the
security issue related Spam Filtering voluminous machine learning systems. We presented a framework for the experimental evaluation of the classifier security in an adversarial environments, that combines and constructs on the arms race and security by design, Adversary modelling and Data distribution under
attack. Furthermore, we presented a SVM, LR and MILR classifier for classification to categorize email as legitimate (ham) or spam emails on the basis of thee text samples
Developing Product Configurator Tool Using CADs’ API with the help of Paramet...ijcax
Order placingis a crucial phase of lifecycle of a Mass-customizable product and seeks improvement in
Mechanical industry. ‘Product Configurator’ is a good solution to bring in data transparency and speed
up the process. Configuration tools arebeing used on a very small scale,reasons being lack of awareness
and dearer costs of existing tools. In this research work a product configurator is developedfor
Hydraulic Actuator (HA).This method uses Applicable Programing Interface (API) of a CAD tool coupled
with Visual Basics (VB) and MS Excel.Itis a standaloneapplication of VB and its integration into web
portal can be the future scope. The final aim was to reduce time delay at CRM phase,bring more
transparency in the ordering system and to establish a method which, small and medium scale enterprises
canafford. Trails on the tool developed generated Part-Assembly drawings, BOM and JT files in
moments.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOM CHANGE MANAGEMENT WORKFLOW TEMPLATES AND HAN...ijcax
A large no. of automobile companies finding a convinient way to manage design changes with the use of
various PLM techniques. Change in any product is something that should occur on timely basis to match
up with customer requirement and cost reduction. The change made in the vehicle designs directly affects
various concerned agencies. Automobile Vehicle structures contains thousands of parts and if there is any
change is occurring in child parts then it becomes important to track that impacted part, propose a solution
on that part and release a new assembly structure with feasible changes such that all efforts need to be
done for cost reduction.
Visually impaired people face many problems in their day to day lives. Among them, outdoor navigation is
one of the major concerns. The existing solutions based on Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) and Global
Positioning System (GPS) track ZigBee units or RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags fixed on the
navigation system. The issues pertaining to these solutions are as follows: (1) It is suitable only when the
visually impaired person is commuting in a familiar environment; (2) The device provides only a one way
communication; (3) Most of these instruments are heavy and sometimes costly. Preferable solution would
be to make a system which is easy to carry and cheap.
The objective of this paper is to break down the technological barriers, and to propose a system by
developing an Android App which would help a visually impaired person while traveling via the public
transport system like Bus. The proposed system uses an inbuilt feature of smart phone such as GPS
location tracker to track the location of the user and Text to Speech converter. The system also integrates
Google Speech to Text converter for capturing the voice input and converts them to text. This system
recommends the requirement of installing a GPS module in buses for real time tracking. With minor
modification, this App can also help older people for independent navigation.
TEACHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS UTILISING FUTURE GADGETS IN EDUCATION ijcax
Today’s era is an era of modernization and globalization. Everything is happening at a very fast rate
whether it is politics, societal reforms, commercialization, transportation, or educational innovations. In
every few second, technology grows either in the form of arrival of the new devices/gadgets with millions of
apps and these latest technological objects may be in the form of hardware/software devices. We are the
educationists, teachers, students and stakeholders of present Indian educational system. These
gadgets/devices are partly being used by us or most of them are still unaware of these innovative
technologies due to the mass media or economical factor. So, there is a need to improvise ourselves
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IMPROVING REAL TIME TASK AND HARNESSING ENERGY USING CSBTS IN VIRTUALIZED CLOUDijcax
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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NEW ONTOLOGY RETRIEVAL IMAGE METHOD IN 5K COREL IMAGES
1. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
DOI:10.5121/ijcax.2016.3401 1
NEW ONTOLOGY RETRIEVAL IMAGE METHOD IN
5K COREL IMAGES
Hossein Sahlani
Department of Information, Amin University, Tehran, Iran
ABSTRACT
Semantic annotation of images is an important research topic on both image understanding and database
or web image search. Image annotation is a technique to choosing appropriate labels for images with
extracting effective and hidden feature in pictures. In the feature extraction step of proposed method, we
present a model, which combined effective features of visual topics (global features over an image) and
regional contexts (relationship between the regions in Image and each other regions images) to automatic
image annotation.In the annotation step of proposed method, we create a new ontology (base on WordNet
ontology) for the semantic relationships between tags in the classification and improving semantic gap
exist in the automatic image annotation.Experiments result on the 5k Corel dataset show the proposed
method of image annotation in addition to reducing the complexity of the classification, increased accuracy
compared to the another methods.
KEYWORDS
Automatic Image Annotation, Ontology, Statistical Models, Regional Contexts, Visual Topics.
1. INTRODUCTION
Today with the exponential growth of the Web image, huge set of digital images is available in
variety collection, how to retrieval and manage them presents a significant challenge. For search
in the sets you need to enter appropriate text index to access the related images. These systems
have some problems: First, annotation images humanly require much time and much cost;
Second, dependent on operators, the point of view of different operators is not uniform concepts
in one image, so annotations of image are not concept all areas of image. This means that text-
based image searches are not explicitly enough and to overcome the problem of text-based
annotation systems, with gradually increasing the number of images in the databases, such as the
World Wide Web were introduced content-based image retrieval systems. Content-based Image
Retrieval (CBIR) methods compute relevance between images based on the visual similarity of
the low-level features [2]. However, the problem is the so-called “semantic gap” between low-
level features and high-level semantic concepts [4].In these systems, use machine learning or
statistical methods for classification or indexing of images that classes or indexes in each row
represents a label or a tag. Features extracted from the input image give to the machine learning
or another indexing system. These features are visual concepts such as color, texture and other
low-level features that extracted from the images. In the image annotations system, to achieve
good performance need to the number of enough extracted features. If used only one separator
classifier to classify images that this may lead to low classification accuracy and complexity of
the classification that in this paper used created ontology for annotation of each image. It is two
main parts in the content retrieval images system: feature extraction and indexing or
classification. In order to produce optimal system for each section, first must be selected the
appropriate features for example texture features, colour features… Then doing feature selection
algorithm that effect of select important features on the feature set that is performed with KNN
2. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
2
classifier and genetic algorithm and for indexing in each level we used combine statistical
indexing and other classification models. Then, in section 2, has been done an overview of the
other work in this area and then the proposed approach is fully described in section 3, in this
section we describe how to create ontology then explain features that used and how to combine
them with greater detail. In section 4 describe effect of ontology and statistical indexing system to
access better result and better describe concepts and greater matching capabilities together, and
compared proposed method with other methods and in the end we will conclude in section 5.
2. RELATED WORKS
Image Automatic Annotation method not based on a text labels and each images is annotated with
concept and feature that extracted based on image processing from self-image. The idea is to use
low-level features extracted from the image and can be achieved to their high-level semantics.
Such as low-level features of image is color, texture, shape, etc. while the semantics feature or
label and words that impression of the image are high-level concepts. One of the major
challenges in this field is the distance between these two concepts (label and feature) and there is
known as a semantic gap. In order to remove this semantic gap we using anthology based method
for annotations of images. In fact, should be found the mapping between low-level features and
concepts. To have this mapping should be used machine learning or another technique. The
annotations of images are a classification that represents a concept or phrase for each category of
the image [1]. Classification and learning process requires a series of images with different label
is called the training set. Image Annotation process including selecting the appropriate training
set, feature extraction from images and maps using machine learning algorithms between the low
level features of image and words or labels. With regard to the above, images annotation, can be
seen in the following four groups: Vector Space Models [5, 6], Classification Methods [7, 10]
Graph-based Methods [11] and Statistical Models [15, 16].
1 - The Vector Space Models: The vector space model framework [5], [6] is a popular technique
in information retrieval especially in text retrieval. Generally, documents are represented as
vectors, each of which contains the occurrences of keywords within the document in question.
The length of the vectors is equal to the vocabulary size. These approaches treat images as
documents, and build visual terms which are analogous to keywords, from the image feature
descriptors. Some of the methods in this category include: SvdCos method, Saliency-based
semantic propagation, and cross-language latent semantic indexing based approach.
2 - Statistical models: The basic idea of this method is to estimate the tags associated with an
image, in these methods, the features extracted from the images of the different areas and then the
attention to the frequency of features the entire or segmented image are labeled, These methods
are widely used in textual retrieval [3]. The co-occurrence model proposed by Mori et al [16] is
perhaps one of the first attempts at automatic image annotation. They first divide images into
rectangular tiles of the same size and calculate a feature descriptor of color and texture for each
tile. All the descriptors are clustered into a number of groups, each of which is represented by the
centered. Each tile inherits the whole set of labels from the original image. Then, they estimate
the probability of a keyword W related to a cluster C by the co-occurrence of the keyword and the
image tiles within the cluster. In [15] proposed a machine translation model for automatic image
annotation. They argued that region based image annotation is more interesting because global
annotation does not give information on which part of the image is related to which keyword. In
their point of view, the process of attaching keywords to image regions is similar to the
translation of one form of representation image regions. Indeed, their machine translation model
applies one of the classical statistical machine translation models to translate from the set of
keywords of an image to the set of blobs that generated by clustering the image features. In [8],
3. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
3
proposed Cross Media Relevance Model (CMRM) for automatic image annotation. CMRM
benefits the joint distribution of keywords and blobs. Each image describe by visual features
(blobs) as well as textual keywords. In CMRM the probability of observing a set of blobs with a
set of keywords estimated. In [9], proposed a Continues-space Relevance Model (CRM) that
improves CMRM by using continuous probability density functions to estimate the probability of
observing a region given an image. In [10], modified the above model and proposed Multiple
Bernoulli Relevance Model (MBRM) such that the probability of observing labels given an image
was modeled as a multiple-Bernoulli distribution. In MBRM images simply divided into
rectangular tiles instead of applying automatic segmentation algorithms. There exist two
problems in above algorithms. First, most existing algorithms have taken one of two approaches,
using regional or global features exclusively. Second, conventional approaches consider each
word separately without the textual context relations. As a result the textual context relations
among annotation words have been ignored. By textual context we refer to co-occurrence
relationship among words. Wang et al. [11] proposed a model for image annotation that combines
global, regional, and contextual features by an extended CMRM. They incorporate the three kinds
of information to describe image semantics to annotate images by estimating their joint
probability.
3 - Classification or Annotation using Keywords Methods: in this approach exist a number of
predefined labels and cluster that train images is clustered in given groups when given an image
without any label for labeling, classification algorithms identify the components of image and
assign it to the corresponding label. Each image can be annotated use a list of associated
keywords. Annotation labels can include custom words or include a list of predefined words
(dictionaries). Method [11] and [12] classify these images based on extracted features from them.
In method [12] in addition to sift features extracted from different areas of the images, spatial
feature extract from each image too that led to have 1416 features for each of the areas of the
images. In this method, first sift feature extracted from images then these features are combined
together that the total sift features extracted for each of the areas of the images are 1024. Then
spatial features between the areas of the images is extracted too that the total number of them are
392 so for the areas of the images this method or technique yields a total of 1416 features for each
of the areas of images. In method [12], is not used on the local sift features and used features
basis of texture and color of images and other features that generally used in image classification.
In [3] used the support vector machine to classify features extracted from the images. In [4] was
used a simple spatial vector model that directly classify images from a comparison of the features
histogram. In [5], was used combination of two support vector machine classification (first for a
global of images features and another for a locally features of image areas) to automatically
annotate images.
4 - Graph-based or Ontology-based Methods: ontology is a fundamentally involves subjects
(entities) and relationships between them. Add a hierarchical structure to the library of words
leads to the production of a classifier that named Ontology that can be solves the problem and
ambiguity of concept words [9, 10, and 6]. In the method [9] using a combination of several
ontology (that self-created these hierarchical structure of ontology) to classify images and the
results of each ontology by initialization of weight are combined and used Part II that explain in
[10] is division of features that by using machine learning techniques classify the images that are
in a class and the images are not in the class. (This is done separately for each of the layers) and
thus train the system how to classify the images.
Among the image annotation models classification approaches are the oldest in this domain. But
statistical models and graph based approaches have more chance. So we proposed approach in
this paper follows combining of statistical based models and ontology-based methods.
4. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
4
3. ONTOLOGY
We do not know how the humans brain extract concepts and low-level features from objects, this
is reason of different between machine and human perception and this different is called the
semantic gap. There are patterns in the human brain that with combining low-level features
describes concepts and meaning and eliminates the semantic gap.
In retrieval system, each image is known as a feature vector. At the beginning are computed
feature vectors for all images of database and stored in the feature database. Image retrieval
systems, sort of images feature vectors that to minimize the time required for finding similar
images in an image retrieval system and to maximize efficiency system. Several techniques are
used for indexing images that can be pointed to hierarchical structures so to find similar images
using a top-down search, image feature vector compare with ontology branches and select the
best branch with the shorter distance and the process will continue to achieve the ultimate
branches or leaves thus can be considered a multi-index images system that the index helps to
determine concepts completely. The relationships between the vocabularies of ontology also used
to create the image tag that is considered to be a more appropriate label for the image.
In this paper we used created ontology based on WordNet and ImageNet ontology [14] to
consider the relationship between the concepts to assign appropriate label to images. This
ontology is fully described in continue. This ontology is used topological, behavioral, semantic
and lexical relationships in the data.
3.1. Create Ontology
There are specific image databases for training and testing of image annotation systems, for
example using of images retrieval database such as Corel, ImageNet or ImageClef database and
other existing databases. However, in this paper must be use of databases that have a hierarchical
structure (ontology) or create hierarchical structure (ontology) for used database, that we used
Corel database, that hasn’t hierarchical structure in the labels so we create this in the labels with
WordNet ontology.
To do this, the database was divided into 6 main categories (based on ontology WordNet,
ImageCleff) that include: natural, manmade, human, animals, food and other items. Hierarchical
structure of the database must be done with sufficient accuracy otherwise creates problems in the
classification.
To create the ontology we used of 3 persons idea, in most cases these ideas were similar but in
some cases that there was a difference of opinion, majority decision was made for the labels and
in some cases causes the label to be placed in “other” classes.
Each picture is labeled from the root of the ontology to reach a leaf in hierarchical structure. For
example, an image of apple can be labeled as follows:
Entity Landscape-Nature Vegetation Fruit Apple
Ontology pictures, is shown as follow. To enhance the clarity, the parts of ontology shown
separately.
5. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
5
Figure 1: Ontology of entity objects
Figure 2: Ontology of humans and foods
Each area of the image should be like to the dictionary words and describe with these words, thus
used fuzzy weighted number. In which each regions of images related with different weights to
all the words of the dictionary thus, there are no restrictions to connection of the regions of image,
to dictionary words. Crisp weighting is relating each area of the pictures to just a visually word
and can be demonstrated in Fig 3. Clearly, this method is much better than the case that the
feature vector is just belong to the word “h”, because exist a few distance between the feature
vector and the word “I” and it is good that feature vector belong to both the center words with
appropriate weight. To clarify the difference between these two methods, an example of
histograms for a sample image with the hard and fuzzy weighting method is presented. Fig 3
shows an example that areas of an image belong to the dictionary words with hard weighting
method. In order to easily, only four words are used as a dictionary word and the image is divided
into four rectangular areas. As showed in figure 3, each of the regions of the image, belong to a
dictionary word. Each areas of image belong to a dictionary word that histogram of this is shown
in the middle column of Fig 3. Histogram of the image is corresponds to the sum of the number of
occurrences of each word or object in the image.
Figure 3: Crisp labeling
In Fig 4 shown a simple example of fuzzy weighting method. In the middle of it is shown weights
belong each of the four regions of the image to the each of the vocabulary words. Unlike the
previous case, each sub-image is belonging to every dictionary word. But with different weights,
6. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
6
for example, the first histogram that describe the top left regions of the image, shows the first
word dictionary is the best word for describe this region, in addition the second and fourth words
in the dictionary are describe this region too and should be considered appropriate weights for
their in the histogram.
Figure 1: Fuzzy labeling
Carefully at Fig 3 shows that ignored similarity in the hard weighting method that regions in
picture only belong to the closest word in the dictionary and with fixed weight. Using of
ontologies allow to find semantic relation between the labels. In the present study semantic
relation is to find the degree of similarity tags. To determine this, can be used two approaches:
soft (fuzzy) scoring and hard (crisp) scoring that describe above. In continue is explained how to
obtain the weight of each of the words to describe areas of the image. In the beginning create a
matrix with the number of labels size (according to the data base 374 * 374) and initial value one
in the main diagonal and zero for other (in the crisp scoring only diagonal matrix elements are
one and other are zero). According to the distance elements ontology increased the values in this
matrix to 1. This amount is determined according to the number of common tag in ontology.
For example, detecting of tiger and cat is very difficult and in crisp scoring if label has detected
cat just cat label give 1 score, But the soft scoring in addition to the cat, tiger which has a little
distance with cat in the ontology, give 0.8 score and element (cat, tiger) in matrix is 0.8. Both cat
and tiger are in the 5 th level in the ontology and have four common labels or parents so the score
of element (cat, tiger) in matrix is 0.8. Other score will also be calculated as follows:
Consider the visual words ontology including the k word as V = {W1, W2... Wk} and input image
consists of M locally visual words that descriptor by the symbol Pj where j values from 1 to M
varies. Carefully in this equation realize that the closest word in the ontology to visual word Wi
would receive a weight equal to one and other words base on their distance from the visual word
Wi give weights smaller than one. For example, Figure 9.
4. PROPOSED METHOD
The training part and testing part of the image annotation proposed method is shown in Fig (5).
To generate automatic Image annotations system with the proper performance should be correctly
and carefully chose the various components of the system. In Fig. 5 shown the proposed method
consists of several components, which include:
1- Select indexed images database to train
2- Create ontology
3- Images Segmentation: the images in the database have segmented by the automatic
segmentation algorithms such as JSEG or ISATOOL or method with intervention of human, so
test images are being segmented firstly.
4- Feature extraction: should be extracted visual features of image for classification, to access
better result and distinguishing images from together features must be selected and extracted
appropriately.
7. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
7
5- Bag of words: when the number of samples in the categories to be much using of bag of words
can be useful.
6- Features Selection: Due to the large number of features extracted from images use feature
selection techniques to reduce the complexity and may even lead to improved results.
7- Annotation or Labelling the Images: to create best label for test image we use statistical
method in local features and KNN classifier in global features and combined them to find
probability of each label.
Figure 2: Block diagram of the proposed method
4.1. Image Segmentation
As mentioned in the previous section is used the Corel5k database for classification that in this
database images are segmented to different object. In this database is used of JSEG algorithm
[15] for the images segmentation. After segmentation of the image using different masks in image
Attach best labels for test
images
FeatureGabor
Public Features
FeatureSift
Image Database
Image segmentation
Region Feature
Selection
BOW
Feature Selection
Create Ontology
Local similarity between
test and train images
Global Feature
Selection
Global similarity between
test and train images
Semantic relation between
the test and training tags
8. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
8
to separated various components of image (For each segmented image create a mask that size of
magnitude and latitude of the mask is same as image and initial value of this mask is zero and
then the value of the place of the segment is one when complete the mask then with point
multiple of mask and original image access to the image that is black for places does not belong
to the segment and other points marked piece is the segmented image and ready for the next step).
In Fig 6, is showed the image of database with isolated segmentation parts of image (every pieces
of image is obtained with point multiple of masks value in the original image that is segmented
with JSEG algorithm and human help).
Figure 3: Example of image segmantation
4.2 Feature Extraction
The most important part of artificial intelligence projects that have the training and testing parts
that are related to the stage of feature extraction and classification. After entry initial data or
pictures and doing pre-processing stage such as segmentation then considered certain methods of
image feature extraction that are comparable. Output of these methods is numbers or vectors that
describe the characteristics of the image, such as colour histogram and etc. Feature Extraction in
this project has several parts:
4.2.1 General Features
The first part (General Features) is related to the features that exist on the site of ECCV_2002
conference for this database. Each image segment is represented by 36 features. Since each image
has a different number of segments. Note that the features are redundant. Note also that the RGB
and L*a*b features were duplicated to increase their weight for a specific experiment. The 36
features are:
- area, x, y, boundary/area, convexity, moment-of-inertia (6)
- ave RGB (6)
- RGB stdev (3)
- ave L*a*b (6)
- lab stdev (3)
- mean oriented energy, 30 degree increments (12)
4.2.2 Local Feature Extraction
The second part is the local features extraction of images, in addition of global features extraction
to improve the accuracy of classification, use of local features extraction (according to various
9. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
9
references of image retrieval) like sift from whole of image is suggested1
. Local features of the
images are showing more detail. The main steps related to sift algorithm to extract local features
as follows:
1. Find the maximum and minimum in scale space: in this stage, search for local maximum
and minimum in the all of scales that uses a Gaussian filter to detect desired points that
are independent of scaling and rotation.
2. Focus on key points: in this stage, identify scale and location of the key points.
3. Determination orientation: determine one or more orientation for each key point based on
local gradient.
4. Describe the key points: to describe the key points, local gradient image around the key
point in the selected scale is calculated. The extracted features are independent of the
orientation, scale and location.
4.2.3 Global Feature Extraction
In addition of the local features that described in above, some of the features can be extracted
from the whole of the images. Global features can be located in general features classes but the
global Features are extracted from the whole of image and general features are extracted from the
separated segments of images. One of the major features in this property is Gabor feature.
4.2.4 Combine Features
With regard to the independence of the features, can be individually investigated the effects of
any features to detect similarity between test and train images.
4.3 Bag of words
When the number of elements in the class is too high, the usage of bag of words is useful and
important, result of using bag of words are savings in time and memory, for example, when the
number of elements in each class is 10,000 and each of the elements have 150 features a matrix of
150 * 10,000 for elements of this class should be considered but when using bag of words (as the
representative of the 10,000 element are 100 center element, for recognition of 100 center we
must using clustering within the 10,000 element and the number centers of these clusters are
considered 100) dimensions of this matrix are 150 * 100. Thus the feature vectors that are more
similar to each other that are diagnosed in a cluster and have same treated. For each cluster, center
is calculated and added to the dictionary as a visual word. In fig 12, is shown the concept of
visual bag of words.
Figure 7: Create visual Bag of Word
10. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
10
The algorithm used in clustering algorithm is k mean, According to Fig 7, it is observed that the
number of centers is significant and can increase the detection accuracy.
4.4 Features Selection
One of the important features of the proposed method in this paper is that combine features
extracted from the image and prevention of climbing feature vector length. For this purpose in
each stage of annotations, after image segmentation chosen best set of features with features
selection algorithm.
These reduce the computational complexity of the program and sometimes enhance the accuracy
of the proposed algorithm.
In this paper feature selection algorithm uses of genetic algorithm technique, in this algorithm
fitness function is measure mean ofF1. The results of applying this algorithm is selected 15
important features from 36 general features, 100 important features from 640 (according to BoW,
5 bag extracted from each image and each bag has 128 features) local (Sift) Features and 35
important features from 512 global (Gabor) features.Thus select features that are important at
each stage of classification.
4.5 Classification
Annotation or classification is doing in two steps:
• The first step is classification base on generally, locally and globally features separately.
• The second step is combining the result of different classification in first step.
4.5.1 Local classification
Suppose we are given a collection C of un-annotated images. Each image I ε C is represented by a
discreteset of blob numbers, I = {b1….bm}. In this section we develop a formalmodel that allows
us to answer the following question:
Given an un-annotated image I ε C, how can we automatically assign meaningful keywords to
that image?
We assume there exists a training collection T, of annotated images, where each image J ε T has a
dual representation in terms of both words and blobs:
J = {b1….bm; w1….wn}. Here {b1….bm} represents the blobs corresponding to regions of the
image and {w1….wn} represents the words in the image caption.The number of blobs and words
in each image (m and n)may be different from image to image. We only assume that a setof
keywords {w1…wn} is related to the set of objectsrepresented by blobs {b1…bm}.
Suppose we are given an un-annotated image I ε C. Wehave the blob representation of that image
I = {b1…bm},and want to automatically select a set of words {w1…wn} that accurately reflects the
content of the image.
That is, weneed to estimate the probability P (w/I) for every word win the vocabulary.
Theprobability of drawing the word w is best approximated bythe conditional probability of
observing w given that wepreviously observed b1…bm as a random sample from thesame
distribution:
11. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
11
P(w|I) ≈ P(w|b1…bm)
We cannot use the prevalent maximum-likelihood estimator for that probability because the
image representationb1…bk does not contain any words. However, we can usethe training set T of
annotated images to estimate the jointprobability of observing the word w and the blobs b1…bmin
the same image, and then marginalizing the distributionwith respect to w. The joint distribution
can be computedas the expectation over the images J in the training set:
| , … , = , , … , |
∈
We assume that the events of observing w and b1….bmare mutually independent once we pick the
image J. This assumption follows directly from ourearlier decision to model each image as an urn
containingboth words and blobs. Since the events are independent, wecan rewrite above equation
as follows:
, , … , = | |
∈
The prior probabilities P (J) can be kept uniform over allimages in T. Since the images J in the
training set contain both words and blobs. Specially, the probability of drawing the word w or a
blobb from the model of image J is given by:
| =
,
| =
,
Here, num(w, J) denotes the actual number of times the wordw occurs in the caption of image J
(usually 0 or 1, sincethe same word is rarely used multiple times in a caption). Similarly, num(b,
J) reflects theactual number of times some region of the image J is labelled with blob b, num (J)
stands forthe aggregate count of all words and blobs occurring in image J.
4.5.2 Global Classification
In this part of the proposed method are compared features of the test image with features of
training images and test image labeled with the labels of annotated training images. In Local
classification images used regional features and annotated a set of areas, in other words, use of
areas independently. If the Global classification method considered the relationship between these
areas. In general, the distribution of visual words cannot be independent of the distribution areas,
then areas of distribution and distribution of visual words are dependent.
In view of the follow equation, it can be concluded that coefficient α show the similarity of test
image I with train images. That in the proposed method reflects the distribution of words in the
train that defines the test image. It is easily understood that the more like a test image to a train
image, similar distribution of visual word in them, in other words the amount of distribution of
visual word train image J or coefficient α should be bigger.
12. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
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| = |
∈
4.5.3 Combine Classifications
In this part of the proposed method, the results of the above combine together that suggested the
follows equation:
Combine classification = A* Local classification + B*Global classification
Local classification = (Matrix Ontology) C
* P (w|I)
Global classification = (Matrix Ontology) C
* P (w|I)’
As can be seen in the above, variables or classifications combine together by using the
coefficients A, B. While using the created ontology in classifications and for control amount of
ontology effect used a coefficient (c).
To obtain the variables A, B, C used genetic algorithm. F1 is fitness evaluation and the range of
A, B is from 0 to 100 and in multiples of 5 and parameter C considered in the range of 5 to 25.
The results of 500 time’s genetic algorithm as following values:
A = 45
B = 10
C = 18
5. RESULTS
To review the results, existing database divided in to training and testing sets then extracting
relevant features and then tagged classes or labels to the components of the images, so it is
possible (depending on the number of components of the picture) each image has number labels.
5.1. Image database
We have used a set of Corel images consists of 5000 images to evaluate the proposed model. The
image database consists of 50 main topics and each class includes 100 images. COREL-5K was
first collected by Duygulu et al. [17] and it has been extensively used by other researchers, so it
has been known as a standard dataset in image annotation researches. Each image is also
associated with 1-5 keywords. Therefore, there are 374 keywords in the dataset. We partition the
whole data set into a training set and a test set, to review the results, existing database divided
into training (90 percent) and testing (10 percent) sets, which means 4500 training images and
500 test images. For the region features, we use the JSEG algorithm [23] to segment each image
into 1 to 11 regions. Image regions with area less than 1/25 of the whole image are discarded. In
average there are five image regions per image. Each image region is represented by a 36-D
feature vector. For the dense grid, we sample 13×13 pixels image patches without overlapping.
The average number of image patches per image is around 550. The image regions are clustered
into 500 image blobs.
5.2 Experimental Results
It should be noted that to evaluate the performance of different methods used the measure of
accuracy to compute the rate of correct diagnosis and misdiagnosis for each of the images.
13. International Journal of Computer- Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.3, No.4, October 2016
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The most common comparison criteria can be used in image annotation ismeasuring Precision,
Recall, F1 and NZR, which are calculated using the following formula:
Precision(w)=
r
n
Recall(W)=
r
N
F- Measure =
2 xPrecision x Recall
(Precision + Recall)
NZR = None Zero Recall
The above variables are defined as follows:
r: number of common words annotated manually or automatically
n: total number of words annotated automatically for each image
N: Number of words annotated manually for each image
The number of words by Recall greater than zero is shown the number of correct words that
predicted by an automatic annotation method. When Recall of a keyword is greater than zero that
one or more is predicted correctly, otherwise the Recall won’t greater than zero.
The results of the experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.Figure 8, shows
some of images with manually and automatically labels with proposed method.
Image
s
Huma
n
labels
Sky, head,
cat, tiger
Flowers, stems, petals sky, jet, plan Sun, sea
Propo
sed
metho
d
label
Tiger, cat,
sky, tree,
clouds
Flower, sky, stems,
grass, plants
Sky, plan, jet, sea, bird Sun, sea, bird,
sky, beach
Figure 4: some of images with manually and automatically labels with proposed method
5.3 Compared with other methods
For comparison, the proposed method was compared with existing methods. In table 1 is shown
results of NZR and average of precision, recall and F1 for different methods.
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Table 1: Compare the proposed approach with other methods
Methods precision recall F1 NZR
PLSA-FUSION-2010-[18] 0.19 0.22 0.2 112
TMIML-2010-[8] 0.23 0.27 0.25 130
JEC-2010-[1] 0.27 0.32 0.29 139
Lasso-2010-[1] 0.24 0.29 0.26 127
GMM-2011-[19] 0.15 0.19 0.17 93
GM-PLSA-2011-[17] 0.25 0.26 0.25 125
CKSM-2011-[20] 0.29 0.35 0.31 147
HDGM-2012-[9] 0.29 0.3 0.3 146
CVM-DP-2012-[21] 0.35 0.25 0.29 -
feature fusion -2014-[2] 0.27 0.33 0.3 141
DWML-kNN -2012-[11] 0.28 0.33 0.3 133
IAGA -2014-[12] 0.3 0.327 0.31 132
Deljooi-2015 – [16] 0.3 0.31 0.3 134
Proposed method
without ontology
0.3 0.32 0.3 130
Proposed method only
with Local Classification
0.31 0.34 0.32 135
Proposed method only
with Global Classification
0.31 0.34 0.32 129
Proposed method 0.32 0.35 0.33 139
As Table 1 shows, the accuracy of the proposed method compared to similar approaches and
show the proposed method without the ontology has lower accuracy than other proposed
methods, the original proposed method have a better performance.
In this paper used an algorithm that combine ontology model and extended CMRM to combine
low-level features and high-level features image to display concepts. It has good flexibility and
can easily be extended to larger areas. The ontology consists of concepts and associated structures
that provides better results. The hierarchical structure eliminated the semantic gap.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have proposed a method for AIA (automatic image annotation) which is
improved the result combine local and global classifications. Instead of using the direct
distribution of regions in CMRM, we utilize the distribution of topics between regions. Moreover
regional contexts are more accurate than textual contexts or the relationship between keywords in
CMRM. The proposed approach combines the hierarchical structure and regional contexts and
visual topics for automatic image annotation, as for the dependence between these two kinds of
information in the image; we use the ontology approach based on WSM (Weighted Sum Method)
to integrate them. The proposed method is tested on a 5000 Corel data set and the results show
that utilization of regional contexts or considering the relationship between regions improves the
performance significantly and its incorporation with the visual topics leads to the best
performance.
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