The paper evaluates the performance of ontology-based methods for image retrieval using low-level features such as color, texture, and shape through content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems. Results indicate that the use of multiple features enhances precision and recall while addressing the semantic gap in retrieval tasks. The proposed approach automatically extracts and classifies texture information to improve retrieval accuracy in specific domains.

1. Advanced Computing: An International Journal ( ACIJ ), Vol.4, No.3, May 2013
DOI : 10.5121/acij.2013.4304 39
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ONTOLOGY AND
FUZZYBASE CBIR
Tajman sandhu (Research scholar)
Department of Information Technology
Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Punjab, India
yuvi_taj@yahoo.com
Parminder Singh(Assistant Professor)
Department of Information Technology
Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Punjab, India
Singh.parminder06@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
IN THIS PAPER, WE HAVE DONE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ONTOLOGY USING LOW-LEVEL FEATURES LIKE
COLOR, TEXTURE AND SHAPE BASED CBIR, WITH TOPIC SPECIFIC CBIR.THE RESULTING ONTOLOGY CAN BE USED
TO EXTRACT THE APPROPRIATE IMAGES FROM THE IMAGE DATABASE. RETRIEVING APPROPRIATE IMAGES FROM AN
IMAGE DATABASE IS ONE OF THE DIFFICULT TASKS IN MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THE
VALUES OF RECALL AND PRECISION CAN BE ENHANCED AND THIS ALSO SHOWS THAT SEMANTIC GAP CAN ALSO BE
REDUCED. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM ALSO EXTRACTS THE TEXTURE VALUES FROM THE IMAGES AUTOMATICALLY
WITH ALSO ITS CATEGORY (LIKE SMOOTH, COURSE ETC) AS WELL AS ITS TECHNICAL INTERPRETATION.
KEYWORDS
CBIR; fuzzyminmax; recall; precision; Texel; texture
1. INTRODUCTION
Content Based Image Retrieval system is a system in which the retrieval is based on the content
as well as linked information of the image which is having mathematical value in nature. Content-
based image retrieval (CBIR) [1] also recognized as query by image content (QBIC) and content-
based visual information retrieval (CBVIR). There is a increasing interest in CBIR since of the
limitations inherent in metadata-based systems and the great choice of possible uses for efficient
image retrieval.CBIR systems have been developed, however the problem of retrieving images on
the foundation of their pixel content remains largely unexplained.
2. DIFFERENT IMPLEMENTATIONS OF CBIR
Different implementations of CBIR make use of different types of client queries.

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2.1 Query by example
Query by example is a query technique with the purpose of involves providing the CBIR system
with an example image that it will then base its search upon. .This query technique removes the
difficulties that can arise when trying to explain images with words.
2.2 Query by Semantic objects
The perfect CBIR system from a customer viewpoint would involve what is referred to
as semantic retrieval, where the customer makes demand like "find pictures of smooth texture".
This type of open-ended task is very hard for computers to perform. Current CBIR systems
therefore generally make use of lower-level features [2] like texture, color, and shape even
though some systems take advantage of very common higher-level features [3] like faces. Not
every CBIR system is generic. Various systems are designed for a particular domain or topic
specific e.g. shape matching can be used for judgment parts inside a CAD-CAM database.
2.3Other query methods
additional query methods consist of browsing for example images, navigating
customized/hierarchical categories, querying by image part (rather than the entire image),
querying by multiple example images, querying by visual drawing, querying by direct
specification of image features, and multimodal queries (e.g. combining touch, voice, etc.).
3. BUILT CBIR
3.1 Color
Color standards similar to(255,111,40) represents color features by Computing distance measures
which is based on color resemblance that is achieved by computing a color histogram for each
image which identifies the proportion of pixels within an image holding exact values (that
humans express as colors). Present research is attempting to segment color proportion by region
and by spatial relationship among a number of color regions. Examining images based on the
colors they hold is one of the most broadly used techniques for the reason that it does not depend
on image size or orientation. Color searches will usually engage comparing color histograms,
despite the fact that this is not the only technique in put into practice.
3.2 Texture
Texture [9] standards similar to (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) of energy measures the visual patterns in
images as well as how they are spatially defined. Textures are represented by means of texels
[4] which are then positioned into a numeral of sets, depending on how many textures are
detected in the image. These sets not only define the texture, however also where in the image the
texture is situated.Texture is a complicated theory to represent. The identification of accurate
textures in an image is achieved primarily by modeling texture as a two-dimensional gray level
variation. The comparative intensity of pairs of pixels is computed such that degree of contrast,
regularity, coarseness and directionality possibly will be predictable. On the other hand, the
problem is in identifying patterns of co-pixel variation as well as associating them with particular
classes of textures such as silky, or irregular.

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41
3.3 Shape
Shape does not refer to the shape of an image but to the shape of a particular region that is to say
being sought out. Shapes will frequently be determined first applying segmentation or edge
detection to an image. Additional methods like use shape filters to identify particular shapes of an
image. In a few cases correct shapes recognition will require human interference for the reason
that methods like segmentation are very complicated to completely automate.
4. Evaluation of CBIR
There are many CBIR available, but how do we know, which one is performing really fine, which
one gives the best quality. The results both in terms of images and the associated annotated
information need to be addressed and justified for the said system for performance. For SLR [5]
technique, we come to understand the most CBIR are evaluated based on recall and precision
Evaluation of retrieval performance plays a very important role in image retrieval. There are
many different methods used for performance evaluation of the system. The most common
evaluation measures used in image retrieval systems are Precision [6] and Recall [6], usually
presented as precision versus recall graph (PR) graph.
Precision: The ability to retrieve top-ranked images that are mostly relevant
Precision Value =
Recall: The ability to the search and find all of the relevant items in the database.
Recall Value =
In this research paper we intend to find which CBIR is better performing if multiple features are
used, or a system that uses single feature based on color, texture, shape etc., therefore, we propose
following system as compared to Construction of Image Ontology using Low-Level features for
Image Retrieval system.
The flowchart of the proposed algorithm is as follows:-
Fig 1 Flowchart of the Proposed Algorithm

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Following are the steps:-
1. Development of a representative data set of textured images.
2. Study of various linguistic descriptors (Fuzzy Sets[7]) based on the domains of textured
images with degree of entropy, homogeneity, contrast, cluster shade, Autocorrelation and
with interpretation
3. Use of Fuzzy Sets collected in step 2and development and annotation of texture features
sets for the said data set developed in step 1.
4. Development of a storage schema which maps the Hyper Model and texture feature
annotation sets developed in step 3.
5. Development of an interface for storing the highly textured images information w.r.t.
previous steps in the database.
6. Development of a structured query based on which information of texture images can be
retrieved.
7. Development of an application for running the queries developed in step 6.
8. Calculation of precision and recall values for design and implementing hyper real model
by reducing semantic gap using image retrieval system
9. Comparison of the planned system with other systems.
This system architecture describes the flow of processes involved in construction of Image
Ontology using Color, Texture and Shape from the input images present in the database.

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43
Steps involved in previous algorithm are
1. Images are input from the data base
2. Then the image ontology based upon color, texture and shape is extracted
3. Then classification is done in which grouping is done according to some external criteria
4. This Classification is done manually followed by class hierarchy construction
5. This system uses Seven Step Methodology”
.
It consists of the following steps,
• Determine the domain and scope of ontology
• Reusing existing ontology, if any
• Enumerate important terms in the ontology
• Define the classes and class hierarchy
• Define the properties of classes (slots or roles)
• Define the facets of the slots (role restrictions)
• Create Instance
6. Then query images are matched with data base images and the most similar images are
retrieved.
5. Performance evaluation of both systems
Following parameters are used to compute the results and recall values for both the system. These
values are fed into formulas as described above. From where value of recall and precision is
calculated.
Table 1.example query and its calculation
Table 2.Recall precision values [8]
Recall value Precision value
0.2 1
0.4 0.83
0.6 0.66
0.8 0.66
1. Total no. of images in
database
100
2. Total number of result
shown
70
2. Total number of correct
relevant results ( for
'smooth texture' query)
48
3. Total number of Relevant
Image results in the
database but not shown
12
4. Total no. of Irrelevant
Images results
12
5. Recall 0.48
6. Precision 0.685

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Table 3.Recall precision values of proposed system
Recall value Precision value
0.2 0.83
0.48 0.685
0.6 0.705
0.8 0.88
Recall precision graph
5.1 Interpretation of graph
It is apparent from the graph that the quality of the results is increasing in terms of precision, as
the recall value increases. This, however, reflects that the queries are specific to topic and get
broader in their scope within same domain, due to which recall also remain highs.
6. Conclusion
The previous algorithm is using multiple low level features, which includes color, texture and
shape and based on ontology, they have done manual classification and annotation, however ,we
have developed a system that automatically extracts texture information, identify its degree and
interpretation in technical words that are understood by humans easily, this reduces the semantic
gap, and it is apparent from the table[2] and [3] as well as from the bar graph that the focused
,topic specific, domain specific CBIR produce better results in terms of proportions of relevant
results when information is retrieved from it.
7. Future scope
Our work can be further extended by understanding the semantic of other texture properties of the
images and also by mapping technical and scientific laws that give the values of texture features
likeCluster Prominence, Dissimilarity, Variance, Maximum probability, Inverse difference
normalized which have not been used in current work.

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Acknowledgment
I degree my thanks to all who helped me in successful completion of this current research work. I
would like to admit the assistance and support acknowledged from Er. Parminder Singh ,who
gave me fruitful opportunity to expose our knowledge by doing this research work.
References
[1] Ricardo da Silva Torres and Alexandre Xavier Falcão ,” Content-Based Image Retrieval: Theory and
Applications”
[2] D. Brahmi,” Improving CBIR Systems by Integrating Semantic Features”, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada ,May 17-May 19
[3] Ying Liu, Dengsheng Zhang, Guojun Lu, and Wei-Ying Ma,” A survey of content-based image
retrieval with high-level semantics”, Pattern Recognition, Volume 40, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages
262-282
[4] Todorovic, S.,’’ Texel-based texture segmentation/”Computer Vision, 2009 IEEE 12th International
Conference on Sept. 29 2009-Oct. 2 2009, pp. 841 - 848J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity
and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73.
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BOLLMANN Technische Universitat Berlin
[6] Ricardo da Silva Torres and Alexandre Xavier Falcão ,” Content-Based Image Retrieval: Theory and
Applications”
[7] Didier DuBois, Henri M. Prade,”Fundamentals of Fuzzy Sets”
[8] Gowsikhaa.D Abirami.S and Baskaran.R,” Construction of Image Ontology using Low-Level features
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[9] Tajman sandhu and parminder singh ,”domain specific CBIR for highly textued images ” Computer
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