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Learning is defined as a persisting change in human performance or potential that results from experience or interaction with the environment. A learning theory comprises constructs that link observable changes in performance to the processes thought to cause those changes. These include the results or changes to be explained, the means or processes behind the results, and the inputs that trigger the processes. Thorndike's law of effect stated that animals learn associations between sensations and impulses when their actions have satisfying consequences.
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Ability & Learning By Me
This document discusses various theories of ability and learning. It covers dimensions of intellectual ability including advantages and disadvantages of ability testing. It then covers the major learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning theory, and social learning theory. Key concepts are defined for each theory such as unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, reinforcement, and modeling. Factors influencing the theories and their applications and limitations in organizational settings are also discussed.
B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a theory of learning that focuses on how environmental interactions influence behavior. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning which explains that behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. There are four principles of operant conditioning: immediacy of consequences, deprivation and satiation, contingency between behavior and consequence, and effectiveness being determined by size of consequence. Reinforcement and punishment are used to shape behaviors through positive or negative consequences.
Organization Behavior
The document discusses various theories of learning including learning curves, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. It provides details on key concepts for each theory such as unconditioned and conditioned stimuli/responses for classical conditioning and reinforcement, punishment, and different schedules of reinforcement for operant conditioning. Social learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and modeling.
Operant Conditioning Powerpoint Lecture
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are strengthened through reinforcement or weakened through punishment. It is based on the behaviorist perspective that emphasizes observable behaviors and the environment's role in influencing behavior. Reinforcement increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated by following it with a stimulus. Punishment decreases the likelihood by introducing an aversive stimulus or withdrawing a positive one after an action.
Motivation and productivity increasing productivity
The document discusses ways to increase productivity in organizations from a behaviorist perspective. It outlines behaviorism's key tenets including reinforcement contingencies, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. The document also summarizes Hull's drive-reduction theory and Spence's incentive motivation theory of learning and extinction. Finally, it lists several behaviorist-inspired methods that can be used to enhance productivity in work settings, such as training associations, using reinforcement and punishment, and providing incentives.
Behaviorism
Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are modified by their consequences. Reinforcing a behavior increases the likelihood it will occur again, while punishment decreases it. There are different types of reinforcers and schedules of reinforcement that impact the strength and rate of behaviors. Continuous reinforcement strengthens new behaviors by rewarding every occurrence, but partial schedules reward intermittently and create more resistant behaviors. Common partial schedules include fixed and variable ratio and interval schedules that determine when a response is rewarded.
092408 324 Lecture
- Little Albert was exposed to a white rat and displayed no fear initially (neutral stimulus). When a loud sound was paired with touching the rat (conditioned stimulus), he cried and later feared other white furry items (conditioned response).
- Classical conditioning can be used to treat fears by slowly exposing subjects to feared stimuli paired with rewarding experiences like food (counterconditioning/exposure therapy).
- Natural selection results in the survival of species that are best adapted to their environment through heritable traits. It is a gradual process where favorable variations are selected over generations, not a choice by the organisms.
Cedp 402 chapter 23
Single subject research designs are used to study the effects of an intervention on individuals while controlling for internal validity. These designs involve establishing a baseline level of behavior, introducing a treatment, and measuring any changes in behavior to see if it corresponds with the treatment. Common single subject designs include reversal designs like ABA and ABAB that alternate between baseline and treatment conditions, and multiple baseline designs that stagger introducing treatment across multiple subjects to control for other factors.
Recommended
Ability & Learning By Me
This document discusses various theories of ability and learning. It covers dimensions of intellectual ability including advantages and disadvantages of ability testing. It then covers the major learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning theory, and social learning theory. Key concepts are defined for each theory such as unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, reinforcement, and modeling. Factors influencing the theories and their applications and limitations in organizational settings are also discussed.
B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a theory of learning that focuses on how environmental interactions influence behavior. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning which explains that behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. There are four principles of operant conditioning: immediacy of consequences, deprivation and satiation, contingency between behavior and consequence, and effectiveness being determined by size of consequence. Reinforcement and punishment are used to shape behaviors through positive or negative consequences.
Organization Behavior
The document discusses various theories of learning including learning curves, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. It provides details on key concepts for each theory such as unconditioned and conditioned stimuli/responses for classical conditioning and reinforcement, punishment, and different schedules of reinforcement for operant conditioning. Social learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and modeling.
Operant Conditioning Powerpoint Lecture
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are strengthened through reinforcement or weakened through punishment. It is based on the behaviorist perspective that emphasizes observable behaviors and the environment's role in influencing behavior. Reinforcement increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated by following it with a stimulus. Punishment decreases the likelihood by introducing an aversive stimulus or withdrawing a positive one after an action.
Motivation and productivity increasing productivity
The document discusses ways to increase productivity in organizations from a behaviorist perspective. It outlines behaviorism's key tenets including reinforcement contingencies, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. The document also summarizes Hull's drive-reduction theory and Spence's incentive motivation theory of learning and extinction. Finally, it lists several behaviorist-inspired methods that can be used to enhance productivity in work settings, such as training associations, using reinforcement and punishment, and providing incentives.
Behaviorism
Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are modified by their consequences. Reinforcing a behavior increases the likelihood it will occur again, while punishment decreases it. There are different types of reinforcers and schedules of reinforcement that impact the strength and rate of behaviors. Continuous reinforcement strengthens new behaviors by rewarding every occurrence, but partial schedules reward intermittently and create more resistant behaviors. Common partial schedules include fixed and variable ratio and interval schedules that determine when a response is rewarded.
092408 324 Lecture
- Little Albert was exposed to a white rat and displayed no fear initially (neutral stimulus). When a loud sound was paired with touching the rat (conditioned stimulus), he cried and later feared other white furry items (conditioned response).
- Classical conditioning can be used to treat fears by slowly exposing subjects to feared stimuli paired with rewarding experiences like food (counterconditioning/exposure therapy).
- Natural selection results in the survival of species that are best adapted to their environment through heritable traits. It is a gradual process where favorable variations are selected over generations, not a choice by the organisms.
Cedp 402 chapter 23
Single subject research designs are used to study the effects of an intervention on individuals while controlling for internal validity. These designs involve establishing a baseline level of behavior, introducing a treatment, and measuring any changes in behavior to see if it corresponds with the treatment. Common single subject designs include reversal designs like ABA and ABAB that alternate between baseline and treatment conditions, and multiple baseline designs that stagger introducing treatment across multiple subjects to control for other factors.
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCELearning is defined
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCE
Learning is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience but are not caused by fatigue, maturation, drugs, injury, or disease.
Memory is simply a process of encoding, storing, and retrieving pieces of information.
Everything we are, in our conscious experience, is dependent upon memory. Without memory we would live in a constant state of rediscovery, whereby every instance would be newly learned. Learning and memory are also intricately connected to intelligence.
Intelligence is the overall capacity to think and act logically and rationally within one’s environment.
What is Learning: Approaches to Learning
Learning, psychology tells us, consists of changes in behavior. But not all changes in behavior are examples of learning.
In the most brief explanation, learning is a change in behavior (or the potential for behavior) as a result of experience.
Learning:
A process resulting in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavioral potential and is based on experience.
Learning is difficult to assess because it cannot be observed directly; instead, inferences are made about learning based on changes in performance.
Learning is not easily separated from other major topics in psychology. Changes in behavior are centrally involved in many aspects of psychology, including motivation, personality, development, and even mental disorders.
Cognitive Theories:
Theories that look at intellectual processes such as those involved in thinking, problem solving, imagining, and anticipating.
Behavioristic Theories:
Theories concerned with objective evidence of behavior rather than with consciousness and mind. Sometimes these are referred to as S-R or associationistic theories because they deal mainly with associations between stimuli and responses (muscular, glandular, or mental reaction to a stimulus).
Stimulus:
Any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ. Stimuli can also be internal events such as glandular secretions or even thoughts.
Behavioristic Approaches:
Classical Conditioning and Pavlov’s Experiments
An American named Edwin Twitmyer was actually the first person known to have reported the principle of classical conditioning. About a year later, a Russian by the name of Ivan Pavlov presented essentially the same findings—only he had used dogs as subjects whereas Twitmyer had used humans.
Classical Conditioning, sometimes called learning through stimulus substitution, is learning through stimulus substitution as a result of repeated pairings of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
To clarify the laws of classical conditioning, Pavlov devised a series of experiments (Pavlov, 1927). In the best known of these, a dog is placed in a harness-like contraption. The apparatus allows food powder to be inserted directly into the dog’s mouth or to be dropped into a dish in front of the dog.
The salivation that ...
Classical conditioning-and-operatng-conditioing
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning theory and operant conditioning theory. It defines key terms for both theories like unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, reinforcement and punishment. It also explains Ivan Pavlov's classic dog experiment that demonstrated classical conditioning and B.F. Skinner's research on operant conditioning using a Skinner Box. The document notes implications of both theories for education, including how to shape student behavior through reinforcement and feedback. It concludes with references used to develop the content.
Learning in Psychological Perspectives.pdf
In psychology, "learning" refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, or capability resulting from experience. Learning involves the acquisition of new information, skills, attitudes, or behaviors through various processes. Psychologists study learning to understand how individuals or animals acquire, retain, and apply knowledge or behaviors.
Principles and Applications of Classical and operant conditioningppt.pptx
Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs demonstrated this, showing that dogs could associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus) and learn to salivate in response to the bell alone. Three key principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, where the association is formed; extinction, where the response weakens without reinforcement; and spontaneous recovery, where an extinguished response briefly returns. Stimulus generalization also occurs, where similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit the same response.
Behavioral theory
Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning via interactions with the environment. Conditioning occurs through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innate response, and operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of their reoccurrence. Behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences rather than internal mental states.
Behavior
The document discusses learning theories including behaviorism. Behaviorism defines learning as a change in behavior due to experience and conditioning. There are two types of conditioning - classical and operant. Classical conditioning involves linking a stimulus to a response, as shown in Pavlov's dog experiments. Operant conditioning occurs when a response is reinforced or punished, shaping behavior. Later theorists like Skinner expanded on operant conditioning principles through positive and negative reinforcement. While behaviorism provided a framework for understanding learning, it has also received criticism for disregarding internal mental processes.
2 learning
The document discusses definitions and theories of learning. It provides several definitions of learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. It also summarizes five major theories of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning theory, selective learning theory, and social learning theory. The key aspects of each theory are described. Principles of learning including reinforcement, punishment, and feedback are also outlined.
Classical Conditioning.pptx
Behavioural learning theories are based on the stimulus-response orientation and the idea that learning occurs through the connection between a stimulus and response. Two important behavioural theories are classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response, and instrumental conditioning, where behaviour is modified by its consequences. Classical conditioning was pioneered by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs, showing that a neutral stimulus like a metronome could elicit the same response as food through repeated pairing. The concepts of repetition, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination emerged from classical conditioning and are important for understanding consumer behaviour.
Theories of learning
The document summarizes several theories of learning:
Pavlov's classical conditioning theory describes how neutral stimuli become conditioned stimuli through repeated pairing with unconditioned stimuli. Thorndike's theory of connectionism proposes that learning occurs through trial and error. Skinner's operant conditioning theory explains how behavior is modified through reinforcement or punishment. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes observational learning and internal mental processes, with four phases: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
Running head DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1Discipli.docx
Running head: DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Junius Applewhite
PSY 620
Professor: Jeral Kirwan
January 22, 2018
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Introduction
Every human being in the world since birth until the time of death spends a huge amount
of time learning new things. People also learn how to improve what they already know or
learned in the past. Even though other forms of animals learn too, human beings are more
advanced in learning because they actually study the diverse means of learning, refining and
classifying material through Learning and Cognition discipline. Generally, this paper highlights
some constructs or categories that build some of the most current works in learning and
cognition. Besides focusing on these constructs, this paper will highlight any ethical concerns
that may be in existence. Among the constructs that will be featured in this paper is Operant
conditioning, Classical conditioning, Behaviorism and Social learning theory
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning method that was developed by B. F. Skinner and that
occurs through punishments and rewards for behavior. There is a link created between behaviors
and consequences in operant conditioning. Practically, operant conditioning is a reversible
behavior study maintained through schedules of reinforcements (Saul, 2015). According to
operant conditioning, learning of a behavior cannot be achieved just through motivations and
internal thoughts. Skinner believed that a behavior’s external causes should be the only
considerations. Skinner’s theory of ‘operant’ only considers external factors that have effect on
a behavior as well as its consequences. Under operant conditioning, there are reinforcements and
punishments which both have effects on behavior.
- 2 -
1
1. since birth
from birth [Jeral Kirwan]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Reinforcement involves a process where a behavior’s frequency or rate is increased
through presenting a stimulus soon after the behavior display. The event that leads to
enhancement of probability of a behavior being repeated is known as a reinforcer. Reinforcers
are in two categories which include positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers. Positive
reinforcers are encouraging or favorable stimuli given after a behavior display. They strengthen
the chances of a behavior through provision of an extra thing. For instance, a student rewarded
for passing an exam is likely to work hard again and pass more exams so that he can get more
rewards. On the other hand, negative reinforce is the removal of unfavorable stimuli after a
behavior display. With the removal of unfavorable stimuli, the response o ...
Discipline-Based Literature Review1DISCIPLINE-BASED LITE.docx
Discipline-Based Literature Review
1
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW … 8
Discipline-Based Literature Review (Learning and cognition)
Lendora Ogunbode
PSY: 620 Learning and Cognition
Instructor:
May 28, 2019
Discipline-Based Literature Review (Learning and cognition)
Introduction
Before an in-depth comprehension of the topic of discussion, it is essential to define the concept of cognition and learning. Concerning the above, cognition has reference to the acquisition and comprehension of knowledge via factors such as senses, experiences, and thoughts. On the other hand, learning focuses on the process of individuals acquiring knowledge via teaching, studying, and experiences. The concept of learning and cognition are similar in several ways. Their main similarities comprise of experiencing and acquiring knowledge as discussed above. The learning process requires cognition. Cognition entails the process of learning — any person who either hears or sees something new experiences cognitive processes. The above processes result in learning.
Cognition and learning are explained via elements such as operant and classical conditioning, behaviorism, and social learning theory (Looi et al., 2017). The above elements involve different ways through which learning occurs. It consists of using the environment as a critical platform through which the acquisition of knowledge occurs. Rewards and punishments may be used to instill specific behavior among individuals. This may be done through the use of a stimulus to support knowledge acquisition and promote certain behavior. About the above, the paper discusses behaviorism, social learning theory, classical, and operant conditioning.
Discussion on the Literature Review
Attention serves as the first process involved in the learning process. For students to start learning, they have to pay attention to the stimuli they are experiencing. Attention is not unlimited. This means that it may be quite fleeting. According to educational psychologists, an average individual may hold about two/three learned tasks depending on their attention at the same time. An average individual may attend to one complex activity at a time. It is almost impossible for a person to undertake simultaneous tasks at the same time. The information that one acquires undergoes a process through which it is put into memory through the storage process (Sokolov, Miall, & Ivry, 2017). The mind comprises of different levels of memory. The levels involve the aspect of information traveling with them to ensure the process of learning. To understand the concept of learning and cognition, it is essential to evaluate the following:
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning approach developed by B.F Skinner. The method occurs via the use of both rewards and punishments to support the development of specific behavior. Operant conditioning has a close .
learning theories in psychology
This document provides an overview of learning and its key aspects. It begins by defining learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. It then discusses several types and paradigms of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive learning. Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a response with a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing. Operant conditioning involves voluntary responses that are reinforced or punished, shaping behavior. Determinants of learning such as the timing of stimuli and type of reinforcement are also examined.
Behaviorist perspective
The behaviorist perspective focuses on observable and measurable behavior that is learned through conditioning and reinforcement. There are three major theories within behaviorism: classical conditioning proposed by Pavlov which involves associating an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a response; Thorndike's law of effect and connectionism which hold that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences will be strengthened; and Skinner's operant conditioning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Behaviorism aims to explain learning and behavior scientifically through stimuli, responses, and reinforcement schedules without reference to internal mental states.
BEHAVIORISM. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY PPT.pptx
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental causes. It argues that behaviors are learned through classical and operant conditioning, not innate factors. Key theorists include Watson, who established behaviorism, and Skinner, who developed radical behaviorism. Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an innate response, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Social cognitive theory expanded on behaviorism to include cognition and internal mental states. It emphasizes observational learning, where behavior is learned by watching others, and self-efficacy, one's belief in their own abilities. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated children learning aggression through observation.
Theories of learning
The document discusses several theories of learning:
1) Behavioral theories including Pavlov's classical conditioning, Thorndike's law of effect, and Skinner's operant conditioning which use reinforcement and consequences to shape behavior.
2) Social learning theory developed by Bandura which emphasizes learning from observing and modeling others, involving attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
3) Definitions of learning focus on acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience that enables better adaptation. Learning is explained as a reflective process that develops understanding or changes mental processes.
Learning
This presentation covers different types of learning including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairing. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement or punishment of voluntary behaviors. Social learning theory emphasizes that people learn through observing and imitating others.
Learning Theories
In this content consists of 'Learning Theories', presented by Dr. S.S. Srinithi as an Invited Resource Person in the webinar hosted by Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY.pptx
The document discusses the principles of classical and operant conditioning and their application to behavioural therapy. It describes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs and the concepts of unconditioned response and conditioned response. It then explains Skinner's operant conditioning theory, focusing on how consequences modify voluntary behaviour. The document outlines various behavioural therapy techniques including systematic desensitization, flooding, aversion therapy, positive/negative reinforcement, and punishment procedures. It emphasizes shaping adaptive behaviours and reducing maladaptive behaviours through reinforcement and extinction.
Learning theories
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning. It defines classical conditioning as a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. The document discusses Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs and the salivation response. It covers principles of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Applications to behavior therapy and the neural basis are also mentioned.
Psych 200 Learning
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental state arising from experience. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Reinforcers that immediately follow a behavior are most effective at shaping learning. Cognitive factors like latent learning and observational learning also influence the learning process.
New microsoft office power point presentation (2)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
New microsoft office power point presentation
The document outlines Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other needs. The hierarchy consists of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs, with physiological needs being the most basic and self-actualization needs being the most advanced.
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CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCELearning is defined
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCE
Learning is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience but are not caused by fatigue, maturation, drugs, injury, or disease.
Memory is simply a process of encoding, storing, and retrieving pieces of information.
Everything we are, in our conscious experience, is dependent upon memory. Without memory we would live in a constant state of rediscovery, whereby every instance would be newly learned. Learning and memory are also intricately connected to intelligence.
Intelligence is the overall capacity to think and act logically and rationally within one’s environment.
What is Learning: Approaches to Learning
Learning, psychology tells us, consists of changes in behavior. But not all changes in behavior are examples of learning.
In the most brief explanation, learning is a change in behavior (or the potential for behavior) as a result of experience.
Learning:
A process resulting in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavioral potential and is based on experience.
Learning is difficult to assess because it cannot be observed directly; instead, inferences are made about learning based on changes in performance.
Learning is not easily separated from other major topics in psychology. Changes in behavior are centrally involved in many aspects of psychology, including motivation, personality, development, and even mental disorders.
Cognitive Theories:
Theories that look at intellectual processes such as those involved in thinking, problem solving, imagining, and anticipating.
Behavioristic Theories:
Theories concerned with objective evidence of behavior rather than with consciousness and mind. Sometimes these are referred to as S-R or associationistic theories because they deal mainly with associations between stimuli and responses (muscular, glandular, or mental reaction to a stimulus).
Stimulus:
Any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ. Stimuli can also be internal events such as glandular secretions or even thoughts.
Behavioristic Approaches:
Classical Conditioning and Pavlov’s Experiments
An American named Edwin Twitmyer was actually the first person known to have reported the principle of classical conditioning. About a year later, a Russian by the name of Ivan Pavlov presented essentially the same findings—only he had used dogs as subjects whereas Twitmyer had used humans.
Classical Conditioning, sometimes called learning through stimulus substitution, is learning through stimulus substitution as a result of repeated pairings of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
To clarify the laws of classical conditioning, Pavlov devised a series of experiments (Pavlov, 1927). In the best known of these, a dog is placed in a harness-like contraption. The apparatus allows food powder to be inserted directly into the dog’s mouth or to be dropped into a dish in front of the dog.
The salivation that ...
Classical conditioning-and-operatng-conditioing
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning theory and operant conditioning theory. It defines key terms for both theories like unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, reinforcement and punishment. It also explains Ivan Pavlov's classic dog experiment that demonstrated classical conditioning and B.F. Skinner's research on operant conditioning using a Skinner Box. The document notes implications of both theories for education, including how to shape student behavior through reinforcement and feedback. It concludes with references used to develop the content.
Learning in Psychological Perspectives.pdf
In psychology, "learning" refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, or capability resulting from experience. Learning involves the acquisition of new information, skills, attitudes, or behaviors through various processes. Psychologists study learning to understand how individuals or animals acquire, retain, and apply knowledge or behaviors.
Principles and Applications of Classical and operant conditioningppt.pptx
Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs demonstrated this, showing that dogs could associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus) and learn to salivate in response to the bell alone. Three key principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, where the association is formed; extinction, where the response weakens without reinforcement; and spontaneous recovery, where an extinguished response briefly returns. Stimulus generalization also occurs, where similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit the same response.
Behavioral theory
Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning via interactions with the environment. Conditioning occurs through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innate response, and operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of their reoccurrence. Behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences rather than internal mental states.
Behavior
The document discusses learning theories including behaviorism. Behaviorism defines learning as a change in behavior due to experience and conditioning. There are two types of conditioning - classical and operant. Classical conditioning involves linking a stimulus to a response, as shown in Pavlov's dog experiments. Operant conditioning occurs when a response is reinforced or punished, shaping behavior. Later theorists like Skinner expanded on operant conditioning principles through positive and negative reinforcement. While behaviorism provided a framework for understanding learning, it has also received criticism for disregarding internal mental processes.
2 learning
The document discusses definitions and theories of learning. It provides several definitions of learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. It also summarizes five major theories of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning theory, selective learning theory, and social learning theory. The key aspects of each theory are described. Principles of learning including reinforcement, punishment, and feedback are also outlined.
Classical Conditioning.pptx
Behavioural learning theories are based on the stimulus-response orientation and the idea that learning occurs through the connection between a stimulus and response. Two important behavioural theories are classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response, and instrumental conditioning, where behaviour is modified by its consequences. Classical conditioning was pioneered by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs, showing that a neutral stimulus like a metronome could elicit the same response as food through repeated pairing. The concepts of repetition, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination emerged from classical conditioning and are important for understanding consumer behaviour.
Theories of learning
The document summarizes several theories of learning:
Pavlov's classical conditioning theory describes how neutral stimuli become conditioned stimuli through repeated pairing with unconditioned stimuli. Thorndike's theory of connectionism proposes that learning occurs through trial and error. Skinner's operant conditioning theory explains how behavior is modified through reinforcement or punishment. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes observational learning and internal mental processes, with four phases: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
Running head DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1Discipli.docx
Running head: DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Junius Applewhite
PSY 620
Professor: Jeral Kirwan
January 22, 2018
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Introduction
Every human being in the world since birth until the time of death spends a huge amount
of time learning new things. People also learn how to improve what they already know or
learned in the past. Even though other forms of animals learn too, human beings are more
advanced in learning because they actually study the diverse means of learning, refining and
classifying material through Learning and Cognition discipline. Generally, this paper highlights
some constructs or categories that build some of the most current works in learning and
cognition. Besides focusing on these constructs, this paper will highlight any ethical concerns
that may be in existence. Among the constructs that will be featured in this paper is Operant
conditioning, Classical conditioning, Behaviorism and Social learning theory
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning method that was developed by B. F. Skinner and that
occurs through punishments and rewards for behavior. There is a link created between behaviors
and consequences in operant conditioning. Practically, operant conditioning is a reversible
behavior study maintained through schedules of reinforcements (Saul, 2015). According to
operant conditioning, learning of a behavior cannot be achieved just through motivations and
internal thoughts. Skinner believed that a behavior’s external causes should be the only
considerations. Skinner’s theory of ‘operant’ only considers external factors that have effect on
a behavior as well as its consequences. Under operant conditioning, there are reinforcements and
punishments which both have effects on behavior.
- 2 -
1
1. since birth
from birth [Jeral Kirwan]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Reinforcement involves a process where a behavior’s frequency or rate is increased
through presenting a stimulus soon after the behavior display. The event that leads to
enhancement of probability of a behavior being repeated is known as a reinforcer. Reinforcers
are in two categories which include positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers. Positive
reinforcers are encouraging or favorable stimuli given after a behavior display. They strengthen
the chances of a behavior through provision of an extra thing. For instance, a student rewarded
for passing an exam is likely to work hard again and pass more exams so that he can get more
rewards. On the other hand, negative reinforce is the removal of unfavorable stimuli after a
behavior display. With the removal of unfavorable stimuli, the response o ...
Discipline-Based Literature Review1DISCIPLINE-BASED LITE.docx
Discipline-Based Literature Review
1
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW … 8
Discipline-Based Literature Review (Learning and cognition)
Lendora Ogunbode
PSY: 620 Learning and Cognition
Instructor:
May 28, 2019
Discipline-Based Literature Review (Learning and cognition)
Introduction
Before an in-depth comprehension of the topic of discussion, it is essential to define the concept of cognition and learning. Concerning the above, cognition has reference to the acquisition and comprehension of knowledge via factors such as senses, experiences, and thoughts. On the other hand, learning focuses on the process of individuals acquiring knowledge via teaching, studying, and experiences. The concept of learning and cognition are similar in several ways. Their main similarities comprise of experiencing and acquiring knowledge as discussed above. The learning process requires cognition. Cognition entails the process of learning — any person who either hears or sees something new experiences cognitive processes. The above processes result in learning.
Cognition and learning are explained via elements such as operant and classical conditioning, behaviorism, and social learning theory (Looi et al., 2017). The above elements involve different ways through which learning occurs. It consists of using the environment as a critical platform through which the acquisition of knowledge occurs. Rewards and punishments may be used to instill specific behavior among individuals. This may be done through the use of a stimulus to support knowledge acquisition and promote certain behavior. About the above, the paper discusses behaviorism, social learning theory, classical, and operant conditioning.
Discussion on the Literature Review
Attention serves as the first process involved in the learning process. For students to start learning, they have to pay attention to the stimuli they are experiencing. Attention is not unlimited. This means that it may be quite fleeting. According to educational psychologists, an average individual may hold about two/three learned tasks depending on their attention at the same time. An average individual may attend to one complex activity at a time. It is almost impossible for a person to undertake simultaneous tasks at the same time. The information that one acquires undergoes a process through which it is put into memory through the storage process (Sokolov, Miall, & Ivry, 2017). The mind comprises of different levels of memory. The levels involve the aspect of information traveling with them to ensure the process of learning. To understand the concept of learning and cognition, it is essential to evaluate the following:
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning approach developed by B.F Skinner. The method occurs via the use of both rewards and punishments to support the development of specific behavior. Operant conditioning has a close .
learning theories in psychology
This document provides an overview of learning and its key aspects. It begins by defining learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. It then discusses several types and paradigms of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive learning. Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a response with a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing. Operant conditioning involves voluntary responses that are reinforced or punished, shaping behavior. Determinants of learning such as the timing of stimuli and type of reinforcement are also examined.
Behaviorist perspective
The behaviorist perspective focuses on observable and measurable behavior that is learned through conditioning and reinforcement. There are three major theories within behaviorism: classical conditioning proposed by Pavlov which involves associating an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a response; Thorndike's law of effect and connectionism which hold that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences will be strengthened; and Skinner's operant conditioning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Behaviorism aims to explain learning and behavior scientifically through stimuli, responses, and reinforcement schedules without reference to internal mental states.
BEHAVIORISM. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY PPT.pptx
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental causes. It argues that behaviors are learned through classical and operant conditioning, not innate factors. Key theorists include Watson, who established behaviorism, and Skinner, who developed radical behaviorism. Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an innate response, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Social cognitive theory expanded on behaviorism to include cognition and internal mental states. It emphasizes observational learning, where behavior is learned by watching others, and self-efficacy, one's belief in their own abilities. Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated children learning aggression through observation.
Theories of learning
The document discusses several theories of learning:
1) Behavioral theories including Pavlov's classical conditioning, Thorndike's law of effect, and Skinner's operant conditioning which use reinforcement and consequences to shape behavior.
2) Social learning theory developed by Bandura which emphasizes learning from observing and modeling others, involving attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
3) Definitions of learning focus on acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience that enables better adaptation. Learning is explained as a reflective process that develops understanding or changes mental processes.
Learning
This presentation covers different types of learning including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairing. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement or punishment of voluntary behaviors. Social learning theory emphasizes that people learn through observing and imitating others.
Learning Theories
In this content consists of 'Learning Theories', presented by Dr. S.S. Srinithi as an Invited Resource Person in the webinar hosted by Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY.pptx
The document discusses the principles of classical and operant conditioning and their application to behavioural therapy. It describes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs and the concepts of unconditioned response and conditioned response. It then explains Skinner's operant conditioning theory, focusing on how consequences modify voluntary behaviour. The document outlines various behavioural therapy techniques including systematic desensitization, flooding, aversion therapy, positive/negative reinforcement, and punishment procedures. It emphasizes shaping adaptive behaviours and reducing maladaptive behaviours through reinforcement and extinction.
Learning theories
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning. It defines classical conditioning as a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. The document discusses Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs and the salivation response. It covers principles of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Applications to behavior therapy and the neural basis are also mentioned.
Psych 200 Learning
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental state arising from experience. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Reinforcers that immediately follow a behavior are most effective at shaping learning. Cognitive factors like latent learning and observational learning also influence the learning process.
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New microsoft office power point presentation (2)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
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Albert Bandura developed social learning theory which proposes that people learn through observing others. His theory includes 4 main processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment demonstrating how children imitate aggressive behaviors they observe. Self-efficacy, one's belief in their ability to succeed, influences whether modeling turns into action. Sources of self-efficacy include performance attainment, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional states. Bandura's social learning theory explains much human behavior and is widely applied in behavior modification.
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This document discusses operant conditioning and its major concepts. It describes the four methods used in operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and response cost. These are determined by whether a stimulus is added or removed and if it increases or decreases a behavior. Schedules of reinforcement - continuous, fixed interval/ratio, variable interval/ratio - are also explained and how they impact response patterns. Examples of applying these concepts in a classroom are provided.
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Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through experiences. Ivan Pavlov's famous dog experiments in the early 1900s demonstrated that a dog could learn to associate food with the sound of a bell. The dog would salivate in response to the bell alone after repeatedly hearing the bell right before receiving food. Pavlov's work provided insights into how neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli that elicit conditioned responses and established the basic principles of classical conditioning.
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- 1. A Definition of Learning
- 2. Learning is a persisting change in human performance or performance potential.
- 3. This means that learners are capable of actions they could not perform before learning occurred and this is true whether or not they actually have an opportunity to exhibit the newly acquired performance.
- 4. Second to be considered learning, a change in performance or performance potential must come about as a result of the learner’s experience and interaction with the world.
- 5. Some behavior changes such a the acquisition of fine motor control, can be attributed to maturation and are therefore not considered learned. Do we learn to play the guitar? Is this fine motor control?
- 6. Other behavior changes, such as searching for food, when hungry or becoming garrulous when drunk, are obviously explained on the basis of temporary states. These also do not imply learning.
- 7. A learning theory, therefore, comprises a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with what is thought to bring about those changes.
- 8. To build a learning theory requires defining three basic components.
- 9. The results: What are these changes in performance to be explained by the theory? The means: What are the processes by which the results are brought about (including any hypothesized structures that these processes are assumed to operate on)? The inputs: What triggers the processes to occur?
- 10. Thorndike was also interested in the doctrine of association, but association between sensation and impulse rather than association between ideas. Thorndike investigated learning in terms of the associations related to action
- 11. The results of his experiences convinced Thorndike that an animal learned to associate a sensation and an impulse when its action had a satisfying consequence. This principle Thorndike termed the Law of Effect and it represented a modification of the classical principle of association that would have far-reaching implications for behaviorism.
- 12. According to the classical conditioning paradigm, and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) biologically and involuntarily elicits an unconditioned response (UCR). The dog salivates when food is put in its mouth; You blink when a puff of air hits you in the eye; A child startles when a loud noise if made behind her.
- 13. Then, because it is paired with the UCS, a conditioned stimulus acquires the ability to elicit the same response.
- 14. Because the response is not conditioned to the new stimulus, it becomes a conditioned response. So, for example, reining a bell does not normally have any effect on salivation, but when it is repeated paired with the presentation of food, it can become a conditioned stimulus and will elicit salivation even in the absence of food.
- 15. The principles of stimulus generalization and discrimination, extinction, and counter-conditioning, originally established by Pavlov, became important elements of operant conditioning as well (see Chapter 2).
- 16. It is interesting to observe that the studies Brewer reviews, almost all of which support the cognitive position, go back as early as 1919 and were produced in all the following decades up into the 1970’s, right through the dominance of behavioral theories in the field of learning.
- 17. This shows the power of tradition. If research programs are going well, then occasional challenging results are either quietly ignored, called interesting phenomena to be shelved for later study, or explained away.
- 18. Only when alternative view emerges, as cognitive theory emerged in the 1960’s to rival behavior theory, do old problems appear significant