The history of medical technology began thousands of years ago with early observations and experiments, but the field grew rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key developments included the invention of the microscope, which allowed early scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Malpighi to observe cells and pathogens. The first clinical laboratories opened in the 1890s at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the University of Pennsylvania. During World Wars I and II, demand increased for trained technicians. The practice of medical technology was introduced to the Philippines in 1944 and the first degree program began in 1957 at the University of Sto. Tomas. The profession continued to grow with more schools offering programs and opportunities for post-graduate study.
This document discusses polar and nonpolar molecules. It defines polarity as separation of electric charge leading to a molecule having a partial positive and negative end. Polar bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms, while nonpolar bonds form when electrons are shared equally. Whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar depends on whether it has any polar bonds and if it has symmetrical charge distribution. Polar molecules are asymmetrical with polar bonds and have higher melting/boiling points, while nonpolar molecules have symmetrical or equal charge distribution. The document provides examples and exercises to classify different types of bonds and molecules.
The periodic table developed over time as scientists discovered more elements and recognized patterns in their properties.
- In the 4th century BC, Aristotle proposed that all matter was made of combinations of earth, water, air and fire. Democritus later suggested that matter was made of tiny particles called atoms.
- In the 19th century, scientists like Berzelius, Dobereiner, and de Chancourtois arranged the known elements in order of atomic weight and recognized patterns. Newlands proposed the Law of Octaves in 1864.
- In 1869, Mendeleev produced the first recognizable periodic table, arranging elements by atomic weight but adjusting order based on properties, and leaving gaps for undiscovered elements. This
The Explorers, Magellan Elcano & Pigafetta, Episode 2. Re-discovery of the Ph...Fergus Ducharme
Follow the saga, from the Straits of Magellan to the re-Discovery of the Philippines, the Death of Magellan and the Return to Spain of some of the surviving Crew. A riveting story of adventure, discovery, lies and deceptions...
Rizal wrote two letters on June 20, 1892 that he left with his friend Dr. Lorenzo Marquez and instructed to be opened after his death. In the first letter to his family, Rizal expresses his love for them but says he must fulfill his duty to expose himself to danger and finish his work for the Philippines, even if it means death. He wants his family to be happy and not suffer persecution on his account. The second letter to his countrymen explains that he cannot live knowing others suffer unjust persecution because of him, so he prefers to face death and free many innocents from this persecution. Rizal expresses his love for his country and willingness to die for his duties and convictions.
This document discusses different types of freedom and responsibility. It defines internal, self, external, political, collective, and spiritual freedom. Internal freedom refers to freedom within oneself, while external freedom means freedom from interference in daily life. Political freedom provides rights and limits on government. Collective freedom prioritizes the values of a collective over individuals. Spiritual freedom is freedom from desires to identify with God. The document also discusses moral and legal responsibility, and how responsibility relates to justice. It identifies four kinds of responsibility: role, causal, liability, and capacity. Responsibility is seen as the price of freedom.
The document outlines the evolution of traditional media through four ages: pre-industrial age, industrial age, electronic age, and information age. In the pre-industrial age before 1700, communication tools included cave paintings, clay tablets, and papyrus. The industrial age from the 1700s to 1930s saw innovations like the printing press, telegraph, telephone, and radio due to new manufacturing processes. The electronic age from the 1930s to 1980s brought transistors, computers, photocopiers, cassette tapes, and compact discs which used electronic circuits. Currently we are in the information age defined by digital technologies like the internet, smartphones, social media, and wireless communication.
This document discusses various topics related to human sexuality and sexual identity. It defines key terms like sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual health. It describes the typical human sexual response cycle and discusses teenage pregnancy and prevention methods. The document also covers diversity in human sexuality, sexually transmitted infections like HIV/AIDS, and biblical perspectives on responsible sexuality and family planning.
The history of medical technology began thousands of years ago with early observations and experiments, but the field grew rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key developments included the invention of the microscope, which allowed early scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Malpighi to observe cells and pathogens. The first clinical laboratories opened in the 1890s at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the University of Pennsylvania. During World Wars I and II, demand increased for trained technicians. The practice of medical technology was introduced to the Philippines in 1944 and the first degree program began in 1957 at the University of Sto. Tomas. The profession continued to grow with more schools offering programs and opportunities for post-graduate study.
This document discusses polar and nonpolar molecules. It defines polarity as separation of electric charge leading to a molecule having a partial positive and negative end. Polar bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms, while nonpolar bonds form when electrons are shared equally. Whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar depends on whether it has any polar bonds and if it has symmetrical charge distribution. Polar molecules are asymmetrical with polar bonds and have higher melting/boiling points, while nonpolar molecules have symmetrical or equal charge distribution. The document provides examples and exercises to classify different types of bonds and molecules.
The periodic table developed over time as scientists discovered more elements and recognized patterns in their properties.
- In the 4th century BC, Aristotle proposed that all matter was made of combinations of earth, water, air and fire. Democritus later suggested that matter was made of tiny particles called atoms.
- In the 19th century, scientists like Berzelius, Dobereiner, and de Chancourtois arranged the known elements in order of atomic weight and recognized patterns. Newlands proposed the Law of Octaves in 1864.
- In 1869, Mendeleev produced the first recognizable periodic table, arranging elements by atomic weight but adjusting order based on properties, and leaving gaps for undiscovered elements. This
The Explorers, Magellan Elcano & Pigafetta, Episode 2. Re-discovery of the Ph...Fergus Ducharme
Follow the saga, from the Straits of Magellan to the re-Discovery of the Philippines, the Death of Magellan and the Return to Spain of some of the surviving Crew. A riveting story of adventure, discovery, lies and deceptions...
Rizal wrote two letters on June 20, 1892 that he left with his friend Dr. Lorenzo Marquez and instructed to be opened after his death. In the first letter to his family, Rizal expresses his love for them but says he must fulfill his duty to expose himself to danger and finish his work for the Philippines, even if it means death. He wants his family to be happy and not suffer persecution on his account. The second letter to his countrymen explains that he cannot live knowing others suffer unjust persecution because of him, so he prefers to face death and free many innocents from this persecution. Rizal expresses his love for his country and willingness to die for his duties and convictions.
This document discusses different types of freedom and responsibility. It defines internal, self, external, political, collective, and spiritual freedom. Internal freedom refers to freedom within oneself, while external freedom means freedom from interference in daily life. Political freedom provides rights and limits on government. Collective freedom prioritizes the values of a collective over individuals. Spiritual freedom is freedom from desires to identify with God. The document also discusses moral and legal responsibility, and how responsibility relates to justice. It identifies four kinds of responsibility: role, causal, liability, and capacity. Responsibility is seen as the price of freedom.
The document outlines the evolution of traditional media through four ages: pre-industrial age, industrial age, electronic age, and information age. In the pre-industrial age before 1700, communication tools included cave paintings, clay tablets, and papyrus. The industrial age from the 1700s to 1930s saw innovations like the printing press, telegraph, telephone, and radio due to new manufacturing processes. The electronic age from the 1930s to 1980s brought transistors, computers, photocopiers, cassette tapes, and compact discs which used electronic circuits. Currently we are in the information age defined by digital technologies like the internet, smartphones, social media, and wireless communication.
This document discusses various topics related to human sexuality and sexual identity. It defines key terms like sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual health. It describes the typical human sexual response cycle and discusses teenage pregnancy and prevention methods. The document also covers diversity in human sexuality, sexually transmitted infections like HIV/AIDS, and biblical perspectives on responsible sexuality and family planning.
This document provides the course syllabus for an Ethics course offered in the 1st semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. It includes information on the course code, title, type, credit hours, schedule, and prerequisites. It also outlines the university's vision, mission, quality policy, and institutional and program outcomes. The course description explains that Ethics deals with principles of ethical behavior at the individual, societal, and environmental levels. The course outcomes are listed, mapped to the institutional and program outcomes. The course learning plan details the topics, learning activities, materials, and assessments for each module which cover key concepts, the moral agent, moral development, and reasoning models.
The document summarizes the campaign for reforms and the rise of the Katipunan independence movement in the Philippines under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio. Filipinos were discontented with heavy taxes and lack of representation in government. Reformist societies aimed to make the Philippines a Spanish province and grant Filipinos citizenship rights. However, the reform movement failed, leading Bonifacio to found the secret Katipunan society in 1892 seeking independence. The Katipunan's discovery in 1896 sparked the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule.
The Katipunan was a revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 with the goal of gaining independence from Spain through armed revolt. It utilized a secretive "triangle" recruitment method and had rituals for new members like a "Pacto de Sangre." Emilio Jacinto wrote the Kartilya, the Katipunan's doctrinal text, which outlined principles of equality, compassion, defending the oppressed, and love of country. The Kartilya's teachings still held relevance after independence as principles for citizens of the new nation.
The document summarizes the founding and history of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society established in 1892 by Andres Bonifacio in Manila. It details how Bonifacio and other patriots founded the society after the arrest of Jose Rizal. The Katipunan aimed to gain independence from Spain through civic, political and moral means. It established a governing structure and elected Bonifacio as its first leader. The society expanded rapidly and published a newspaper to spread its ideals. Emilio Jacinto emerged as Bonifacio's close friend and collaborator in leading the Katipunan's uprising against Spanish colonial rule.
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. John Dalton developed atomic theory, proposing that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms that combine in simple whole number ratios. Atoms consist of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in energy levels. Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed the small, dense nucleus at the atom's center. Niels Bohr incorporated quantum theory into atomic structure, proposing electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. The modern atomic model consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in quantized energy shells or orbitals.
Aristotle believed that every species has a role and purpose in the universe. Fulfilling this role well defines the ultimate good for that species. For humans, Aristotle identified characteristics that differentiate humans from other animals. He believed that when humans act according to their nature and fulfill their purpose, they feel fulfilled and happy. Happiness, according to Aristotle, is the greatest good because it is pursued for its own sake, rather than to achieve something else, and it indicates that one is living virtuously in accordance with their human nature.
1) The document discusses molecular geometry and bonding theories, specifically focusing on valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
2) VSEPR theory states that the geometry of a molecule is determined by electron pair-electron pair repulsion and the arrangement of electron pairs that minimizes this repulsion.
3) There are five fundamental molecular geometries - linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral - which are determined by counting the number of electron pairs around the central atom.
This document provides a review guide for a 21st Century Literature midterm examination. It includes general reminders about properly studying for the exam. The scope of the exam is outlined, covering topics like literary types, critical approaches, elements of different genres, and specific literary works. The review guide is in a question and answer format, with multiple choice questions testing knowledge of literary terms, genres, forms, and concepts.
Timeline of spanish, american and japanese eramaricris bago
Output Presented
to
JENNIFER UMALI GARCIA
In Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Philippine History, First Semester
By
BAGO, Maricris
CAMACHO, Remegio
DOLLENTE, Jarra
PINEDA, Jessica
I-A EDUC
October 14, 2016
Here are the answers to the assessment questions:
1. The ruler of the father
2. Fredrich Engels
3. Herodotus
4. 1949
5. Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act
6-10. I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable explaining or endorsing potentially harmful patriarchal terms and stereotypes.
This document provides instructions for a module on organic chemistry. It begins with an introduction to organic chemistry and reminders for using the module. It then includes a pre-test to assess prior knowledge on carbon and its compounds. The module contains activities like word puzzles and classification exercises to reinforce lessons. An evaluation post-test is included to assess learning. References are provided, and the module collects student information for coordination purposes. The overarching goal is to provide an independent learning experience on organic chemistry amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
The document discusses the history and legal basis of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) in the Philippines. It began as the ROTC program in the 1930s and was mandated for college students. Over time the law evolved, culminating in the 2002 NSTP Law (RA 9163) which established the current program consisting of three components: ROTC, Civic Welfare Service, and Literacy Training Service. The summary provides an overview of the program components, requirements, and establishes the National Service Reserve Corps for graduates of non-ROTC components.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, both those produced by living organisms and those produced synthetically. It includes the structure, properties, reactions and preparation of carbon-based molecules. Organic compounds can be classified as natural or synthetic, and include substances such as sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, polymers and hydrocarbons of different lengths formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Decomposition is the breakdown of dead organic matter through biological and biochemical processes that release inorganic nutrients.
When we speak of the digital self, we are referring to the self as it exists in digital realms. This varies depending on the individual, since some of us prefer to live online under a pseudonymous or anonymous persona, apart from our physical selves, and others consider the digital to be a more holistic identity that goes beyond the physical.
The document defines and provides examples of a "textula", which is a poem written in the form of a text message, usually consisting of one or two stanzas. Two examples of textulas are presented - the first is titled "My Rubaiyat For You Maam" and pays tribute to a teacher, while the second is a Christmas-themed acrostic sonnet titled "MERRY CHRISTMAS ACROSTIC SONNET". Discussion questions are then provided to analyze and compare the two textula examples.
The module discusses Philippine literature during the three colonial periods of Spanish, American, and Japanese rule. During the early Spanish period, literature had a religious focus and was used to teach morality. The revolutionary period saw the rise of nationalist literature and underground newspapers. Under American colonialism, English was introduced through public education and literature became more imitative of Western styles at first. The Japanese period saw a flourishing of Tagalog stories and dramas, though creative works had to be secretive. Overall, the different colonizers introduced diverse linguistic and cultural influences that shaped Philippine literature over time.
Rizal decided to study abroad in Europe without his parents' consent. He traveled to Singapore and then continued on to locations like Ceylon, Aden, Italy, France, and Spain. In Spain, he studied medicine and philosophy and was involved in writing and political activism. He experienced hardship but also made important connections. He later traveled throughout Europe including to Germany where he did further study and research, worked in medical clinics, and wrote his first novel which inspired political change.
Rizal's life: Family, Childhood, and Early Education
This document discusses Jose Rizal's family background, childhood, and early education. It notes that Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Laguna to Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso. As a child, Rizal was educated at home by his mother and uncle and exhibited talents in languages, painting, and sculpture from a young age. He began formal schooling in Binan in 1869 before returning to Calamba in 1870. The document provides details about Rizal's ancestry and parents as well as an overview of his experiences and education during childhood.
The document summarizes the Reform Movement in the Philippines from 1882 to 1896. It discusses key Filipino reformists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce who advocated for representation in the Spanish Cortes and assimilation of the Philippines as an official province of Spain. Societies like La Liga Filipina and Katipunan were formed to promote reforms through newspapers, but the movement ultimately failed when its leaders were arrested or executed by Spanish authorities.
This document summarizes Ashton Griffin's presentation on using technology and social media in the chemistry classroom. It discusses the results of a technology survey of Griffin's students, which found high ownership of laptops, smartphones, and use of social media like Facebook. It then demonstrates how Griffin uses apps like Periscope, Google Classroom, Remind and Twitter to engage and communicate with students, such as livestreaming lectures or sharing videos. Griffin's goal is to incorporate more technology into the classroom to make materials more accessible and up-to-date for students.
The document provides an overview of colligative properties of solutions, which are physical properties that depend on the number of solute particles in solution rather than the chemical identity of the solute. Examples of colligative properties discussed include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Formulas are provided to calculate these colligative properties based on variables like molality, vapor pressure of the pure solvent, and temperature.
This document provides information about solutions and colloids. It begins with an overview of solutions as homogeneous mixtures that exist as a single phase, while colloids are heterogeneous mixtures that exist in two or more phases. Subsequent sections discuss solubility and how intermolecular forces affect it, concentration terms including molarity, molality and mole fraction, and factors that influence solubility such as temperature and pressure. Examples are provided for calculating concentration in various units and converting between concentration terms. The document concludes with a discussion of using solutions in chemical reactions including titration and diluting solutions.
This document provides the course syllabus for an Ethics course offered in the 1st semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. It includes information on the course code, title, type, credit hours, schedule, and prerequisites. It also outlines the university's vision, mission, quality policy, and institutional and program outcomes. The course description explains that Ethics deals with principles of ethical behavior at the individual, societal, and environmental levels. The course outcomes are listed, mapped to the institutional and program outcomes. The course learning plan details the topics, learning activities, materials, and assessments for each module which cover key concepts, the moral agent, moral development, and reasoning models.
The document summarizes the campaign for reforms and the rise of the Katipunan independence movement in the Philippines under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio. Filipinos were discontented with heavy taxes and lack of representation in government. Reformist societies aimed to make the Philippines a Spanish province and grant Filipinos citizenship rights. However, the reform movement failed, leading Bonifacio to found the secret Katipunan society in 1892 seeking independence. The Katipunan's discovery in 1896 sparked the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule.
The Katipunan was a revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 with the goal of gaining independence from Spain through armed revolt. It utilized a secretive "triangle" recruitment method and had rituals for new members like a "Pacto de Sangre." Emilio Jacinto wrote the Kartilya, the Katipunan's doctrinal text, which outlined principles of equality, compassion, defending the oppressed, and love of country. The Kartilya's teachings still held relevance after independence as principles for citizens of the new nation.
The document summarizes the founding and history of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society established in 1892 by Andres Bonifacio in Manila. It details how Bonifacio and other patriots founded the society after the arrest of Jose Rizal. The Katipunan aimed to gain independence from Spain through civic, political and moral means. It established a governing structure and elected Bonifacio as its first leader. The society expanded rapidly and published a newspaper to spread its ideals. Emilio Jacinto emerged as Bonifacio's close friend and collaborator in leading the Katipunan's uprising against Spanish colonial rule.
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. John Dalton developed atomic theory, proposing that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms that combine in simple whole number ratios. Atoms consist of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in energy levels. Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed the small, dense nucleus at the atom's center. Niels Bohr incorporated quantum theory into atomic structure, proposing electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. The modern atomic model consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in quantized energy shells or orbitals.
Aristotle believed that every species has a role and purpose in the universe. Fulfilling this role well defines the ultimate good for that species. For humans, Aristotle identified characteristics that differentiate humans from other animals. He believed that when humans act according to their nature and fulfill their purpose, they feel fulfilled and happy. Happiness, according to Aristotle, is the greatest good because it is pursued for its own sake, rather than to achieve something else, and it indicates that one is living virtuously in accordance with their human nature.
1) The document discusses molecular geometry and bonding theories, specifically focusing on valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
2) VSEPR theory states that the geometry of a molecule is determined by electron pair-electron pair repulsion and the arrangement of electron pairs that minimizes this repulsion.
3) There are five fundamental molecular geometries - linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral - which are determined by counting the number of electron pairs around the central atom.
This document provides a review guide for a 21st Century Literature midterm examination. It includes general reminders about properly studying for the exam. The scope of the exam is outlined, covering topics like literary types, critical approaches, elements of different genres, and specific literary works. The review guide is in a question and answer format, with multiple choice questions testing knowledge of literary terms, genres, forms, and concepts.
Timeline of spanish, american and japanese eramaricris bago
Output Presented
to
JENNIFER UMALI GARCIA
In Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Philippine History, First Semester
By
BAGO, Maricris
CAMACHO, Remegio
DOLLENTE, Jarra
PINEDA, Jessica
I-A EDUC
October 14, 2016
Here are the answers to the assessment questions:
1. The ruler of the father
2. Fredrich Engels
3. Herodotus
4. 1949
5. Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act
6-10. I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable explaining or endorsing potentially harmful patriarchal terms and stereotypes.
This document provides instructions for a module on organic chemistry. It begins with an introduction to organic chemistry and reminders for using the module. It then includes a pre-test to assess prior knowledge on carbon and its compounds. The module contains activities like word puzzles and classification exercises to reinforce lessons. An evaluation post-test is included to assess learning. References are provided, and the module collects student information for coordination purposes. The overarching goal is to provide an independent learning experience on organic chemistry amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
The document discusses the history and legal basis of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) in the Philippines. It began as the ROTC program in the 1930s and was mandated for college students. Over time the law evolved, culminating in the 2002 NSTP Law (RA 9163) which established the current program consisting of three components: ROTC, Civic Welfare Service, and Literacy Training Service. The summary provides an overview of the program components, requirements, and establishes the National Service Reserve Corps for graduates of non-ROTC components.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, both those produced by living organisms and those produced synthetically. It includes the structure, properties, reactions and preparation of carbon-based molecules. Organic compounds can be classified as natural or synthetic, and include substances such as sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, polymers and hydrocarbons of different lengths formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Decomposition is the breakdown of dead organic matter through biological and biochemical processes that release inorganic nutrients.
When we speak of the digital self, we are referring to the self as it exists in digital realms. This varies depending on the individual, since some of us prefer to live online under a pseudonymous or anonymous persona, apart from our physical selves, and others consider the digital to be a more holistic identity that goes beyond the physical.
The document defines and provides examples of a "textula", which is a poem written in the form of a text message, usually consisting of one or two stanzas. Two examples of textulas are presented - the first is titled "My Rubaiyat For You Maam" and pays tribute to a teacher, while the second is a Christmas-themed acrostic sonnet titled "MERRY CHRISTMAS ACROSTIC SONNET". Discussion questions are then provided to analyze and compare the two textula examples.
The module discusses Philippine literature during the three colonial periods of Spanish, American, and Japanese rule. During the early Spanish period, literature had a religious focus and was used to teach morality. The revolutionary period saw the rise of nationalist literature and underground newspapers. Under American colonialism, English was introduced through public education and literature became more imitative of Western styles at first. The Japanese period saw a flourishing of Tagalog stories and dramas, though creative works had to be secretive. Overall, the different colonizers introduced diverse linguistic and cultural influences that shaped Philippine literature over time.
Rizal decided to study abroad in Europe without his parents' consent. He traveled to Singapore and then continued on to locations like Ceylon, Aden, Italy, France, and Spain. In Spain, he studied medicine and philosophy and was involved in writing and political activism. He experienced hardship but also made important connections. He later traveled throughout Europe including to Germany where he did further study and research, worked in medical clinics, and wrote his first novel which inspired political change.
Rizal's life: Family, Childhood, and Early Education
This document discusses Jose Rizal's family background, childhood, and early education. It notes that Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Laguna to Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso. As a child, Rizal was educated at home by his mother and uncle and exhibited talents in languages, painting, and sculpture from a young age. He began formal schooling in Binan in 1869 before returning to Calamba in 1870. The document provides details about Rizal's ancestry and parents as well as an overview of his experiences and education during childhood.
The document summarizes the Reform Movement in the Philippines from 1882 to 1896. It discusses key Filipino reformists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce who advocated for representation in the Spanish Cortes and assimilation of the Philippines as an official province of Spain. Societies like La Liga Filipina and Katipunan were formed to promote reforms through newspapers, but the movement ultimately failed when its leaders were arrested or executed by Spanish authorities.
This document summarizes Ashton Griffin's presentation on using technology and social media in the chemistry classroom. It discusses the results of a technology survey of Griffin's students, which found high ownership of laptops, smartphones, and use of social media like Facebook. It then demonstrates how Griffin uses apps like Periscope, Google Classroom, Remind and Twitter to engage and communicate with students, such as livestreaming lectures or sharing videos. Griffin's goal is to incorporate more technology into the classroom to make materials more accessible and up-to-date for students.
The document provides an overview of colligative properties of solutions, which are physical properties that depend on the number of solute particles in solution rather than the chemical identity of the solute. Examples of colligative properties discussed include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Formulas are provided to calculate these colligative properties based on variables like molality, vapor pressure of the pure solvent, and temperature.
This document provides information about solutions and colloids. It begins with an overview of solutions as homogeneous mixtures that exist as a single phase, while colloids are heterogeneous mixtures that exist in two or more phases. Subsequent sections discuss solubility and how intermolecular forces affect it, concentration terms including molarity, molality and mole fraction, and factors that influence solubility such as temperature and pressure. Examples are provided for calculating concentration in various units and converting between concentration terms. The document concludes with a discussion of using solutions in chemical reactions including titration and diluting solutions.
This document provides an overview of chapter 5 from the textbook, which covers gases and the kinetic molecular theory. It begins with learning objectives and concepts to understand from sections 5.5 through 5.12. There is then an explanation of applications of the gas laws, including Dalton's law of partial pressures and collecting gases over water. The document continues with explanations of gas density, the ideal gas law, Graham's law of effusion, and the kinetic molecular theory. It includes sample problems and exercises related to these topics.
Thermochemistry deals with the heat involved in chemical and physical changes. It is a branch of thermodynamics that studies energy and its transformations. Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system at constant pressure and can be used to determine the heat of a reaction. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of heat changes through determination of temperature changes of a system and surroundings using equations such as q = cmΔT. Bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry are two common techniques used to directly measure the heat of chemical reactions.
This document provides an overview of gas laws and the behavior of gases. It begins by defining the three states of matter and distinguishing properties of gases. Gas pressure and its measurement are then discussed, including common pressure units. The document outlines the major gas laws - Boyle's Law relating pressure and volume at constant temperature, Charles' Law relating volume and temperature at constant pressure, and the Combined Gas Law combining these relationships. Examples are provided to demonstrate applications of the gas laws. The ideal gas law is defined as relating pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of gas. The behavior of gases at standard temperature and pressure is also covered.
This document provides information about quantum theory and atomic structure:
- It introduces the wave nature of light and electromagnetic radiation, including frequency, wavelength, and speed of light.
- Models of the atom are discussed, from the Bohr model to the quantum mechanical model using the Schrodinger wave equation.
- Key concepts in quantum theory are explained, such as quantization of energy, photons, wave-particle duality, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
- Atomic orbitals are described using quantum numbers such as principal, angular momentum, and magnetic, and how these relate to electron configuration.
This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for inorganic compounds. It begins by discussing binary ionic compounds formed from a metal and nonmetal. It explains that the name of the cation (metal) comes first, followed by the anion (nonmetal) with the "-ide" suffix. Examples of naming compounds of common metals like calcium, magnesium, and sodium are provided. The document then discusses polyatomic ions and compounds containing them. It also covers compounds where the metal forms more than one ion. Finally, it discusses acids and naming compounds containing oxoanions. In summary, the document outlines the system for systematically naming inorganic compounds based on their formulas as well as writing formulas from IUPAC names.
The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and provides information on key concepts:
- Oxidation involves loss of electrons and increases oxidation number, reduction involves gain of electrons and decreases oxidation number.
- Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously.
- Oxidizing agents are reduced by gaining electrons from other substances, while reducing agents are oxidized by losing electrons to other substances.
This document discusses the periodic table and chemical periodicity. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev published one of the first periodic tables in 1869, organizing the known elements based on their chemical properties. It also notes that Julius Lothar Meyer published a similar table that year based on physical properties. The document outlines some of Mendeleev's predictions about undiscovered elements and how the periodic table was later updated based on Henry Moseley's work showing atomic number is the fundamental property.
The document outlines the key concepts relating to the components and structure of matter, including elements, compounds, mixtures, Dalton's atomic theory, developments in the atomic model, and the modern atomic theory. It discusses the fundamental particles that make up atoms and isotopes, and introduces important concepts such as the mole, molar mass, and relating amounts of substances to numbers of atoms and moles. The document provides goals and objectives for understanding these fundamental chemistry concepts.
This document provides an overview of chemical bonding models including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between two nonmetals. Metallic bonding occurs between metals and involves delocalized electrons within an electron sea. Lewis electron dot structures are used to represent electron arrangements around atoms and how they bond. Electronegativity differences between atoms determine bond polarity. Multiple bonding and resonance structures are also discussed.
This document provides information on biomolecules including lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. It defines lipids as fats and oils that serve as energy sources and membrane components. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Proteins are made of amino acids and can have fibrous or globular structures. The document also discusses DNA and RNA, describing the double helix structure of DNA and how genes encode proteins through transcription and translation. It covers DNA analysis techniques like STR profiling used in forensics.
This document discusses organic chemistry topics including functional groups and reactions. It begins by covering amines, including their classification, nomenclature, and reactions. It then discusses aldehydes and ketones, covering naming, structures of common examples, and their reactions including reduction and addition. Finally, it discusses carboxylic acids and their derivatives such as esters, acid chlorides, and amides. It provides examples of each functional group and discusses preparation and reactions.
This document contains information about organic chemistry and reactions of organic compounds. It discusses several key topics in 15 sections: haloalkanes and their substitution and elimination reactions; alkenes and their addition reactions; aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene; functional groups and how they determine reactivity; and alcohols including their classification, nomenclature, preparation, and reactions like dehydration, oxidation, and substitution. The document provides examples of organic reactions and practice problems to help understand reaction types and predict products.
This document discusses electrolysis and Faraday's law of electrolysis. It provides examples of predicting products of electrolysis for molten salts, aqueous salt solutions, and applying Faraday's law calculations. Key points include:
- During electrolysis, the cation is reduced at the cathode and the anion is oxidized at the anode
- In molten salts, the more easily oxidized/reduced species reacts at each electrode
- In aqueous solutions, overvoltage must be considered in addition to electrode potentials
- Faraday's law states the amount of substance reacted is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the cell
- Calculations can determine current, time, charge or mass from the other variables using Faraday's constant
The document discusses chemical kinetics and reaction rates. It provides information on:
- The study of rates of chemical reactions and reaction mechanisms (chemical kinetics).
- How reaction rates are expressed in terms of changes in reactant/product concentrations over time.
- Factors that influence reaction rates such as concentration, temperature, and surface area.
- Collision theory and how effective collisions between reactant particles lead to reactions.
- Reaction orders, rate laws, and how to determine the order of reactions based on experimental rate data.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts related to hydrocarbons. It begins by explaining the unique bonding properties of carbon that allow it to form large, stable molecules through catenation. The main classes of hydrocarbons - alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and cyclic compounds - are introduced along with their structures, formulas, and IUPAC nomenclature rules. Isomerism, including constitutional and geometric isomers, is also discussed. Analytical techniques like NMR spectroscopy are presented as tools to analyze organic molecule structures.
3. 15-3
Organic Compounds and the Atomic Properties of Carbon
15.1 The Special Nature of Carbon and the Characteristics of
Organic Molecules
15.2 The Structures and Classes of Hydrocarbons
4. 15-4
Goals & Objectives
• See the Learning Objectives on page
618.
• Understand these Concepts:
• 15.1-6.
• Master these Skills:
• 15.1-2.
6. 15-6
Bonding Properties of Carbon
• Carbon forms covalent bonds in all its elemental forms
and compounds.
– The ground state electron configuration of C is [He]2s22p2; the
formation of carbon ions is therefore energetically unfavorable.
– C has an electronegativity of 2.5, which is midway between that
of most metals and nonmetals. C prefers to share electrons.
• Carbon exhibits catenation, the ability to bond to itself
and form stable chain, ring, and branched compounds.
– The small size of the C atom allows it to form short, strong
bonds.
– The tetrahedral shape of the C atom allows catenation.
8. 15-8
Comparison of Carbon and Silicon
• As atomic size increases down the group, bonds
between identical atoms become longer and weaker.
– A C–C bond is much stronger than a Si–Si bond.
• The bond energies of a C–C bond, a C–O bond, and a
C–Cl bond are very similar.
– C compounds can undergo a variety of reactions and remain
stable, while Si compounds cannot.
• Si has low energy d orbitals available for reaction,
allowing Si compounds to be more reactive than C
compounds.
9. 15-9
Diversity and Reactivity of Organic Molecules
• Many organic compounds contain heteroatoms, atoms
other than C and H.
– The most common of these are O, N, and the halogens.
• Most reactions involve the interaction of electron rich
area in one molecule with an electron poor site in
another.
– C–C bonds and C–H bonds tend to be unreactive.
– Bonds between C and a heteroatom are usually polar, creating
an imbalance in electron density and providing a site for
reactions to occur.
10. 15-10
Hydrocarbons
• contain only carbon and hydrogen
• Saturated--contain the maximum amount
of hydrogen--contain only single bonds
• Unsaturated--do not contain the
maximum amount of hydrogen--contain
double and/or triple bonds
12. 15-12
Drawing Carbon Skeletons
Each C atom can form a maximum of four bonds.
These may be four single bonds, OR one double and two single bonds,
OR one triple and one single bond.
The arrangement of C atoms determines the skeleton, so a
straight chain and a bent chain represent the same
skeleton.
Groups joined by a single bond can rotate freely, so a
branch pointing down is the same as one point up.
13. 15-13
Figure 15.4 Adding the H-atom skin to the C-atom skeleton.
A C atom single-bonded to one
other atom gets three H atoms.
A C atom single-bonded to two
other atoms gets two H atoms.
A C atom single-bonded to three
other atoms gets one H atom. A C atom single-bonded to four other atoms
is already fully bonded (no H atoms).
14. 15-14
Figure 15.4 continued
A double-bonded C atom is
treated as if it were bonded to
two other atoms.
A double- and single-bonded C
atom or a triple-bonded C atom is
treated as if it were bonded to three
other atoms.
15. 15-15
Sample Problem 15.1 Drawing Hydrocarbons
PLAN: In each case, we draw the longest carbon chain first and
then work down to smaller chains with branches at
different points along them. Then we add H atoms to give
each C a total of four bonds.
PROBLEM: Draw structures that have different atom arrangements
for hydrocarbons with
(a) Six C atoms, no multiple bonds, and no rings
(b) Four C atoms, one double bond, and no rings
(c) Four C atoms, no multiple bonds, and one ring
19. 15-19
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons contain only C and H.
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
and are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons.
The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2, where n is
any positive integer.
Alkanes comprise a homologous series, a group of
compounds in which each member differs from the next by
a –CH2– group.
22. 15-22
Naming Organic Compounds
The root name of the compound is determined from the
number of C atoms in the longest continuous chain.
The name of any organic compound is comprised of three
portions:
PREFIX + ROOT + SUFFIX
The prefix identifies any groups attached to the main
chain.
The suffix indicates the type of organic compound, and is
placed after the root.
The suffix for an alkane is –ane.
23. 15-23
Table 15.1 Numerical Roots for Carbon Chains and Branches
Roots Number of C
Atoms
meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
dec- 10
26. 15-26
Constitutional Isomers
Constitutional or structural isomers have the same
molecular formula but a different arrangement of the
bonded atoms.
A straight-chain alkane may have many branched
structural isomers.
Structural isomers are different compounds and have
different properties.
If the isomers contain the same functional groups, their properties
will still be similar.
30. 15-30
Figure 15.7 Formulas, molar masses (in g/mol), structures, and
boiling points (at 1 atm pressure) of the first 10
unbranched alkanes.
Alkanes are nonpolar and their physical properties are
determined by the dispersion forces between their molecules.
33. 15-33
Nomenclature of Alkanes
• 1. Choose the longest chain of carbon
atoms in the structure and give that chain
the name of the member of the alkane
series having the same number of carbon
atoms.
– butane
• 2. Number the C atoms in that longest
chain starting at the end that will give the
smallest number at the substituted
position.
38. 15-38
Nomenclature of Alkanes
• Give IUPAC names for each of the
following compounds
• Draw the isomers and give the IUPAC
name of the possible isomers of C6H14
41. 15-41
Alkenes
A hydrocarbon that contains at least one C=C bond is
called an alkene.
Alkenes are unsaturated and have the general formula
CnH2n.
To name an alkene, the root name is determined by the
number of C atoms in the longest chain that also
contains the double bond.
The C chain is numbered from the end closest to the double bond.
The suffix for alkenes is –ene.
44. 15-44
Geometric Isomers
The double bond of an alkene restricts rotation, so that
the relative positions of the atoms attached to the double
bond are fixed.
Alkenes may exist as geometric or cis-trans isomers,
which differ in the orientation of the groups attached to
the double bond.
Geometric isomers have different physical properties.
46. 15-46
Alkynes
An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contains at least one
CΞC triple bond.
Alkynes have the general formula CnH2n-2 and they are
also considred unsaturated carbons.
Alkynes are named in the same way as alkenes, using
the suffix –yne.
51. 15-51
Sample Problem 15.2 Naming Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
PROBLEM: Give the systematic name for each of the following,
indicate the chiral center in part (d), and draw two
geometric isomers for part (e).
PLAN: For (a) to (c), we find the longest continuous chain (root) and
add the suffix –ane because there are only single bonds. Then
we name the branches, numbering the C chain from the end
closest to the first branch. For (d) and (e) the longest chain must
include the double bond.
54. 15-54
Nomenclature of Alkanes
• Give IUPAC names for each of the
following compounds
• Draw the isomers and give the IUPAC
name of the possible isomers of C5H12
67. 15-67
Dr . Kay Sandberg’s Nomenclature
Presentation from NC State
• The presentation can be reached at the
following link:
• http://courses.ncsu.edu/ch221/common/k
as/Alkane_Nomenclature/Alkane-
Nomenclature.html