This document provides information about new centres of power in the world, including the European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, and BRICS. It discusses how the European Union has developed strong economic and political influence through cooperation between countries. It also examines the objectives and structures of ASEAN in promoting peace and economic growth in Southeast Asia. The emergence of China as a major economic power is summarized.

1. NAME – Dikshant singh subh
Class – XII ‘ARTS’
Subject – Political science

2. CHAPTER – 4
New centres of power

3. Introduction
 In this chapter, we take a look at some of these emerging alternative centres of power and assess
their possible role in thefuture.
 Both the EU and the ASEAN have blogspot.Developed alternative institutions and conventions
that build a more peaceful and cooperative regional order and have transformed the countries in
the region into prosperous economies.
 The economic rise of China has made adramatic impact on world politics

4. European Union
 Marshall Plan:- After the World War-2, "European states" infrastructure& Economy declined
continuously. Under the "Marshall Plan" the USA provided financial help to revive European
economy.
 Under the Marshall Plan, the "Organisation for European Economic Cooperation" (OEEC) was
established in 1948.
Council Members of OEEC

5.  In 1949, The Council of Europe, established & step forward in political cooperation
 In 1957, formation of the European Economic Community.
 After collapse of the Soviet bloc establishment of the European Union in 1992.
Signing of the
OEEC Charter

6. European union map

7.  European Union has its own foreign & security policy, Cooperation on justice & single currency.
 The European Union has changed from an economic union to increasingly political one.
 In 2003, European Union tried to make Constitution for the EU but failed.

8. Features of European Union
 The EU (European Union) has good
economic, political & military influence.
 The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a
GDP of morethan $12 trillion in 2005.
 Euro can be dangerous for US dollar.
 Its share of world trade is 3 times larger than
that of the US.

9.  Britain & France hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council.
 Its total expenditure on military is second to the US.
 They have 550 nuclear weapons.
 They occupy 2nd place in space & communications technology.

10. Flag
 The circle of gold stars stands forsolidarity and harmony
between thepeoples of Europe. It has 12 stars, as
thenumber 12 is traditionally the symbol of perfection,
completeness and unity.
 Originally 12 nations were the members of European
Union, Later it was joinedby some post Soviet republics
also.
 Over time, more and more countries decided to join.
The Union currently counts 28 EU countries in 2019.

11. Strength of European Union's Military
 EU's combined forces are the second largest in the
world.
 Its total spending on defence issecond after US.
 Two EU members Britain and
udywithmanish.blogspot.com France also have
nuclear arsenals of approximately 550
nuclearwarheads .
 Its also the world's second most important source of
space and communication technology.

12. Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
 ASEAN was established in 1967 by 5 countries of this
region (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore
and Thailand) by signing the Bangkok Declaration.
 Later 5 countries included which are Brunei Darussalam,
Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar (Burma) and Cambodia.

13. Objectives
 Territorial disputes should not escalate into armed
confrontations.
 To accelerate economic growththrough social
progress and cultural development.
 To promote regional peace and stability.
 To create "Free Trade Areas" for investments,
labour and services. USTTIP& China have already
signed FTAwith ASEAN. India signed with
twocountries i.e. Singapore and Thailand.

14. ASEAN WAY
 It is an interaction that is informal, confrontationist and cooperative to promote super national
structures in the "Association of South East Asian nations" (ASEAN).

15.  In 2003, the ASEAN community established the following three pillars:
 1. The ASEAN Security Community:- Solve Territorial disputes and not to escalate into armed
confrontations and also promote regional peace.
 2. The ASEAN Economic Community: Common market for ASEAN countries and produce goods
manis
 3. The ASEAN Socio-cultural Community:- Main motive of ASEAN to increase social progress and
cultural development.

16. THE ASEAN VISION 2020
 The ASEAN VISION 2020 is rapidly growing as a
regional organization with the VISION 2020 including.
 1. An outward looking role in international community
 2. To encourage negotiations over conflicts in the
region..
 3. To control to end the conflicts i.e. Cambodian
conflict, East Timor Crisis, annual discussion on East
Asian Cooperation through meetings.

17. SAARC
 It stands for "South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation" having seven membersand aims at
mutual trust and understanding.
 India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, SriLanka, Nepal,
Pakistan and Maldives.
 In 2005, Afghanistan begannegotiating their
accession to SAARC and formally applied
formembership on the same year.

18.  Afghanistan joined the SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007.
 The 20th SAARC summit is the 20th meeting of the heads of state or heads of government of the
eight SAARC countries. The 2020 SAARC Summit will take place in Islamabad. Pakistan is
aggressively seeking support from smaller South Asian nations to host the SAARC summit in
Islamabad.

19. Two Objectives of SAARC
 1. To provide an integrated programme for regional
development.
 2. To accelerate economic growth, social progress in the
region.

20. Role of SAARC
 South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation" (SAARC) is aregional initiative among South
Asian states to evolve cooperation since 1985 onwards.
 It consists of 8 members to encomanish.blomutual harmony and understanding.

21.  SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement) to free trade zones for whole South Asia
for collective economic security.
 SAARC has projected on economic development of its member states to reduce their dependencies on
the non- regional powers.

22. Limitations of SAARC
 SAARC is growing slowly due to political differences among its memberstate:
 1. Only the conflicts led to bilateral issues as Kashmir problem between India and Pakistan
 2. Some of the Indian neighbours fear that India intends to dominate them by influencing their
societies and politics.
 3. SAARC members are from among the developing or least developing countries which creates
insufficiency of funds.

23. BRICS
 The term BRICS refers to Brazil, Russia, India, China and South africa respectively.
 BRIC was founded in 2006 in Russia . BRIC turned into BRICS after the inclusion of South africa in
its first meeting in The year 2009

24.  The key Objective of BRICS are primarily to cooperate and distribute mutual economic benefits
among its member Besides non interference in the internal policies of each nation and mutual
equality.
 The 11th conference of the BRICS concluded in Brazil in 2019, chaired by Brazilian President Jair
Bolsonaro.

25. list of BRICS summits
Host Nation Date Chairmanship
1. Yekaterinburg, Russia 16 June 2009 Dmitry Medvedev
2. Brasília, Brazil 15 April 2010 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
3. Sanya, China 14 April 2011 Hu Jintao
4. New Delhi, India 29 March 2012 Manmohan Singh
5. Durban South Africa 26-27 March 2013 Jacob Zuma
6. Fortaleza, Brazil 4-17 April 2014 Dilma Rousseff

26. Host Date Chairmanship
7. Ufa, Russia 8-9 July 2015 Vladimir Putin
8. Benaulim, (Goa) India 15-16 October 2016 Narendra Modi
9. Xiamen, China 3-5 September 2017 Xi Jinping
10. Johannesburg, South
Africa
25-27 July 2018 Cyril Ramaphosa
11. Brasilia, Brazil 13-14 November 2019 Jair Bolsonaro
12. Saint Petersburg Russia July 2020 Vladimir Putin

27. Sub-Unit: 'Russia'
 Russia has been the largest part of the former Soviet Union even before its disintegration. After the
dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1980s and early 1990s, Russia emerged as the strong
successor of USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]. Russia's GDP is currently 11th in the world.

28. Sub-Unit: 'India
 The 21st century India is being seen as an
important emerging global power. The world is
experiencing the power and rise of India in a
multidimensional way.
 The economic, cultural, strategic position of the
country with a population of more than 135
crores is very strong.

29.  From an economic perspective, targeting the goal of a $5 trillion economy, a
competitive huge market, an ancient inclusive culture with 200 million
people of Indian Diaspora spreading across the globe impart distinct
meaning and salience to India as a new centre of power in the 21st century.
 From a strategic perspective, the military of India is self-sufficient with
indigenous nuclear technology making it another nuclear power. Make in
India scheme in telplogy and science is another milestone of Indian
economy.
 All these changes are making India an important centre of power in the
present world.

30. Sub-Unit: 'Israel'
 Shown on the world map with a pointer, Israel has emerged as one of the most powerful nations in
the 21st century world in terms of science and technology, defence, intelligence besides economy.

31.  Situated in the middle of the burning politics of West Asian countries. Israel
has reached to the new heights of global political standing by virtue of its
indomitable defence prowess, technological innovations, industrialization
and agricultural development.
 Sustaining against adversity is the principle with which a small Jewish-
Zionist nation, i.e., Israel is placed in the contemporary global politics in
general and the Arab-dominated West Asian politics in particular.

32. The Rise of Chinese Economy
 In starting, China was not a developedcountry like today.
China's economicsuccess increased sine 1978 as a greatpower.
It is projected to overtake the USas the world's largest
economy by 2040.
 The factors of increasing its economysuch as population, land
mass, resources, regional location and political influence.
 In 1949, "People Republics of China" (PRC) came into being
after the communist revolution under the leadership of Mao,
its economy wasbased on the Soviet model.
People Republics of China

33.  China adopted socialism and not chose its links to capitalist world.
 So, they have no choices to use their own resources.
 With the help of USSR, they invested their capital from agriculture to industries.
 They had no foreign currency so they could not trade with other countries to buy technology &
goods. China decided to make goods at domestic level.
 China provided educating its citizens and ensuring better health for them to move developed
country.

34.  China established its relations with the United States in 1972 .
 In 1973 Zhou Enlai proposed the "Four Modernisations" i.e.
agriculture, industry, science & technology and military.
 In 1978, leader Deng Xiaoping announced the"Open Door"
policy and economic reforms in China.
 After that China's Trade was increased rapidly and no lack of
foreign currency and now investing money in other countries.

35. India - Sino Relations
 Border dispute between India and China regarding Arunachal Pradesh and Akshai Chin regions of
Ladakh in India.
 Chinese takeover of Tibet in 1950 which was protected by India against China. Give shelter to Dalai
Lama by India, & China told to break Panchsheel agreement. China attacked on India in 1962.

36.  The privatization of agriculture in 1982 and industry in
1998.
 Trade barriers were eliminated only in Special Economic
Zones (SEZ) where foreign investors could set up
enterprises.
 Privatisation of agriculture led to rise in agricultural
production & rural incomes.
 In 2001, China became the member of WTO.
 Due to influence of China-Japan, US, ASEAN and Russia
neglecting the Controversies among them and ready to
trade with China.

37.  Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in Dec 1988 to improve
Indo-China relations.
 They have also signed agreements on cultural
exchanges and cooperation in science and technology.
After 1999, trade increased by 30% annually,
Studywithmaniah
 China’s assistance to Pak’s nuclear programme also
created differences.
 China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar
were negative viewed as to Indian interest.

38. Limitations of China
 Unemployment has risen in China with nearly 100 million people looking for jobs.
 Female employment and conditions of work are as bad in Europe of the 18th and 19th centuries.
 Environmental degradation and corruption have increased.