Camera-based sensory substitution and augmented reality for the blind (ACIVS ...Peter Meijer
Abstract
Camera-based sensory substitution and augmented reality for the blind.
Rapid developments in mobile computing and sensing with smartphones open up new
opportunities for augmenting our reality with information and experiences that
our senses could not directly provide. One current trend is towards augmented
reality applications based on location-based services (LBS) and computer vision.
Apart from mass-market uses, there also arise new uses in niche markets such as
technology for the blind.
Despite its more limited commercial value, I will in my talk discuss how this
particular niche market is extremely interesting for bringing together research
on man-machine interfaces, computer vision, brain plasticity, synesthesia, and
even contemporary philosophy. It is also an area where fundamental research
(e.g. on brain plasticity) may prove directly socially relevant through
applications that are readily made globally available over the web, and that run
on mass-market devices.
Hybrid applications convey via sound or touch the raw visual information from
live camera views as well as semantic information for nearby items of interest,
as recognized through computer vision or identified through location databases.
Moreover, neuroscience research has in the past decade established that the
visual cortex of blind people becomes responsive to sound and touch, thus adding
some biological plausibility to the idea of creating non-invasive sensory
by-passes in the form of sensory substitution.
A review of the research, facilities and expertise of the Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing.
Presented at "Implementing Future Networks, Content and Services with Secure and Efficient Systems." At the University of Surrey 20th Sept 2010
How the brain works and does not work - Erin Legion Hall - March 8 2012jdspafford
1. The brain is a complex organ that is highly sensitive to injury.
2. It integrates sensory information from different modalities and interprets this information to create our perception of reality.
3. The brain is divided between the left and right hemispheres which have specialized but interconnected functions important for tasks, context, and perspective.
4. A critical feature of the human brain that enabled culture is mirror neurons, which allow for imitation, empathy, language, and motor planning.
Document showing the imaging capabilities of the LLTech's Light-CT scanner.
The Light-CT scanner has amazing imaging capabilities due to its ultra high resolution (1.5 X 1.5 X 1 µm). It offers the capability to do optical slices under the surface of the analyzed sample. The imaging process is fast, easy an safe for both the user and the sample. No staining is required.
The document discusses using advances in neurotechnology to treat diseases and enhance human abilities. It notes that brain-machine interfaces, brain reading/uploading, enhanced learning and greater sensory powers could help with conditions like schizophrenia, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's, depression, blindness and deafness. However, major technological breakthroughs are still needed to achieve this. The document argues that focusing research and commercialization efforts on diseases without good treatment options and large markets could help drive progress in the field.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the human eye. It describes the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and muscles. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused onto the retina, where it is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The document also discusses common eye diseases and conditions, such as styes, squint, refractive errors, and conjunctivitis. Maintaining good nutrition with vitamin A is important for proper eye health. Examining the size and reaction of pupils can provide clues about eye and brain health problems.
Camera-based sensory substitution and augmented reality for the blind (ACIVS ...Peter Meijer
Abstract
Camera-based sensory substitution and augmented reality for the blind.
Rapid developments in mobile computing and sensing with smartphones open up new
opportunities for augmenting our reality with information and experiences that
our senses could not directly provide. One current trend is towards augmented
reality applications based on location-based services (LBS) and computer vision.
Apart from mass-market uses, there also arise new uses in niche markets such as
technology for the blind.
Despite its more limited commercial value, I will in my talk discuss how this
particular niche market is extremely interesting for bringing together research
on man-machine interfaces, computer vision, brain plasticity, synesthesia, and
even contemporary philosophy. It is also an area where fundamental research
(e.g. on brain plasticity) may prove directly socially relevant through
applications that are readily made globally available over the web, and that run
on mass-market devices.
Hybrid applications convey via sound or touch the raw visual information from
live camera views as well as semantic information for nearby items of interest,
as recognized through computer vision or identified through location databases.
Moreover, neuroscience research has in the past decade established that the
visual cortex of blind people becomes responsive to sound and touch, thus adding
some biological plausibility to the idea of creating non-invasive sensory
by-passes in the form of sensory substitution.
A review of the research, facilities and expertise of the Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing.
Presented at "Implementing Future Networks, Content and Services with Secure and Efficient Systems." At the University of Surrey 20th Sept 2010
How the brain works and does not work - Erin Legion Hall - March 8 2012jdspafford
1. The brain is a complex organ that is highly sensitive to injury.
2. It integrates sensory information from different modalities and interprets this information to create our perception of reality.
3. The brain is divided between the left and right hemispheres which have specialized but interconnected functions important for tasks, context, and perspective.
4. A critical feature of the human brain that enabled culture is mirror neurons, which allow for imitation, empathy, language, and motor planning.
Document showing the imaging capabilities of the LLTech's Light-CT scanner.
The Light-CT scanner has amazing imaging capabilities due to its ultra high resolution (1.5 X 1.5 X 1 µm). It offers the capability to do optical slices under the surface of the analyzed sample. The imaging process is fast, easy an safe for both the user and the sample. No staining is required.
The document discusses using advances in neurotechnology to treat diseases and enhance human abilities. It notes that brain-machine interfaces, brain reading/uploading, enhanced learning and greater sensory powers could help with conditions like schizophrenia, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's, depression, blindness and deafness. However, major technological breakthroughs are still needed to achieve this. The document argues that focusing research and commercialization efforts on diseases without good treatment options and large markets could help drive progress in the field.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the human eye. It describes the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and muscles. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused onto the retina, where it is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The document also discusses common eye diseases and conditions, such as styes, squint, refractive errors, and conjunctivitis. Maintaining good nutrition with vitamin A is important for proper eye health. Examining the size and reaction of pupils can provide clues about eye and brain health problems.
5S is the name of a workplace organization method that uses a list of five Japanese words: seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke. Transliterated or translated into English, they all start with the letter "S". The list describes how to organize a work space for efficiency and effectiveness by identifying and storing the items used, maintaining the area and items, and sustaining the new order.
Language disorders involve problems processing linguistic information that can affect grammar, semantics, and other aspects of language. They can be receptive, involving comprehension issues, expressive, involving production problems, or both. Common language disorders include specific language impairment and aphasia. The document goes on to describe receptive language disorders which impact understanding language inputs, expressive disorders affecting output of language, speech disorders, communication disorders, and several specific types of language disorders like dyslexia, dysgraphia, and their symptoms.
The document provides an overview of definitions, causes, challenges, and educational approaches related to deafness and hearing loss. It defines deaf and hard of hearing according to IDEA and discusses the debate around oral vs. manual communication methods. The document also summarizes prevalence data, the importance of early identification, challenges associated with hearing loss, and strategies for teaching students with hearing impairments.
This document discusses normal speech development and common speech and language disorders. It covers the essentials needed for normal speech development including sensory stimulation, imitation, experimentation, and feedback. It then describes the typical stages of phonation and articulation in infants. The document classifies speech disorders and discusses factors important for diagnosing speech delays.
The ear consists of the external, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, which is spiral-shaped and divided into three fluid-filled sections. Within the cochlea lies the organ of Corti, which transforms sound waves into neural signals. These signals travel through the cochlear nerve and into the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing. Hearing impairment can result from various causes that can be identified on imaging studies, including otitis media, cholesteatoma, fractures of the petrous bone, acoustic neuromas, and more. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery or use of a cochlear implant.
The document provides an overview of understanding hearing impairment. It defines hearing impairment and discusses causes, classifications, and characteristics. It also describes rehabilitation programs including assessment, educational options, and communication methods like sign language. Visual gestural communication methods like sign language, finger spelling, and simultaneous communication methods are explained. Tips for communicating with those who have hearing impairments are provided.
This document discusses speech and language disorders, including their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Speech disorders can affect fluency, articulation, or voice, while language disorders involve receptive or expressive difficulties. Children may develop these disorders due to brain conditions, while adults can due to events like stroke. Diagnosis is made by a speech pathologist, and treatment may involve therapy, addressing underlying causes, or assistive devices.
Here are the key steps an audiologist would take to help Lily and her family:
1. The doctor would refer Lily to an audiologist for hearing tests to determine the severity and type of her hearing loss.
2. The audiologist would perform behavioral and objective tests to assess Lily's hearing ability and identify if she has a partial, mild, severe or profound hearing loss.
3. If needed, the audiologist would fit Lily for hearing aids and work with the family to help Lily gradually adjust to using the aids. This would require periodic follow-ups to monitor progress.
4. The audiologist can provide guidance on communication strategies and connect the family to additional
This document discusses different types of speech disorders including aphasia, dysphonia, dysarthria, and others. It provides details on aphasia including the major divisions of fluent and non-fluent aphasia. Specific types of aphasia like Wernicke's, Broca's, conduction, and global aphasia are explained. The document also covers dysarthria and dysphonia as well as other miscellaneous speech disorders.
The document discusses several key aspects of sensation and perception:
1. Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding stimuli from the senses, while perception involves interpreting these sensations.
2. Our senses receive physical stimuli and transmit this information to the brain as electrical signals via a process called transduction.
3. The brain then interprets these signals through processes like sensation, perception, attention, organization, and interpretation to understand the world around us.
4. Factors like past experiences, knowledge, motives, and situational context influence our perceptions.
This document provides an overview of communication disorders including speech and language impairments. It defines communication disorders and describes the communication process. It then discusses speech impairments such as articulation disorders, voice issues, and fluency issues. It also covers language impairments affecting phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Causes, characteristics, prevalence, and strategies for teachers are summarized. Assistive technologies like graphic organizers and augmentative communication are also mentioned.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the human brain. It describes key regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It discusses the structure of gray and white matter, as well as specialized areas within the cerebral cortex involved in motor control, sensory processing, language, and more. Injury mechanisms to different brain lobes are also outlined.
Judith Ford Presentation - SRF Webinar Sep 13, 2012wef
Neurophysiological studies using EEG and ERPs have provided insights into auditory verbal hallucinations. Studies compare neural activity during hallucination periods versus non-hallucination periods within subjects (symptom capture) and between hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients. Symptom capture studies show involvement of auditory cortex but findings are inconsistent. Studies comparing patients find hallucinators have smaller ERP responses to probes, suggesting voices disrupt processing of external auditory events.
The document discusses theories about the functions of sleep. It suggests sleep may serve functions like immune function, muscle/organ function, toxin removal, energy replenishment, neural regeneration, learning and memory, and more. However, determining sleep's exact functions is challenging. The document outlines challenges like distinguishing functions from interactions and disentangling sleep from biological clocks. It discusses clues from development, molecular biology, and evolution to help understand sleep functions.
Brain-Computer Interface and States of VigilanceStephen Larroque
WARNING: some images and videos might be emotionally difficult to bear (e.g., children with disabilities). Please proceed at your own discretion.
How to communicate with patients who cannot communicate?
This is the seemingly paradoxical problem researchers are currently trying to solve, using various approaches, from clinical diagnosis with tailored scales to brain-computer interfaces to directly communicate with the brain of patients who cannot express by themselves.
Initially presented at University Descartes Paris 5 for the Master BIN, using previous works from Quentin Noirhomme and Georgios Antonopoulos.
Mirror neurons help make meaning in communication in 3 key ways:
1) Mirror neurons fire both when we perform an action and when we observe another performing the same action, allowing us to understand others' intentions and have empathy.
2) Through mirroring others' gestures, words and actions in conversation, mirror neurons enable understanding without explicit meaning.
3) Mirror neurons are thought to have played a role in the evolution of language and culture by facilitating learning through imitation.
Lecture presented to Less Wrong Israel at the Googleplex, Tel Aviv.
Covers in brief some myths on neurobiology and comparative human neuroanatomy. Followed by a presentation on neuroplasticity - examples, regulation and potential future research.
All rights Reserved, Dan Ofer.
Week 7 the neural basis of consciousness: higher visual areas and the nccNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the evidence supporting the claim that higher visual areas are the NCC?
2) What are the phenomenological and behavioral characteristics of binocular rivalry?
3) How did the researchers establish the binocular rivalry paradigm with monkeys as participants?
4) What are the implications of the NCC studies using binocular rivalry?
The document describes the structure and functions of different parts of the human brain. It discusses the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, lobes of the brain including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It identifies various cortical regions and describes their functions, such as the primary motor cortex, Broca's area, visual cortex, auditory cortex etc. It also describes sulci, fissures and gyri of the cerebral cortex.
NeuroVision provides computer-based visual stimulation training to optimize visual processing in the brain. It trains the brain to automatically sharpen images similar to how software enhances low-resolution photos. Treatment involves 30-minute sessions 3 times per week using proprietary algorithms to dynamically control visual stimuli parameters like contrast, orientation, and spatial frequency. This enhances neuronal interactions in the visual cortex to improve contrast sensitivity and visual acuity over the course of 30-40 sessions.
The document discusses neural correlates of higher level brain functions. It covers several topics:
1) Experience arises at the quantum level in ion channel proteins, with quantum properties like coherence and entanglement playing a role.
2) Construction of perception involves transitions from quantum to classical domains in the brain, mediated by ion channel proteins. Top-down processes and long-range connections in large brains are important for conscious perception.
3) Perception emerges from complex interactions between ascending and recurrent signaling in the brain, with feedback thought to be crucial for awareness. Receptive field properties evolve along synaptic distances in hierarchical cortical networks.
5S is the name of a workplace organization method that uses a list of five Japanese words: seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke. Transliterated or translated into English, they all start with the letter "S". The list describes how to organize a work space for efficiency and effectiveness by identifying and storing the items used, maintaining the area and items, and sustaining the new order.
Language disorders involve problems processing linguistic information that can affect grammar, semantics, and other aspects of language. They can be receptive, involving comprehension issues, expressive, involving production problems, or both. Common language disorders include specific language impairment and aphasia. The document goes on to describe receptive language disorders which impact understanding language inputs, expressive disorders affecting output of language, speech disorders, communication disorders, and several specific types of language disorders like dyslexia, dysgraphia, and their symptoms.
The document provides an overview of definitions, causes, challenges, and educational approaches related to deafness and hearing loss. It defines deaf and hard of hearing according to IDEA and discusses the debate around oral vs. manual communication methods. The document also summarizes prevalence data, the importance of early identification, challenges associated with hearing loss, and strategies for teaching students with hearing impairments.
This document discusses normal speech development and common speech and language disorders. It covers the essentials needed for normal speech development including sensory stimulation, imitation, experimentation, and feedback. It then describes the typical stages of phonation and articulation in infants. The document classifies speech disorders and discusses factors important for diagnosing speech delays.
The ear consists of the external, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, which is spiral-shaped and divided into three fluid-filled sections. Within the cochlea lies the organ of Corti, which transforms sound waves into neural signals. These signals travel through the cochlear nerve and into the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing. Hearing impairment can result from various causes that can be identified on imaging studies, including otitis media, cholesteatoma, fractures of the petrous bone, acoustic neuromas, and more. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include surgery or use of a cochlear implant.
The document provides an overview of understanding hearing impairment. It defines hearing impairment and discusses causes, classifications, and characteristics. It also describes rehabilitation programs including assessment, educational options, and communication methods like sign language. Visual gestural communication methods like sign language, finger spelling, and simultaneous communication methods are explained. Tips for communicating with those who have hearing impairments are provided.
This document discusses speech and language disorders, including their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Speech disorders can affect fluency, articulation, or voice, while language disorders involve receptive or expressive difficulties. Children may develop these disorders due to brain conditions, while adults can due to events like stroke. Diagnosis is made by a speech pathologist, and treatment may involve therapy, addressing underlying causes, or assistive devices.
Here are the key steps an audiologist would take to help Lily and her family:
1. The doctor would refer Lily to an audiologist for hearing tests to determine the severity and type of her hearing loss.
2. The audiologist would perform behavioral and objective tests to assess Lily's hearing ability and identify if she has a partial, mild, severe or profound hearing loss.
3. If needed, the audiologist would fit Lily for hearing aids and work with the family to help Lily gradually adjust to using the aids. This would require periodic follow-ups to monitor progress.
4. The audiologist can provide guidance on communication strategies and connect the family to additional
This document discusses different types of speech disorders including aphasia, dysphonia, dysarthria, and others. It provides details on aphasia including the major divisions of fluent and non-fluent aphasia. Specific types of aphasia like Wernicke's, Broca's, conduction, and global aphasia are explained. The document also covers dysarthria and dysphonia as well as other miscellaneous speech disorders.
The document discusses several key aspects of sensation and perception:
1. Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding stimuli from the senses, while perception involves interpreting these sensations.
2. Our senses receive physical stimuli and transmit this information to the brain as electrical signals via a process called transduction.
3. The brain then interprets these signals through processes like sensation, perception, attention, organization, and interpretation to understand the world around us.
4. Factors like past experiences, knowledge, motives, and situational context influence our perceptions.
This document provides an overview of communication disorders including speech and language impairments. It defines communication disorders and describes the communication process. It then discusses speech impairments such as articulation disorders, voice issues, and fluency issues. It also covers language impairments affecting phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Causes, characteristics, prevalence, and strategies for teachers are summarized. Assistive technologies like graphic organizers and augmentative communication are also mentioned.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the human brain. It describes key regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It discusses the structure of gray and white matter, as well as specialized areas within the cerebral cortex involved in motor control, sensory processing, language, and more. Injury mechanisms to different brain lobes are also outlined.
Judith Ford Presentation - SRF Webinar Sep 13, 2012wef
Neurophysiological studies using EEG and ERPs have provided insights into auditory verbal hallucinations. Studies compare neural activity during hallucination periods versus non-hallucination periods within subjects (symptom capture) and between hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients. Symptom capture studies show involvement of auditory cortex but findings are inconsistent. Studies comparing patients find hallucinators have smaller ERP responses to probes, suggesting voices disrupt processing of external auditory events.
The document discusses theories about the functions of sleep. It suggests sleep may serve functions like immune function, muscle/organ function, toxin removal, energy replenishment, neural regeneration, learning and memory, and more. However, determining sleep's exact functions is challenging. The document outlines challenges like distinguishing functions from interactions and disentangling sleep from biological clocks. It discusses clues from development, molecular biology, and evolution to help understand sleep functions.
Brain-Computer Interface and States of VigilanceStephen Larroque
WARNING: some images and videos might be emotionally difficult to bear (e.g., children with disabilities). Please proceed at your own discretion.
How to communicate with patients who cannot communicate?
This is the seemingly paradoxical problem researchers are currently trying to solve, using various approaches, from clinical diagnosis with tailored scales to brain-computer interfaces to directly communicate with the brain of patients who cannot express by themselves.
Initially presented at University Descartes Paris 5 for the Master BIN, using previous works from Quentin Noirhomme and Georgios Antonopoulos.
Mirror neurons help make meaning in communication in 3 key ways:
1) Mirror neurons fire both when we perform an action and when we observe another performing the same action, allowing us to understand others' intentions and have empathy.
2) Through mirroring others' gestures, words and actions in conversation, mirror neurons enable understanding without explicit meaning.
3) Mirror neurons are thought to have played a role in the evolution of language and culture by facilitating learning through imitation.
Lecture presented to Less Wrong Israel at the Googleplex, Tel Aviv.
Covers in brief some myths on neurobiology and comparative human neuroanatomy. Followed by a presentation on neuroplasticity - examples, regulation and potential future research.
All rights Reserved, Dan Ofer.
Week 7 the neural basis of consciousness: higher visual areas and the nccNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are the evidence supporting the claim that higher visual areas are the NCC?
2) What are the phenomenological and behavioral characteristics of binocular rivalry?
3) How did the researchers establish the binocular rivalry paradigm with monkeys as participants?
4) What are the implications of the NCC studies using binocular rivalry?
The document describes the structure and functions of different parts of the human brain. It discusses the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, lobes of the brain including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It identifies various cortical regions and describes their functions, such as the primary motor cortex, Broca's area, visual cortex, auditory cortex etc. It also describes sulci, fissures and gyri of the cerebral cortex.
NeuroVision provides computer-based visual stimulation training to optimize visual processing in the brain. It trains the brain to automatically sharpen images similar to how software enhances low-resolution photos. Treatment involves 30-minute sessions 3 times per week using proprietary algorithms to dynamically control visual stimuli parameters like contrast, orientation, and spatial frequency. This enhances neuronal interactions in the visual cortex to improve contrast sensitivity and visual acuity over the course of 30-40 sessions.
The document discusses neural correlates of higher level brain functions. It covers several topics:
1) Experience arises at the quantum level in ion channel proteins, with quantum properties like coherence and entanglement playing a role.
2) Construction of perception involves transitions from quantum to classical domains in the brain, mediated by ion channel proteins. Top-down processes and long-range connections in large brains are important for conscious perception.
3) Perception emerges from complex interactions between ascending and recurrent signaling in the brain, with feedback thought to be crucial for awareness. Receptive field properties evolve along synaptic distances in hierarchical cortical networks.
Week 2 neural basis of consciousness: introduction to the research methods ts...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we characterize our phenomenology
- Introduction to psychophysical methods
2) How can we measure neural activity in the brain?
- What is the source of the neural activity?
This document outlines a course on the cognitive and neural basis of numerical abilities. The course will cover topics such as the perception and representation of numerical quantity in the brain, number neurons in humans and other animals, and the cerebral circuits underlying simple arithmetic. It will also discuss cultural variability and universal mechanisms in numerical cognition, as well as how numbers relate to other domains like language and space. Each class will include more detailed discussion of relevant studies using methods like fMRI, EEG, and behavioral experiments.
Our goal is to connect the knowledge base from cognitive development and neuroscience to practical knowledge about learning and teaching in educational environments. Grounding learning and teaching in research about learning, we have discovered a universal scale for learning – which greatly increases the power of assessments and makes possible the use of a common toolkit for learning sequences in any domain. In addition, we have been able to design on-line computer-based assessments that make assessment both less expensive and more convenient. The tests start with assessments that are connected to learning environments and can be used directly to promote and guide learning. Our goal is to move beyond using tests as sorting mechanisms and toward using them as powerful aids for education.
Our brains are surprisingly adaptable and open to learning. Our thoughts, feelings, actions, memories, learning and imaginations are the result of what happens in our synapses. A functional normal brain should have good balance of brain waves, blood flow and matabolism and neurotransmitters. Brain training and neuroplasticity by different neuromodulation modalities will help us to have a better mental state and thus a better world.
Auditory Object Recognition: Evidence from AphasiaLaura Gwilliams
The study investigated auditory object cognition in patients with dementia syndromes like Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasias. An experimental battery assessed three levels of auditory processing - early perceptual coding, perceptual representations of whole objects, and recognition of object semantics. Results showed distinctive profiles of impaired auditory object processing in different dementia syndromes after controlling for non-verbal working memory performance. The findings suggest dementia syndromes affect auditory object cognition through separable stages of analysis. Future research should study larger cohorts and additional diseases to better understand auditory dysfunction in these disorders.
Emotion Ontology and Affective NeuroscienceJanna Hastings
This document discusses annotating affective neuroscience data with the Emotion Ontology. It describes affective science and studies of emotional functioning and disorders using brain imaging. The Emotion Ontology aims to define emotion types and their characteristics. Studies of facial expression recognition, personal memory recall, and emotional sounds or films could be annotated with classes like visual perception of emotional stimuli or memory of emotional episodes. The ontology provides a framework for representing domain knowledge in a consistent way.
Here are the key functions of the structures in abnormal psychology based on the information provided:
Amygdala: Responsible for how one perceives emotions like anger, fear, and sadness. Also controls emotions like aggression. Helps store memories of events and emotions.
Hypothalamus: Regulates basic bodily functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature, and heart rate. Releases hormones that control these functions.
Thalamus: Sorts and distributes sensory data to different areas of the cortex. Sorts information as visual, tactile, auditory, or gustatory and sends it to the appropriate cortical region for processing. Sends visual information to the occipital lobe.
This primer provides an overview of neuro-optometry and how optometrists can incorporate basic neurological screenings into their practice. It begins with an introduction to neuroanatomy, focusing on the brainstem and cranial nerves. The document then describes how to test the 12 cranial nerves, which involve assessments of smell, vision, eye movements, facial expressions, hearing, balance, swallowing and tongue movement. The benefits of these screenings are that they take little additional time but provide significant education to patients and could detect underlying neurological problems.
Week 4 the neural basis of consciousness introduction to the visual systemNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are behavioral and neural signatures of nonconscious processing?
2) Can blindsight-like behavior induced in monkeys? What are the evidence?
3) How can we discriminate nonconscious from conscious behaviors using a concept of metacognition?
4) What is the structure of eye and how does it shape our conscious vision?
Similar to Neuroplasticity Following Sensory Loss (20)
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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1. The Boston Retinal Implant Project Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
Center for Innovative Visual Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School
Boston VA Medical Center Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
www.bostonretinalimplant.org www.tmslab.org
2.
3. Are the Blind Really Better? Auditory
Tactile
1.5
JVP Domes
1.4
Threshold
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9 Gougoux et al. Nature, 2005
Blind Sighted
1.2
1.1
Verbal Memory
Threshold
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Reading Homol Non-Dom Non-Dom
Homologous
van Boven et al. Neurology 2000
Amedi et al. Nat Neurosci 2003; 2004
5. TOUCH
MOTOR SPATIAL
AWARNESS
WORKING
MEMORY
VISION
SMELL
TASTE HEARING
SPEECH
6. TOUCH
SPATIAL
AWARNESS
WORKING
MEMORY
VISION
HEARING
7. Watching the Brain in Action: Functional Neuroimaging
RESTING TASK
Task Rest Difference
- =
Generating
Verbs
Speaking
Words
Hearing
Words
Seeing
Words
from Posner and Raichle
8. Activation of Occipital (Visual) Cortex in the Blind
Braille Sound Localization Verbal Memory
Sadato, Pascual-Leone et al., Nature: 1996; Brain: Gougoux et al., 2005 PLoS; Nature 2004 Amedi et al. Nat Neurosci 2003; 2004
1998
9. Occipital Visual Cortex: Early vs. Late Blind
EARLY BLIND LATE BLIND
Burton et al., J. Neurophysiol: 2002
10. The Blindfold Experiment: Tactile
Day 5 > Day 1
Blindfold vs Non Blindfold
Pascual-Leone et al., 2003 Merabet et al., PLOS One 2008
11. The Blindfold Experiment: Tactile
Right Hand (reading)
50
40
Braille Character Recognition
30
[% errors]
20
Blindfolded: Training
Non Blindfolded: Training
10
0
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5
Kauffman et al., Neuroreport 2002
12. Braille Alexia Following an Occipital Stroke
Case Report:
- 63 y.o. right-handed female
- blind at birth (retinopathy of pre-maturity)
- Reported VA: No Light Perception OU
- normal milestones, Braille at 6 y.o.
- proficient reader: 120-150 symbols/min
Complaint: light-headedness, difficulty
swallowing, loss of motor coordination, LOC
- admitted to emergency - 24 hr coma
- “normal physical and neurological exam”
- within 24 hrs; alert and interactive
From Hamilton et al., 2000; Neuroreport
13. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): "virtual brain lesions"
Generated
Magnetic Induced
Field Current
TMS Coil
Low frequency (e.g. 1 Hz)
= lowered excitability
High frequency (e.g. 10-20 Hz)
= increased excitability
14. Modulating Braille Reading Performance by Modulating Brain Activity
Low
frequency
Tactile and linguistic manifestations
of "visual" cortex modulation
High
frequency
Roy H. Hamilton and Alvaro Pascual-Leone TICS 1998
15. “Painting is a blind man’s
profession, as blind people have
a clearer vision of reality”
- Picasso
“I wish I had been born blind,
because it would have enhanced
my artistic perception of the
world”
- Monet
18. Activation of Occipital (Visual) Cortex in the Blind
Braille Sound Localization Verbal Memory
Sadato, Pascual-Leone et al., Nature: 1996; Gougoux et al., 2005 PLoS; Nature 2004 Amedi et al. Nat Neurosci 2003; 2004
Brain: 1998
Activation of Auditory Cortex in the Deaf
Sign Language Motion Perception Vibro-tactile
+
Nishimura et al., Nature, 1999 Finney et al., Nat Neurosci, 2001 Auer et al., Neuroreport, 2007
19. Helen Keller
Anindya “Bapin”
Bhattacharyya
http://www.bapin.info/index.html
24. target virtual world reconstruction final representation
Jaime Sanchez and Coworkers
C5: University of Chile, Santiago
http://www.c5.cl/audio/pags/softwares/audio_doom/audiodoom_metod.htm
25. stairwell exit
table furniture
door
First Floor monster
First Floor
player
(facing north)
jewel
Second Floor Second Floor
26. Transfer of Navigation Skills Learned with AbES to Real World
Virtual World Real World
Outcome Measures
Quantitative: classroom
10
- time to target
- # of mistakes made path
taken
Qualitative: lobby
-type of errors made entrance
- strategies employed breakdown
statistics of path
-"creativity" and problem solving
27. AbES and Functional Neuroimaging
instructions vs rest
AbES projected auditory
reflecting on a screen
mirror cortex
goal-directed navigation vs rest
parietal
cortex frontal
cortex
subject visual
control keys wearing cortex
headphones
posterior
hippocampus
30. Artist Bernardo Strozzi (Italian, Genoese, 1581–1644)
Title Tobias Curing His Father's Blindness
31. Case Report: Subject M.M.
- monocular, and at age 3 blinded in fellow
eye from a chemical burn. Undergoes corneal
transplant at childhood; unsuccessful.
- some light perception, no experience of form
or contrast perception. Reports no visual
memories or imagery.
- at 43 y.o., undergoes corneal/limbal stem cell
transplant.
- highly motivated, intelligent individual.
courtesy the Discovery Channel
32. The Retinal Approach
VITREOUS
NFL
GANGLION CELLS
BIPOLAR CELLS
PHOTORECEPTORS
SUB RETINAL
RPE
CHOROID
34. ? ? ?
Cross-modal Adapted
Occipital cortex
Visual
Occipital cortex
maximal visual maximal cross-modal
function adaptation
Factors:
Onset
Duration
Type of Vision Loss
Prior Experience
Rehabilitation Strategy
Merabet et al., 2006
35. correlation between degree of
hypometabolism and success
…Corollaries and Lessons Learned… with a CI. imaging is prognostic
other regressors:
-duration of deafness,
-duration of CI use
Auditory
Cortex *resting hypometabolism and not
cross-modal activation
* pre-lingual deaf children
Nishimura et al., Nature, 1999
Nature
Lee et al., 2001 Nature
36. …Corollaries and Lessons Learned…
Brain Machine Interfaces
www.cyberkineticsinc.com
left (intact) right (amputated)
Ersland et al., NeuroReport 8, 207–210 (1996)
39. Jaime Sanchez, PhD
University of Chile
Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD PhD
Ela Bhatt, PhD
Mark Halko, PhD
Souzana Obretenova
Center for Noninvasive Brain
Stimulation
Joseph Rizzo, MD
Boston Retinal Implant Project
Carroll Center for the Blind
Boston University Center for Biomedical
Imaging
Our patients…