NeuroVision provides computer-based visual stimulation training to optimize visual processing in the brain. It trains the brain to automatically sharpen images similar to how software enhances low-resolution photos. Treatment involves 30-minute sessions 3 times per week using proprietary algorithms to dynamically control visual stimuli parameters like contrast, orientation, and spatial frequency. This enhances neuronal interactions in the visual cortex to improve contrast sensitivity and visual acuity over the course of 30-40 sessions.
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
- Pleoptics
- Near activities
- Active stimulation therapy using CAM vision stimulator
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Role of perceptual learning
- Binocular stimulation
- Software-based active treatments
- Exposure to dark
- Pharmacological Therapy
Functional Ultrasound Neuroimaging in Awake & Behaving Non-Human PrimatesInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/functional-ultrasound-neuroimaging-in-awake-behaving-non-human-primates/
While there are many neuroimaging modalities to study the brain, each comes with its own set of benefits and limitations. MRI and EEG can record from the whole brain, but it comes at the price of limited spatiotemporal resolution and low sensitivity. Recently, functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging has made a name for itself, with its ability to image the full depth of the brain and provide a quantitative view of brain activation and connectivity.
In this webinar, Dr. Pierre Pouget discusses the use of fUS imaging to assess local changes in cerebral blood flow in awake, behaving non-human primates. He provides an overview of fUS technology and highlight recent and ongoing research showing how unexpected functions can be tracked in the fronto-medial cortex.
Dr. Serge Picaud discusses the application fUS imaging to study the neural circuits underlying vision in rats and nonhuman primates. He presents recent research using fUS in rats to study activation of the visual system, and in NHPs to map brain activity and to study ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex.
Key topics will include:
Pierre Pouget
- Using fUS to assess brain activity in non-human primates in a single trial, without averaging
- Possibilities when coupling fUS with electrophysiology and pharmacology
- How fUS imaging can be used to track short and long-term variations in brain activation
Serge Picaud
- Studying activation of neuronal circuits with either prosthetics or optogenetic activation
- Procedure to generate retinotopic maps in behaving non-human primates
- Demonstrating the lateral and spatial resolution of fUS by imaging ocular dominance columns
Measuring visual acuity and contrast sensitivity by optomotor reflex in rodentsInsideScientific
There is a growing need for behavioral readouts to monitor disease progression and to assess the success of a potential therapy. In vision research, observing the optomotor reflex (OMR) is an important and widely established method for assessing visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in rodents. These tests can be performed with freely moving animals without any need for anaesthesia or restraints. In addition, since OMR is a reflex-based behavior, observing it does not require any training of the animal.
In this webinar, sponsored by Striatech and supported in part by Stoelting, researchers will present objective and bias-free results obtained using a newly developed automated optomotor system. For more information, please visit: https://insidescientific.com/webinar/measuring-visual-acuity-contrast-sensitivity-optomotor-reflex-striatech
Week 4 the neural basis of consciousness introduction to the visual systemNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are behavioral and neural signatures of nonconscious processing?
2) Can blindsight-like behavior induced in monkeys? What are the evidence?
3) How can we discriminate nonconscious from conscious behaviors using a concept of metacognition?
4) What is the structure of eye and how does it shape our conscious vision?
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...InsideScientific
Epilepsy research employs sophisticated research methods such as fluorescence optical imaging and optogenetics, as well as novel electrophysiological techniques, to address unresolved questions about seizure generation and propagation on the cellular and circuitry levels. Since epilepsy research is most relevant when performed in non-anesthetized mice, it requires specialized tools that ensure stable head fixation during high-precision imaging and recordings.
In this webinar, Dr. Anthony Umpierre (Prof. LongJun Wu group, Mayo Clinic, USA) and Prof. Rob Wykes (UCL, UK) present their research on microglial calcium signaling and epileptic networks carried out in awake head-fixed mice. In addition to sharing exciting new findings, the presenters address the challenges of working with awake mice.
Key topics will include…
- Mesoscopic investigations of seizure dynamics and propagation using widefield calcium imaging
- Generating full-bandwidth electrophysiological recordings enabled by graphene micro-transistors to detect spreading depolarizations and seizures
- On-demand optogenetic induction of spreading depolarizations to investigate pharmacological suppression in the awake brain
- The impact of acute versus chronic window preparations on microglial calcium activity
- The use of genetically encoded calcium indicators to study calcium dynamics in microglia
- The effects of bi-directional shifts in neuronal activity caused by kainate-triggered status epilepticus and isoflurane anesthesia on microglial calcium
Brain-Computer Interface and States of VigilanceStephen Larroque
WARNING: some images and videos might be emotionally difficult to bear (e.g., children with disabilities). Please proceed at your own discretion.
How to communicate with patients who cannot communicate?
This is the seemingly paradoxical problem researchers are currently trying to solve, using various approaches, from clinical diagnosis with tailored scales to brain-computer interfaces to directly communicate with the brain of patients who cannot express by themselves.
Initially presented at University Descartes Paris 5 for the Master BIN, using previous works from Quentin Noirhomme and Georgios Antonopoulos.
Don't Miss a Beat: Understanding Continuous, Real Time Physiologic MonitoringInsideScientific
In vivo, preclinical research encompasses numerous study designs with various species and endpoints being monitored. Having access to all available study data allows the scientist to comprehensively understand the study paradigm and make informed research decisions. During Session 3 of our webseries "Biotelemetry For The Life Sciences", presenters discussed the importance of continuous, real-time monitoring in preclinical research. Case studies included using EEG as a biomarker for CNS activity and drug discovery and using telemetry for disease characterizations and and evaluation of vaccines in Biodefense research.
During this exclusive webinar sponsored by Data Sciences International, Steve Fox shares his experience from pharmaceutical development; discussing the importance of continuous EEG monitoring for sleep studies. Anna Honko explains the importance of having access to real-time, continuous data when studying infectious diseases in non-human primates in a Biodefense setting. In addition, Dusty Sarazan reviews how and why continuous, real-time monitoring has become a preferred and essential method for acquiring and studying physiology in today's preclinical research setting.
Key Topics:
EEG as a biomarker for CNS activity and a platform for pre-clincal drug discovery
Sleep/wake patterns and rhythms, and how qEEG signatures allow for accurate clinical predictions of efficacy and CNS adverse event screening
Considering the FDA Animal Rule
Basic disease characterizations and evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics
Non-human primate models of viral biodefense and emerging pathogens
Translating pre-clinical study findings to human, clinical populations
Guest Speakers:
Steve Fox, BS
Associate Principal Scientist,
Merck & Co., Inc.
Anna Honko, PhD
Staff Scientist,
NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility
R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD
Vice President & Chief Scientific Officer, Data Sciences International
EEG signal processing and application to Neurofeedback : Operant Conditioning...MOK wahedi
Introduce therapeutic applications of EEG & QEEG in health and disease
Know about Neurofeedback an emerging modality of treatment of disease where Drugs and surgery has limited effects.
Overview Neurofeedback World Market size and Bangladesh Context
Identify role of Engineers in the application of Neurofeedback and other Advanced Medical Brain imaging and Therapeutics.
EEG stands for “electroencephalography” which is an electrophysiological process to record the electrical activity of the brain.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of brain activity.
EEG measures changes in the electrical activity produced by the brain.
Voltage changes come from ionic current within and between brain cells called neurons.
The electrodes of an EEG device capture electrical activity expressed in various EEG frequencies using an algorithm called a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), these raw EEG signals can be identified as distinct waves with different frequencies.
Frequency, which refers to the speed of the electrical oscillations, is measured in cycles per second — one Hertz (Hz) is equal to one cycle per second.
Brainwaves are categorized by frequency into four main types: Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta.
Quantitative
igital processing of EEG signals consists of different components: signal acquisition unit, feature extraction unit, and a decision algorithm.
The input to the system is an EEG signal acquired from the scalp, brain surface, or brain interior. The signal acquisition unit is represented by electrodes whether they are invasive or non-invasive.
The feature extraction unit is a signal processing unit aiming to extract discriminative features from channel(s).
The decision unit, in brain computer interface (BCI) for example, is a hybrid unit with the purpose of classification, decision-making, and passing the decisions to external devices outputting the intention of the subject.
Electroencephalography (qEEG) is a procedure that processes the recorded EEG activity from a multi-electrode recording using a computer.
This multi-channel EEG data is processed with various algorithms, such as the “Fourier” classically, or in more modern applications “Wavelet” analysis.
The digital data is statistically analyzed, sometimes comparing values with “normative” database reference values.
The processed EEG is commonly converted into color maps of brain functioning called “Brain maps”.
Quantitative EEG (qEEG) is the analysis of the digitized EEG, and in lay terms this sometimes is also called “Brain Mapping”.
In Neurofeedback (NF) the current parameters of EEG recorded from a subject’s head is presented to the subject through visual, auditory, or tactile modality, where the subject alters these parameters to reach a more efficient mode of brain functioning.
Over the last 40 years, neurofeedback has been used to treat various neurological and psychiatric conditions, and to improve cognitive function in various contexts.
Study the influence of (eye) motor control on selective attention
Develop a method to extract motor control parameters during visual search
Develop a method to extract selective attention features during visual search
Study the influence of (eye) motor control on selective attention
Develop a method to extract motor control parameters during visual search
Develop a method to extract selective attention features during visual search
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
- Pleoptics
- Near activities
- Active stimulation therapy using CAM vision stimulator
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Role of perceptual learning
- Binocular stimulation
- Software-based active treatments
- Exposure to dark
- Pharmacological Therapy
Functional Ultrasound Neuroimaging in Awake & Behaving Non-Human PrimatesInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/functional-ultrasound-neuroimaging-in-awake-behaving-non-human-primates/
While there are many neuroimaging modalities to study the brain, each comes with its own set of benefits and limitations. MRI and EEG can record from the whole brain, but it comes at the price of limited spatiotemporal resolution and low sensitivity. Recently, functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging has made a name for itself, with its ability to image the full depth of the brain and provide a quantitative view of brain activation and connectivity.
In this webinar, Dr. Pierre Pouget discusses the use of fUS imaging to assess local changes in cerebral blood flow in awake, behaving non-human primates. He provides an overview of fUS technology and highlight recent and ongoing research showing how unexpected functions can be tracked in the fronto-medial cortex.
Dr. Serge Picaud discusses the application fUS imaging to study the neural circuits underlying vision in rats and nonhuman primates. He presents recent research using fUS in rats to study activation of the visual system, and in NHPs to map brain activity and to study ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex.
Key topics will include:
Pierre Pouget
- Using fUS to assess brain activity in non-human primates in a single trial, without averaging
- Possibilities when coupling fUS with electrophysiology and pharmacology
- How fUS imaging can be used to track short and long-term variations in brain activation
Serge Picaud
- Studying activation of neuronal circuits with either prosthetics or optogenetic activation
- Procedure to generate retinotopic maps in behaving non-human primates
- Demonstrating the lateral and spatial resolution of fUS by imaging ocular dominance columns
Measuring visual acuity and contrast sensitivity by optomotor reflex in rodentsInsideScientific
There is a growing need for behavioral readouts to monitor disease progression and to assess the success of a potential therapy. In vision research, observing the optomotor reflex (OMR) is an important and widely established method for assessing visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in rodents. These tests can be performed with freely moving animals without any need for anaesthesia or restraints. In addition, since OMR is a reflex-based behavior, observing it does not require any training of the animal.
In this webinar, sponsored by Striatech and supported in part by Stoelting, researchers will present objective and bias-free results obtained using a newly developed automated optomotor system. For more information, please visit: https://insidescientific.com/webinar/measuring-visual-acuity-contrast-sensitivity-optomotor-reflex-striatech
Week 4 the neural basis of consciousness introduction to the visual systemNao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What are behavioral and neural signatures of nonconscious processing?
2) Can blindsight-like behavior induced in monkeys? What are the evidence?
3) How can we discriminate nonconscious from conscious behaviors using a concept of metacognition?
4) What is the structure of eye and how does it shape our conscious vision?
Studying Epilepsy in Awake Head-Fixed Mice Using Microscopy, Electrophysiolog...InsideScientific
Epilepsy research employs sophisticated research methods such as fluorescence optical imaging and optogenetics, as well as novel electrophysiological techniques, to address unresolved questions about seizure generation and propagation on the cellular and circuitry levels. Since epilepsy research is most relevant when performed in non-anesthetized mice, it requires specialized tools that ensure stable head fixation during high-precision imaging and recordings.
In this webinar, Dr. Anthony Umpierre (Prof. LongJun Wu group, Mayo Clinic, USA) and Prof. Rob Wykes (UCL, UK) present their research on microglial calcium signaling and epileptic networks carried out in awake head-fixed mice. In addition to sharing exciting new findings, the presenters address the challenges of working with awake mice.
Key topics will include…
- Mesoscopic investigations of seizure dynamics and propagation using widefield calcium imaging
- Generating full-bandwidth electrophysiological recordings enabled by graphene micro-transistors to detect spreading depolarizations and seizures
- On-demand optogenetic induction of spreading depolarizations to investigate pharmacological suppression in the awake brain
- The impact of acute versus chronic window preparations on microglial calcium activity
- The use of genetically encoded calcium indicators to study calcium dynamics in microglia
- The effects of bi-directional shifts in neuronal activity caused by kainate-triggered status epilepticus and isoflurane anesthesia on microglial calcium
Brain-Computer Interface and States of VigilanceStephen Larroque
WARNING: some images and videos might be emotionally difficult to bear (e.g., children with disabilities). Please proceed at your own discretion.
How to communicate with patients who cannot communicate?
This is the seemingly paradoxical problem researchers are currently trying to solve, using various approaches, from clinical diagnosis with tailored scales to brain-computer interfaces to directly communicate with the brain of patients who cannot express by themselves.
Initially presented at University Descartes Paris 5 for the Master BIN, using previous works from Quentin Noirhomme and Georgios Antonopoulos.
Don't Miss a Beat: Understanding Continuous, Real Time Physiologic MonitoringInsideScientific
In vivo, preclinical research encompasses numerous study designs with various species and endpoints being monitored. Having access to all available study data allows the scientist to comprehensively understand the study paradigm and make informed research decisions. During Session 3 of our webseries "Biotelemetry For The Life Sciences", presenters discussed the importance of continuous, real-time monitoring in preclinical research. Case studies included using EEG as a biomarker for CNS activity and drug discovery and using telemetry for disease characterizations and and evaluation of vaccines in Biodefense research.
During this exclusive webinar sponsored by Data Sciences International, Steve Fox shares his experience from pharmaceutical development; discussing the importance of continuous EEG monitoring for sleep studies. Anna Honko explains the importance of having access to real-time, continuous data when studying infectious diseases in non-human primates in a Biodefense setting. In addition, Dusty Sarazan reviews how and why continuous, real-time monitoring has become a preferred and essential method for acquiring and studying physiology in today's preclinical research setting.
Key Topics:
EEG as a biomarker for CNS activity and a platform for pre-clincal drug discovery
Sleep/wake patterns and rhythms, and how qEEG signatures allow for accurate clinical predictions of efficacy and CNS adverse event screening
Considering the FDA Animal Rule
Basic disease characterizations and evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics
Non-human primate models of viral biodefense and emerging pathogens
Translating pre-clinical study findings to human, clinical populations
Guest Speakers:
Steve Fox, BS
Associate Principal Scientist,
Merck & Co., Inc.
Anna Honko, PhD
Staff Scientist,
NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility
R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD
Vice President & Chief Scientific Officer, Data Sciences International
EEG signal processing and application to Neurofeedback : Operant Conditioning...MOK wahedi
Introduce therapeutic applications of EEG & QEEG in health and disease
Know about Neurofeedback an emerging modality of treatment of disease where Drugs and surgery has limited effects.
Overview Neurofeedback World Market size and Bangladesh Context
Identify role of Engineers in the application of Neurofeedback and other Advanced Medical Brain imaging and Therapeutics.
EEG stands for “electroencephalography” which is an electrophysiological process to record the electrical activity of the brain.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of brain activity.
EEG measures changes in the electrical activity produced by the brain.
Voltage changes come from ionic current within and between brain cells called neurons.
The electrodes of an EEG device capture electrical activity expressed in various EEG frequencies using an algorithm called a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), these raw EEG signals can be identified as distinct waves with different frequencies.
Frequency, which refers to the speed of the electrical oscillations, is measured in cycles per second — one Hertz (Hz) is equal to one cycle per second.
Brainwaves are categorized by frequency into four main types: Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta.
Quantitative
igital processing of EEG signals consists of different components: signal acquisition unit, feature extraction unit, and a decision algorithm.
The input to the system is an EEG signal acquired from the scalp, brain surface, or brain interior. The signal acquisition unit is represented by electrodes whether they are invasive or non-invasive.
The feature extraction unit is a signal processing unit aiming to extract discriminative features from channel(s).
The decision unit, in brain computer interface (BCI) for example, is a hybrid unit with the purpose of classification, decision-making, and passing the decisions to external devices outputting the intention of the subject.
Electroencephalography (qEEG) is a procedure that processes the recorded EEG activity from a multi-electrode recording using a computer.
This multi-channel EEG data is processed with various algorithms, such as the “Fourier” classically, or in more modern applications “Wavelet” analysis.
The digital data is statistically analyzed, sometimes comparing values with “normative” database reference values.
The processed EEG is commonly converted into color maps of brain functioning called “Brain maps”.
Quantitative EEG (qEEG) is the analysis of the digitized EEG, and in lay terms this sometimes is also called “Brain Mapping”.
In Neurofeedback (NF) the current parameters of EEG recorded from a subject’s head is presented to the subject through visual, auditory, or tactile modality, where the subject alters these parameters to reach a more efficient mode of brain functioning.
Over the last 40 years, neurofeedback has been used to treat various neurological and psychiatric conditions, and to improve cognitive function in various contexts.
Study the influence of (eye) motor control on selective attention
Develop a method to extract motor control parameters during visual search
Develop a method to extract selective attention features during visual search
Study the influence of (eye) motor control on selective attention
Develop a method to extract motor control parameters during visual search
Develop a method to extract selective attention features during visual search
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. • Company background
• Product overview
• Scientific Background
• Technological Implementation
• Clinical Data
3. NeuroVision HistoryNeuroVision History
Founded in Dec 1999 in Israel
Company Relocated to Singapore in 2004
Investment of ~US$35 Million
Strategic Relationship with “SERI” (Singapore Eye
Research Institute)
12,000 + Patients worldwide
Many Clinical Studies & Publications
Acquired by RevitalVision (USA) Sep 2009
Acquired by Talshir (Israel) 2015
5. Vision Depends On Two Things:Vision Depends On Two Things:
1.1. How Your Eye Receives The ImagesHow Your Eye Receives The Images
““Front End”Front End”
1.1. How Your Brain Interprets The ImageHow Your Brain Interprets The Image
““Back End”Back End”
How We SeeHow We See??
7. How NeuroVision WorksHow NeuroVision Works??
Eye (Optics) Brain (Processor)
The Human Visual System
Object Perceived
image
• The Eye Care Industry Focuses Bending Light
• NeuroVision Focuses On Optimizing The Visual Processing
in the Brain
8. How NeuroVision WorksHow NeuroVision Works??
Trains Brain To Automatically Sharpen Image,Trains Brain To Automatically Sharpen Image,
Similar To How Computer Software EnhancesSimilar To How Computer Software Enhances
A Digital Low-resolution Image. (e.g.A Digital Low-resolution Image. (e.g.
PhotoshopPhotoshop))
9. Previous Advisory BoardPrevious Advisory Board
Scientific Advisory BoardScientific Advisory Board
Prof. Michael Belkin, MDProf. Michael Belkin, MD
Daniel Durrie, MDDaniel Durrie, MD
Arthur P. Ginsburg, Ph. D.Arthur P. Ginsburg, Ph. D.
Jack T. Holladay, MDJack T. Holladay, MD
Ian MorganIan Morgan, Ph. D., Ph. D.
Prof. Donald Tan, MDProf. Donald Tan, MD
Dr. Uri PolatDr. Uri Polat
Professional Advisory BoardProfessional Advisory Board
Daniel Durrie, MDDaniel Durrie, MD
Richard L. Lindstrom, MDRichard L. Lindstrom, MD
Jack Schaffer, ODJack Schaffer, OD
Peter Shaw-McMinn, ODPeter Shaw-McMinn, OD
Kirk Smick, OD, FAAOKirk Smick, OD, FAAO
Robert Main, ABOM, FNAORobert Main, ABOM, FNAO
Mike PackardMike Packard
Judy F. Gordon, DVMJudy F. Gordon, DVM
John Hunkeler, MDJohn Hunkeler, MD
10. Therapy OutcomeTherapy Outcome
Average vision improvement:
• 2.5 lines on the Visual Acuity eye chart
• 100% in Contrast Sensitivity
• Improvement is long lasting
Product status
FDA & CE-Mark
approved
12,000 commercial
patients
12. Treatment overviewTreatment overview
Software based technology that provides special
visual stimulation on a PC screen.
30 minutes each training session
3 X per week.
Complete after 30-40 training sessions (3 months)
Prescribed by ophthalmologist/Opt, who examine
and follow-up patient progress.
13. Improving AmblyopiaImproving Amblyopia
Amblyopia
The number 1 cause for low vision
until the age of 40
2% - 5% of adult population
Can be cured during early
childhood
Considered untreatable after the
age of 9.
NeuroVision is the only FDA
approved therapy for amblyopia age
9 – 55
16. The Building BlocksThe Building Blocks
Gabor Patch
Neuronal Lateral Interactions
Brain (neural) plasticity
Perceptual Learning
17. Gabor PatchGabor Patch
“Gabor Patches” 1
are widely used in the field of
visual neuroscience. Having been shown to
efficiently describe the shape of receptive fields of
neurons in the primary visual cortex they thus
represent the most effective stimulation.2
1. Gabor (1946), Theory of Communication. Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, London, 93, 429-457).
2. Daugman. Two-dimensional spectral analysis of cortical receptive field profiles. Vision Res 1980; 20:847-56.
G(x,y)= Aoexp(-((x-xo)2
+(y-yo)2
)/σ2
)
*sin(2π/λ*(x•cos(θ)+y•sin(θ))+ ψ)
18. Cat Visual Cortex ExperimentCat Visual Cortex Experiment
An Important Experiment… (Nobel Prize)
Hubel & Wiesel (1959). Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat’s striate cortex. J
Physiol (Lond) 148:574-591
19. Lateral InteractionsLateral Interactions
Individual neurons respond to:
• Precise location
• Orientation
• Spatial frequency
Hubel & Wiesel (1959). Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat’s striate cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 148:574-591
Neuronal Interactions:
To characterize an image, visual processing
involves the cooperative activity of
many neurons
20. Lateral Interactions ExperimentLateral Interactions Experiment
Contrast response function and modulation of single neuron:
Contrast response function to Target Gabor patch optimally fitted to the CRF:
Recent research, utilizing cat subjects, demonstrated the linear relationship
between contrast and neuronal response (green line)
Polat U., Mizobe, K., Kasamatsu, T., Norcia A.M. (1998). Collinear stimuli regulate visual responses
depending on Cell's contrast threshold. Nature, 391, 580-584
21. Lateral Interactions ExperimentLateral Interactions Experiment
Contrast response function and modulation of single neuron:
Contrast response function to Gabor patch optimally fitted to the CRF:
Target alone (green line) and target + flankers positioned outside the CRF (blue)
Excitation is found near contrast threshold, inhibition at the higher contrast range
23. Neural PlasticityNeural Plasticity
Neural plasticity - relates to the ability of the
nervous system to adapt to changed conditions,
in acquiring new skills.
The new acquired skills are retained for years
Evidence for Neural plasticity - Visual acuity
improvement in adults with amblyopia has been
reported after prolonged patching1 or when the better
eye’s vision has been lost2 or degraded, by age
related macular degeneration3, cataract4 or trauma5
1. Birnbaum MH, Koslowe K, Sanet R. (1977)
2. Vereecken EP, Brabant P. (1984)
3. El Mallah MK, Chakravarthy U, Hart PM. (2000)
4. Wilson ME. (1992)
5. Rabin J. (1984)
24. Perceptual Learning &Perceptual Learning &
Neural PlasticityNeural Plasticity
The phenomenon -
Perception can be modified by experience.
Visual performance improves with practice
The technique -
Repetitive performance of controlled and specific
visual tasks
Perceptual learning has been evidenced in a variety
of visual tasks and was found to persist for years
without further practice1
Clinical observations2
and experimental evidence3
indicate the presence of residual neural plasticity
well after the critical period.
1. Gilbert, (1998); Sagi & Tanne, (1994).
2. Moseley, Fielder (2001)
3. Polat, Sagi(1994); Levi, Polat (1996); Levi, Polat, Hu (1997)
25. Lateral Masking –Lateral Masking –
How Does it WorkHow Does it Work??
Enhance Neuronal Lateral Interactions using Perceptual Learning Technique
Repetitive performance of specific visual tasks efficiently stimulates the specific neurons and
effectively promotes spatial interactions among these neurons
Enhanced spatial interactions reduce noise level in neuronal activity and increase signal strength, therefore
improve neuronal efficiency inducing improvement of Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF)
Improved CSF induce improvement in Visual Acuity
26. SummarySummary
Image quality depends both on the input receivedImage quality depends both on the input received
from the eye and the processing in the visual cortexfrom the eye and the processing in the visual cortex
The visual system in the brain has mechanisms toThe visual system in the brain has mechanisms to
further ‘enhance’ the visual processing (lateralfurther ‘enhance’ the visual processing (lateral
interactions)interactions)
Neural processing efficiency can be further enhancedNeural processing efficiency can be further enhanced
in most people, as it is yet not fully optimizedin most people, as it is yet not fully optimized
In Amblyopia, NVC enhances the neural processingIn Amblyopia, NVC enhances the neural processing
to better process the clear image from the retinato better process the clear image from the retina
In the 2In the 2ndnd
generation applications (Myopia, Presbyopiageneration applications (Myopia, Presbyopia
Post LASIK) NVC compensates for blurred inputsPost LASIK) NVC compensates for blurred inputs
coming from the retina, by enhancing the brain tocoming from the retina, by enhancing the brain to
optimallyoptimally process visual signalsprocess visual signals better than averagebetter than average
28. NeuroVisionNeuroVision TechnologyTechnology
The treatment is comprised of a series ofThe treatment is comprised of a series of
computer interactive treatment sessionscomputer interactive treatment sessions
The treatment is delivered to the treatmentThe treatment is delivered to the treatment
workstations via the Internetworkstations via the Internet
It can be performed in a centre, clinic or atIt can be performed in a centre, clinic or at
home.home.
The treatment is personalized – tailored toThe treatment is personalized – tailored to
each individual unique needseach individual unique needs
NeuroVision’s technology is formedNeuroVision’s technology is formed
around proprietary algorithmsaround proprietary algorithms
29. Treatment ImplementationTreatment Implementation
Subjects are presented with a series of visual
stimulations using Gabor patches with the
following parameters dynamically controlled:
Numbers of Gabors
Spatial arrangement of the Gabors
Global and local orientation
Spatial Frequency/size
Contrast
Exposure duration
31. Visual Perception Task – ExampleVisual Perception Task – Example
First Display Second Display
Measures the contrast threshold of a Gabor target
(the middle Gabor) with the presence of flankers
(the peripheral Gabors)
The patient is exposed to two short displays in
succession, in a random order; the patient
identifies which display contains three Gabors
32. Visual Perception Task – ExampleVisual Perception Task – Example
If the first display, the patient should click the left mouse button (1); if the
second display, the patient should click the right mouse button (2)
The system provides the patient with feedback when provided with a an
incorrect response
The task is repeated and a staircase is applied until the patient reaches their
visual threshold level
21
33. Treatment FlowTreatment Flow
Treatment end – When patient’s vision
does not further improve
Treatment Set-Up
Baseline Test by
optometrist/ Ophthalmol
Computerized analysis
of neural inefficiencies
Administration
• Controlled home/clinic environment
• Sessions of 30 minutes each
• Course of approx. 30 sessions
• A pace of 3 sessions a week
Progress
VA tests
every few
sessions
• Results automatically
sent to Data Center
• Individualized sessions
adjust to progress
Customization
Each session
directly treats
neural
inefficiencies
Treatment
36. Contents
1. Adult Amblyopia Trial, NeuroVision 2000-2001
2. Children with Amblyopia 2009
3. Amblyopia study Turkey 2013
4. Congenital Nystagmus 2012
5. Low Myopia Trial, SERI 2003-2004
6. Early Presbyopia Trial 2005
7. Super Vision Pilot Study 2005
8. Pediatric Myopia, Evergreen Trial 2006
9. Low Myopia RCT – SERI-SAF, 2005-2007
10. US Trials 2006-2007
11. Summary
37. Treatment GroupTreatment Group Control GroupControl Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 4444 1010
Average AgeAverage Age 35.035.0±±13.013.0 38.238.2±±9.49.4
Mean BCVA in Amblyopic EyeMean BCVA in Amblyopic Eye
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.410.41±±0.140.14
))20/5120/51((
0.410.41±±0.120.12
))20/5120/51((
Mean BCVA in Amblyopic EyeMean BCVA in Amblyopic Eye
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
0.170.17±±0.140.14
))20/3020/30((
0.410.41±±0.120.12
))20/5120/51((
Mean BCVA in Amblyopic EyeMean BCVA in Amblyopic Eye
11Year After Treatment in logMarYear After Treatment in logMar
0.210.21±±0.140.14
))20/3320/33((
N/AN/A
Adult Amblyopia: 2000 - 2001
NeuroVision
Polat U, Ma-Naim T, Belkin M, Sagi D.
Improving vision in adult amblyopia by perceptual learning.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 27;101(17):6692-7. Epub 2004 Apr 19.
38. Adult Amblyopia: 2000 - 2001Adult Amblyopia: 2000 - 2001
NeuroVisionNeuroVision
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
BCVA=20/30
BCVA=20/33
BCVA=20/51
12 Months Post Treatment
At End of Treatment
Before Treatment Start
Polat U, Ma-Naim T, Belkin M, Sagi D.
Improving vision in adult amblyopia by perceptual learning.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 27;101(17):6692-7. Epub 2004 Apr 19.
Contrast Sensitivity Average Improvement > 100%
39. Treatment GroupTreatment Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 55
Average AgeAverage Age 77––88))7.37.3((
Mean BCVA in Amblyopic EyeMean BCVA in Amblyopic Eye
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
6/126/12--6/306/30
Mean BCVA in Amblyopic EyeMean BCVA in Amblyopic Eye
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
6/96/9--6/186/18
20/3020/30((
Mean BCVA improvement inMean BCVA improvement in
ETDRSETDRS
2.122.12LinesLines
ChildChild Amblyopia: 2009Amblyopia: 2009
Polat U, Ma-Naim T, Abraham Spirere.
Vision Research 49 (2009) 2599–2603
Children with amblyopia after the conventionalChildren with amblyopia after the conventional
treatment of patching has failedtreatment of patching has failed
40. Adult Amblyopia: 2013Adult Amblyopia: 2013
Treatment GroupTreatment Group Control GroupControl Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 5353 4646
AgeAge 5050--99 4646--1515
Mean BCVA in Amblyopic EyeMean BCVA in Amblyopic Eye
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.420.42
))20/5220/52((
0.400.40
))20/5020/50((
Mean BCVA in Amblyopic EyeMean BCVA in Amblyopic Eye
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
0.160.16
))20/2820/28((
0.320.32
))20/4220/42((
Improvement in logMarImprovement in logMar
At 4-8 month follow upAt 4-8 month follow up
2.62.6logMarlogMar
P=0.001
0.080.08logMarlogMar
P=0.07
Elvan Yalcin, Ozlem Balci.
Efficacy of perceptual vision therapy in enhancing visual acuity and contrast sensitivity
function in adult hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia
Clinical Ophthalmology. 2014:8 49-53
41. Adult Amblyopia: 2013Adult Amblyopia: 2013
Elvan Yalcin, Ozlem Balci.
Efficacy of perceptual vision therapy in enhancing visual acuity and contrast sensitivity
function in adult hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia
Clinical Ophthalmology. 2014:8 49-53
Contrast Sensitivity
Function
42. Treatment GroupTreatment Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 2828
Average AgeAverage Age 1111––5151
((Avg 24.8Avg 24.8))
DemographicDemographic 1616clinics, 5 countries, 18 M, 10 Fclinics, 5 countries, 18 M, 10 F
Albinism (5) , Retinitis PunctataAlbinism (5) , Retinitis Punctata
Albescens (1)Albescens (1)
BCVABCVA
Before Treatment in SnellenBefore Treatment in Snellen
6/96/9--6/606/60
((Avg 6/24Avg 6/24))
Average improvement end ofAverage improvement end of
treatmenttreatment
22lines (0-5lines (0-5))
Congenital NystagmusCongenital Nystagmus
Multi national study : 2011Multi national study : 2011
Y. Morad MD. Assaf Harofe Medical Center Zrifin, Tel Aviv University Israel.
Euoropean Strabismological Association 2012
43. Congenital NystagmusCongenital Nystagmus
Multi national study : 2011Multi national study : 2011
Distribution of BCVA gain from baseline to treatment end in 47 eyes that
showed improvement.
Y. Morad MD Assaf Harofe Medical Center Zrifin, Tel Aviv University Israel.
Euoropean Strabismological Association 2012
44. Low Myopia: 2003 - 2004Low Myopia: 2003 - 2004
Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore Eye Research Institute
Treatment GroupTreatment Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 2020
Average AgeAverage Age 34.034.0((1616to 55to 55))
Mean Cycloplegic Spherical EquivalenceMean Cycloplegic Spherical Equivalence
Before TreatmentBefore Treatment
--1.08D (0 to -1.751.08D (0 to -1.75))
Mean Cycloplegic Spherical EquivalenceMean Cycloplegic Spherical Equivalence
After TreatmentAfter Treatment
--1.06D (0 to -1.751.06D (0 to -1.75))
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.310.31±±0.030.03
))20/4120/41((
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
0.100.10±±0.030.03
))20/2520/25((
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
11Year After Treatment in logMarYear After Treatment in logMar
0.120.12±±0.030.03
))20/2620/26((
45. Low Myopia: 2003 - 2004Low Myopia: 2003 - 2004
Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore Eye Research Institute
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/25
UCVA=20/26
UCVA=20/41
12 Months Post Treatment
At End of Treatment
Before Treatment Start
Donald Tan, Bill Chan, Frederick Tey, Lionel Lee, Pilot Study To Evaluate The Efficacy of Neural Vision
Correction™ (NVC™) Technology For Vision Improvement in Low Myopia, ARVO 2004
Contrast Sensitivity Average Improvement ~ 100%
46. Presbyopia Trial - 2005Presbyopia Trial - 2005
Treatment GroupTreatment Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 3030
Average AgeAverage Age 46.3746.37±±0.520.52))41-5541-55((
Mean Near AdditionMean Near Addition ++1.40D ± 0.05D1.40D ± 0.05D
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.330.33±±0.040.04
))20/4320/43((
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
0.170.17±±0.040.04
))20/2920/29((
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
66Months After Treatment EndMonths After Treatment End
in logMarin logMar
0.180.18±±0.040.04
))20/3020/30((
47. Presbyopia Trial - 2005Presbyopia Trial - 2005
Donald Tan, Improving VA and CSF in Subjects with Low Degrees of Myopia and Early
Presbyopia using Neural Vision Correction (NVC) Technology, APAO 2006
Contrast Sensitivity Average Improvement ~ 100%
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCNVA=20/35
UCNVA=20/54
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCNVA=20/17
UCNVA=20/33
UCNVA=20/18
48. Super Vision Pilot Study –Super Vision Pilot Study –
Singapore Polytechnic - 2005Singapore Polytechnic - 2005
Treatment GroupTreatment Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 1111
Average AgeAverage Age 21.721.7±7.0±7.0
Mean Cycloplegic SphericalMean Cycloplegic Spherical
EquivalenceEquivalence
--2.7D ± 0.492.7D ± 0.49
Mean Habitual VAMean Habitual VA
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.060.06±±0.020.02
))20/2320/23((
Mean Habitual VAMean Habitual VA
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
--0.050.05±±0.020.02
))20/1820/18((
49. Super Vision Pilot Study –Super Vision Pilot Study –
Singapore Polytechnic - 2005Singapore Polytechnic - 2005
Chris Ng, Wilfred Tang, Donald Tan, Cortical enhancement of Habitual VA of
subjects using Neural Vision Correction Technology, Asia ARVO 2007
Contrast Sensitivity Average Improvement ~ 50%
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
3 Months Post Treatment
At End of Treatment
Before Treatment Start
50. Pediatric Myopia in Singapore –Pediatric Myopia in Singapore –
Evergreen Primary School Trial - 2006Evergreen Primary School Trial - 2006
Treatment GroupTreatment Group
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 3030
Average AgeAverage Age 7.807.80±±0.400.40))7-97-9((
Mean Cycloplegic ObjectiveMean Cycloplegic Objective
RefractionRefraction
--2.71D ± 1.31D2.71D ± 1.31D
Mean Under - Corrected VAMean Under - Corrected VA
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.470.47±±0.040.04
))20/4720/47((
Mean Under - Corrected VAMean Under - Corrected VA
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
0.220.22±±0.040.04
))20/3320/33((
51. Pediatric Myopia in Singapore –Pediatric Myopia in Singapore –
Evergreen Primary School Trial - 2006Evergreen Primary School Trial - 2006
Contrast Sensitivity Average Improvement ~ 100%
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/25
UCVA=20/44
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/25
UCVA=20/42
52. Results – Change in RefractionResults – Change in Refraction
At 12 Months Post Treatment EndAt 12 Months Post Treatment End
Cycloplegic Objective Refraction (SE)Cycloplegic Objective Refraction (SE)
End ofEnd of
TreatmentTreatment
1212MonthsMonths
PostPost
End ofEnd of
TreatmentTreatment
ChangeChange AverageAverage
Change inChange in
Age GroupAge Group
((SCORMSCORM))
--3.2103.210((DD)) --3.8303.830((DD)) --0.6200.620((DD)) --0.9440.944((DD))
53. Results – Change in Axial LengthResults – Change in Axial Length
At 12 Months Post Treatment EndAt 12 Months Post Treatment End
Axial LengthAxial Length
End ofEnd of
TreatmentTreatment
(mm(mm))
1212MonthsMonths
PostPost
End ofEnd of
TreatmentTreatment
(mm(mm))
ChangeChange
(mm(mm))
AverageAverage
Change inChange in
Age GroupAge Group
(SCORM)(SCORM)
(mm(mm))
24.48524.485 24.81024.810 0.3250.325 0.4000.400
54. Treatment Group Control Group
Number of subjects 67 17
Average Age 32.3±9.1 32.3±9.1
Mean UCVA Improvement
After Treatment in logMar
1.83±0.13 0.30±0.25
%of Subjects who Achieved
2 Lines of Improvement in
at least one eye
64.2% 11.8%
P Value p< 0.005
Mean Cycloplegic Spherical
Equivalence Before Treatment
-1.20D ± 0.34 -1.17D± 0.23
Mean Cycloplegic Spherical
Equivalence After Treatment
-1.17D± 0.38 -1.16D± 0.32
Low Myopia RCT – SERI-SAF - 2005-2008Low Myopia RCT – SERI-SAF - 2005-2008
55. US Clinical Trials –2006 - 2008US Clinical Trials –2006 - 2008
Dan Durrie,
MD
Peter Shaw McMinn,
OD
Presbyopia Treatment Group 15 15
Low Myopia Treatment Group 15 15
Presbyopia Control Group 7 8
Low Myopia Control Group 8 7
Total Number of Subjects 45 45
Low Myopia and Presbyopia
56. US Clinical Trials – Dan Durrie, MD,US Clinical Trials – Dan Durrie, MD,
Peter Shaw McMinn, ODPeter Shaw McMinn, OD
US TrialsUS Trials InternationalInternational
DataData
PresbyopiaPresbyopia
Improvement inImprovement in
Unaided Near VAUnaided Near VA
1.81.8LinesLines 2.02.0LinesLines
Low MyopiaLow Myopia
Improvement inImprovement in
Unaided Distance VAUnaided Distance VA
2.22.2LinesLines 2.62.6LinesLines
ControlsControls
Improvement inImprovement in
Unaided Distance VAUnaided Distance VA
0.40.4LinesLines
57. US Clinical Trials – Dan Durrie, MD,US Clinical Trials – Dan Durrie, MD,
Peter Shaw McMinn, ODPeter Shaw McMinn, OD
Presbyopia Low Myopia
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/28
UCVA=20/54
UCVA=20/30
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/30
UCVA=20/54
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/25
UCVA=20/44
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/25
UCVA=20/42
58. US Post Cataract StudyUS Post Cataract Study
John Hunkeler, MD, Richard Lindstrom, MDJohn Hunkeler, MD, Richard Lindstrom, MD
Average Age - 70 years old
* Patients Baseline VA 20/15 – No room to improve
No. of EyesNo. of Eyes Distance VADistance VA
ImprovementImprovement
Near VANear VA
ImprovementImprovement
Distance CSFDistance CSF
ImprovementImprovement
Near CSFNear CSF
ImprovementImprovement
RezoomRezoom 2424 1.41.4LinesLines 0.70.7LinesLines 157%157% 135%135%
RestorRestor 1010 1.51.5LinesLines 1.11.1LinesLines 135%135% 143%143%
CrystalensCrystalens 66 0.30.3LinesLines** 1.71.7LinesLines 370%370% 227%227%
AlconAlcon
MonofocalMonofocal
1010 1.31.3LinesLines 0.70.7LinesLines 250%250% 238%238%
AMOAMO
MonofocalMonofocal
1010 1.41.4LinesLines 1.31.3LinesLines 354%354% 263%263%
TotalTotal 6060 1.31.3LinesLines 1.01.0LinesLines 231%231% 190%190%
59. US Post Cataract StudyUS Post Cataract Study
John Hunkeler, MD, Richard Lindstrom, MDJohn Hunkeler, MD, Richard Lindstrom, MD
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/25
UCVA=20/44
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
After
Before
60. Clinical SummaryClinical Summary
Visual AcuityVisual Acuity
ImprovementImprovement
ContrastContrast
SensitivitySensitivity
ImprovementImprovement
Retention ofRetention of
ImprovementImprovement
11Year PostYear Post
TreatmentTreatment
MainMain
FunctionalFunctional
OutcomeOutcome
MyopiaMyopia
Up to -1.50DUp to -1.50D
2.62.6Lines ETDRSLines ETDRS
(Distance(Distance((
Above 100% inAbove 100% in
All FrequenciesAll Frequencies
80%80%of theof the
ImprovementImprovement
DecreaseDecrease
Dependency onDependency on
SpectaclesSpectacles
PresbyopiaPresbyopia
Up to +1.5DUp to +1.5D
2.02.0Lines ETDRSLines ETDRS
))NearNear((
Average OfAverage Of
100%100%inin
All FrequenciesAll Frequencies
90%90%of theof the
Improvement (afterImprovement (after
6 months6 months((
Delay The Need ofDelay The Need of
Reading GlassesReading Glasses
PostPost
RefractiveRefractive
SurgerySurgery
2.02.0Lines ETDRSLines ETDRS
))DistanceDistance((
Above 100% inAbove 100% in
All FrequenciesAll Frequencies
No DataNo Data
Available YetAvailable Yet
IncreasedIncreased
Quality ofQuality of
Functional VisionFunctional Vision
AmblyopiaAmblyopia 2.52.5Lines ETDRSLines ETDRS
))DistanceDistance((
Above 100% inAbove 100% in
All FrequenciesAll Frequencies
85%85%of theof the
ImprovementImprovement
IncreasedIncreased
Quality of VisionQuality of Vision,,
ImprovedImproved
BinocularityBinocularity
NeuroVision Applications, Visual Improvement and Functional OutcomeNeuroVision Applications, Visual Improvement and Functional Outcome
61. CommercialCommercial
Clinical DataClinical Data
NeuroVision
*This presentation is confidential and may be subject to
legal or some other professional privilege. This
presentation must not be disclosed to any person without
authorisation and is subject to copyright. It may not only be
copied or distributed with the consent of NeuroVision.
62. Low Myopia & Post Refractive SurgeryLow Myopia & Post Refractive Surgery
Commercial DataCommercial Data
Low MyopiaLow Myopia Post Refractive SurgeryPost Refractive Surgery
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 320320 6060
Average AgeAverage Age 3030))7-557-55(( 3131))18-5518-55((
Mean Manifest SphericalMean Manifest Spherical
Equivalence Before TreatmentEquivalence Before Treatment
--1.34D ± 0.031.34D ± 0.03 --1.12D ± 0.111.12D ± 0.11
Mean Manifest SphericalMean Manifest Spherical
Equivalence After TreatmentEquivalence After Treatment
--1.20D ± 0.041.20D ± 0.04 --1.09D ± 0.121.09D ± 0.12
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.430.43±±0.010.01
))20/5420/54((
0.270.27±±0.030.03
))20/3820/38((
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
0.170.17±±0.010.01
))20/3020/30((
0.070.07±±0.020.02
))20/2320/23((
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
11Year After Treatment in logMarYear After Treatment in logMar
0.210.21±±0.010.01
))20/3320/33((
N/AN/A
63. Low Myopia and Post Refractive SurgeryLow Myopia and Post Refractive Surgery
Commercial DataCommercial Data
Donald Tan, What Is Still Lacking in Refractive Surgery Is the Role of Neuroprocessing, AAO 2005
Donald Tan, Enhancement of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Low Myopes Through the Use of
Neural Vision Correction (NVC) Technology Is Maintained Over One Year, APAO 2005
Lim KL, Fam HB. NeuroVision treatment for low myopia following LASIK regression. J Refract Surg. 2006
Apr;22(4):406-8.
Contrast Sensitivity Average Improvement > 100%
Low Myopia Post Refractive Surgery
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/28
UCVA=20/54
UCVA=20/30
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/30
UCVA=20/54
UCVA=20/33
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/25
UCVA=20/44
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCVA=20/23
UCVA=20/38
64. SNEC 2 years commercial resultsSNEC 2 years commercial results
( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)
Immediate Post treatment VA improvement (N=224 eyesImmediate Post treatment VA improvement (N=224 eyes))
N=24
N=68
N=95
N=37
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
< 0.20 0.20 to <0.30 0.30 to< 0.60 0.60 or >
Baseline Unaided VA
--0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
< 0.20 0.20 to <0.40 0.40 to< 0.60 0.60 or >
Baseline Unaided VA (logMAR)
UnaidedVA(logMAR)
N=24
N=68
N=95
N=37
65. SNEC 2 years commercial resultsSNEC 2 years commercial results
( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)
Immediate Post TreatmentImmediate Post Treatment
Unaided Contrast Sensitivity Function ImprovementUnaided Contrast Sensitivity Function Improvement
(N=224 eyes(N=224 eyes))
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
BCVA=20/28
BCVA=20/30
BCVA=20/51
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
Post treatment
Baseline
66. SNEC 2 years commercial resultsSNEC 2 years commercial results
( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)
VA Follow-up over 24 monthsVA Follow-up over 24 months
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
1 2 3 4 5
224 eyes
52 eyes 28 eyes
Baseline PTE 6th
month 12th
month 24th
month
120 eyes
67. SNEC 2 years commercial resultsSNEC 2 years commercial results
( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)( Low Myopia and Post-Lasik)
2-year Post Treatment CSF Improvement2-year Post Treatment CSF Improvement
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
BCVA=20/28
BCVA=20/30
BCVA=20/51
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
Immediate PTE
12 Months
Baseline
24 Months
68. Presbyopia Commercial –Presbyopia Commercial –
2006 - 20072006 - 2007
Number of subjectsNumber of subjects 5353
Average AgeAverage Age 45.8045.80±±0.600.60))40-5640-56((
Mean Near AdditionMean Near Addition ++1.44D ± 0.05D1.44D ± 0.05D
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
Before Treatment in logMarBefore Treatment in logMar
0.440.44±±0.050.05
))20/5420/54((
Mean Unaided VAMean Unaided VA
After Treatment in logMarAfter Treatment in logMar
0.240.24±±0.040.04
))20/3520/35((
69. Presbyopia Commercial –Presbyopia Commercial –
2006 - 20072006 - 2007
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCNVA=20/35
UCNVA=20/54
Spatial FrequencySpatial Frequency
UCNVA=20/24
UCNVA=20/44
Contrast Sensitivity Average Improvement > 100%
Editor's Notes
Left Image:
Individual visual cortex neurons respond to precise location, orientation, and spatial frequency of a presenting image
Right Image:
Visual Processing: Neuronal Interactions
Neuronal interactions result in excitation (facilitation) or inhibition (suppression)
Neural Plasticity
Relates to the ability of the nervous system to adapt to changed conditions, in acquiring new skills. The new required skills are retained for years
Clinical observations and experimental evidence indicate the presence of residual neural plasticity
Personalized Treatment
In order to achieve optimal results, the treatment is specifically tailored to patients’ deficiencies / inefficiencies and visual abilities
Treatment sequence is unique to each patient
Mean 2.4 Lines Improvement in the Treatment Group
Mean 0.0 Lines Improvement in the Control Group
Minor Regression 1 Year After Treatment End – 85% of the Mean Improvement was Maintained
Contrast Sensitivity Improved at All Frequencies
Contrast Sensitivity Improved in average more than 100%
After Treatment Contrast Sensitivity Improved into the Normal Range
Contrast Sensitivity Maintained 1 Year After Treatment End (Even Slightly Better Compare to Treatment End)
Mean 2.4 Lines Improvement in the Treatment Group
Mean 0.0 Lines Improvement in the Control Group
Minor Regression 1 Year After Treatment End – 85% of the Mean Improvement was Maintained
Contrast Sensitivity Improved at All Frequencies
Contrast Sensitivity Improved in average more than 100%
After Treatment Contrast Sensitivity Improved into the Normal Range
Contrast Sensitivity Maintained 1 Year After Treatment End (Even Slightly Better Compare to Treatment End)
Mean 2.4 Lines Improvement in the Treatment Group
Mean 0.0 Lines Improvement in the Control Group
Minor Regression 1 Year After Treatment End – 85% of the Mean Improvement was Maintained
This graph shows 47 improving eyes. (In LogMar). The left side of the graph represents patients with lower VA at baseline. You can see that patient, who started with lower VA improved more than the patient with better VA on the right side of the graph.
Mean 2.1 Lines Improvement in the Treatment Group
Minor Regression 1 Year After Treatment End – 90% of the Mean Improvement was Maintained
Contrast Sensitivity Improved at All Frequencies
Contrast Sensitivity Improved in average approximately 100%
After Treatment Contrast Sensitivity Improved Well Within the Normal Range
Contrast Sensitivity Maintained 1 Year After Treatment End
Mean 1.6 Lines Improvement in the Presbyopia Treatment Group
Contrast Sensitivity Improved at All Frequencies in the Presbyopia Treatment Group
After Treatment Contrast Sensitivity Improved into the Normal Range
Mean 1.1 Lines Improvement in the Treatment Group
Contrast Sensitivity Improved at All Frequencies in the Treatment Group
Mean 2.2 Lines Improvement in the Presbyopia Treatment Group
Contrast Sensitivity Improved at All Frequencies in the Presbyopia Treatment Group
After Treatment Contrast Sensitivity Improved into the Normal Range
Mean 1.8 Lines Improvement in the Treatment Group
Mean 0.2 Lines Improvement in the Control Group
50% of the Treated Patients are Doing the Treatment at Home and 50% in the Clinic
The Control Patients are Only Doing Visual Exams without NeuroVision Treatment
Mean 2.6 Lines Improvement in the Low Myopia Treatment Group
Mean 2.2 Lines Improvement in the Post Refractive Surgery Treatment Group
Minor Regression 1 Year After Treatment End in the Low Myopia Treatment Group – 85% of the Mean Improvement was Maintained
Contrast Sensitivity Improved at All Frequencies in Both Groups
Contrast Sensitivity Improved in average more than 100% in Both Groups
After Treatment Contrast Sensitivity Improved Well Within the Normal Range in Both Groups
Contrast Sensitivity Maintained 1 Year After Treatment End, with Minor Regression