The document discusses the key characteristics and components of neurons and the nervous system. It describes the main parts of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses. It also discusses the roles and features of neuroglia cells like astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia that support neuronal function. Additionally, it mentions the different types of neurons based on the number and branching of their dendrites including unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons.

1. SINAPSIS
Células y sus características únicas
Sinapsis de las neuronas Pericarion
Axón (cilindroeje, banda de Remak)
Dendritas
Neuroglia
Ganglios
Ganglios craneoespinales
Ganglios autónomos
Fibras nerviosas
Fibras nerviosas mielinizadas Fibras
nerviosas amielínicas Conducción de
impulsos nerviosos Transporte axónico
Órganos receptores de neuronas
sensoriales
Terminaciones nerviosas libres (sin
cápsula)
Terminaciones nerviosas
encapsuladas
Reacción de las neuronas a una lesión
Cuerpo celular y dendritas Axón
Factores de crecimiento neural
Correlación clínica
C E L U L A S N E R V I O S A S
DRACORDOVA
RESIDENTE DE
NEUROCIRUGIA
ISSTE
C O R T E Z A C E R E B R A L N E U R O G L I A S
T I N C I O N E S
Nuevo
puesto
Oportunidad
es de
crecimiento
Nuevas
responsabili
dades
HEMTOXILIN
A EOSINA
AZUL
DE
BERLIN
Neurohistología

2. Cuerpo celular, o
pericarion (la parte
que contiene el
núcleo) y todos sus
procesos (axón y
dendritas)
NEUROPILO / realizar sinapsis
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
Neurociencia de Dales, Purves,3ra
edicion 2010
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3. Célula de Purkinje [neurona] del cerebelo
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion
2020
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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4. Las células nerviosas pueden tener forma piramidal,
de redonda, estrellada o granular
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion
2020
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5. Variables en cuanto a su número y patrón de ramificación
• Unipolares o seudounipolares ( células ganglionares
sensoriales, de la raíz dorsal )
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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6. 2.Bipolares ( ganglios periféricos Coclear y Vestibular
y células receptoras olfatorias y retinianas) forma de
huso, en cada extremo de la célula .
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion
2020
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7. Pericarion
cuerpo de la célula, contiene el núcleo y varios organelos
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion
2020
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8. 3. multipolares ( ganglios autónomos, células del SNC.; un axón y
muchos procesos dendríticos .
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion
2020

9. Las dendritas,
área receptora primaria de la célula,
variables en cuanto a su número y ramificación; incrementan el área de
superficie de una neurona.
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion
2020

10. Pericarion
(
CUERPO DE LA CÉLULA; NÚCLEO Y ORGANELOS
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020

11. Organelo más notable= cuerpos de Nissl en neuronas motoras
somáticas, en el cuerno anterior de la médula espinal o en
núcleos de nervios craneales motores,
se componen de ribonucleoproteínas unidas a la membrana =
retículo endoplásmico.
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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12. Cuerpos de Nissl / RER
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020

13. Numerosas mitocondrias diseminadas en la totalidad del citoplasma:
metabóliSMO NEURONAL
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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14. El aparato de
Golgi: vesículas
aplanadas y
granulares recibe
productos de la
síntesis de la
sustancia de Nissl
para síntesis de
glucoproteínas .
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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15. Neurofibrillas: neurofilamentos
Neurotúbulos: transporte rápido de
las moléculas de proteínas,
Neurofilamentos de actina: red bajo la
membrana plasmática,
tres proteínas, subunidades de la
proteína tubulina. S
Pericariones ;
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020

16. Axón (cilindroeje, banda de
Remak)
PUNTO DE PARTIDA AXONICO 120 CM O <
Del cuerpo celular surge un axón aislado.
Origen cono axónico, parte del cuerpo celular, carece de sustancia de
Nissl
Inicia el impulso nervioso o potencial de acción.
después del segmento inicial, muchos axones se mielinizan,
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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17. El axoplasma:
posee muchos organelos:
mitocondrias, microtúbulos, microfilamentos, neurofilamentos,
neurotúbulos, retículo endoplásmico liso, lisosomas y vesículas
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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18. microtubulos
Más numerosos en los axones sin mielina.
FUNCION: Transporte de sustancias desde el cuerpo
celular hacia los extremos dístales
vVría en relación directa con la masa axónica y el
tipo de nervio;
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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19. Telodendrones:
extremo distal de un axon.
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20. celulas de Schwan
mielinizan los axones del sistema
nervioso periferico.
Oligodendrocitos en el sistema
nervioso central.
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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21. Sitio de canales de sodio controlados por
voltaje
Base fisiologica de la conduccion saltatoria
comunicacio mas veloz entre neuronas.
Nodo de Ranvier
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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22. Endoneurio:
.
Fibras de tejido conectivo que rodea a los nervios perifericos.
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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23. Recubre la totalidad del nervio:
Epineurio
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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24. Dendritas
Numerosas proyecciones espinosas; sitios de contacto sináptico con
terminales del axón de otras neuronas.
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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25. Neuroglia
:
Células de apoyo:
1)
Astrocito: Grandes, estrelladas, ramificadas
a. Fibrosos
b. Protoplasmáticos
c. memoria y aprendizaje
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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26. La proteína ácida fibrilar glial (GFAP) marcador histoquímico
Histología, Astrocitos
Dereck C. Wei ; Elizabeth H. Morrison enero 2022 .
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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27. ASTROCITOS FIBROSOS; membrana
perivascular limitante
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
Principles of neural sciencie fourth edition Erik R.
Kandel.
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28. ASTROCITOS PROTOPLASMATICOS :
Itermediarios de metabolitos ????
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29. 2. Oligodendrocitos:
En hileras
Mielinización en el sistema nervioso central
Amortiguan K
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30. CELULAS EPENDIMARIAS:
Revisten conducto central de medula espinal, Ventriculos:
Formacion de liquido cerebroespinal.
Neuroanatomia Funcional texto y atlas, Adel K. Afifi tercera edicion 2020
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31. 4. Microglia: fagociticas
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32. Capas de la Corteza Cerebral:
1)GRANULOSA / MOLECULAR
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33. 2) PIRAMIDAL / PURKINJE
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34. 3)
GRANULARES
/
estrellada,
en cesta
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35. Douglas, R and K martin neocortex, in the synaptic Organization of the Brain.
4th edition UK Oxford Uk University Press p 459-509 2018
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36. CAPAS DE LA CORTEZA
CEREBRAL :
• 1) MOLECULAR/
PLEXIFORME: Pocas inter/
neuronas, numerosas dendritas y
axones de capas profundas
• 2) PIRAMIDAL EXTERNA:
Granulares, dendritas apicales,
somas de capa V y VI.
Piramidales , interneuronas
GABAERGICAS .
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37. • 3) PIRAMIDAL EXTERNA : aspartato, glutamato
• EXCITATORIAS
• Funciones corticales .
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38. 4) GRANULAR INTERNA: granulares, en canasta,
difuminadas, cesta, candelero,
INHIBITORIAS
Estrelladas espinosas
Sensoriales
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39. 5) PIRAMIDAL INTERNA:
• Piramidales, dendritas,bipolares no-
espinosas, difuminadas
• inhibitorias/excitatorias
• Ganglios basales, tallo, medula.
• El soma aumenta hacia
adentro
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40. 6) MULTIFORME/ POLIMORFICA:
Proyectan al talamo.
• Neuronas fusiformes
perpendicular a la
superficie cortical,
mezcladas en sustancia
blanca, dendritas
basales , piramidales.
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41. Fijacion
Lavado agua
corriente
Deshidratacion
Compensacion (
cloroformo)
Integracion (
parafina)
Seccionamiento
Desparafinacion
e hidratacion Review
Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental
Cell Models
Lidija Gradišnik 1,2, Roman Bošnjak 3, Gorazd Bunc 4, Janez Ravnik 4, Tina Maver 1,5,* and Tomaž Velnar 2,3,*
Citation: Gradišnik,L.;Bošnjak,R.; Bunc, G.; Ravnik, J.; Maver, T.; Velnar, T. Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue
Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell Models. Materials2021,14,6857. https://
doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857
Academic Editors: Antonio Scarano and Silvia Farè
Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted: 11 November 2021 Published: 13 November 2021 taborska univeristy
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under
the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

42. TECNICAS DE TINCION HISTOLOGICA:
Hematoxilina y eosina,
Núcleos:
Purkinje = azul
Citoplasmas= rosa.
Review
Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental
Cell Models
Lidija Gradišnik 1,2, Roman Bošnjak 3, Gorazd Bunc 4, Janez Ravnik 4, Tina Maver 1,5,* and Tomaž Velnar 2,3,*
Citation: Gradišnik,L.;Bošnjak,R.; Bunc, G.; Ravnik, J.; Maver, T.; Velnar, T. Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue
Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell Models. Materials2021,14,6857. https://
doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857
Academic Editors: Antonio Scarano and Silvia Farè
Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted: 11 November 2021 Published: 13 November 2021 taborska univeristy
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Gliobl
astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105

43. Azul de toluidina o el violeta de cresilo.
•Tinción de Nissl:
marcar gránulos extranucleares de ARN
marcar gránulos extranucleares de ARN
Review
Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain
Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment
of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental
Cell Models
Lidija Gradišnik 1,2, Roman Bošnjak 3,
Gorazd Bunc 4, Janez Ravnik 4, Tina
Maver 1,5,* and Tomaž Velnar 2,3,*
Citation: Gradišnik,L.;Bošnjak,R.; Bunc, G.;
Ravnik, J.; Maver, T.; Velnar, T.
Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue
Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell
Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell
Models. Materials2021,14,6857. https://
doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857
Academic Editors: Antonio Scarano and
Silvia Farè
Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted: 11
November 2021 Published: 13 November
2021 taborska univeristy
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee
MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an
open access article distributed under the
terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
(https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Gliobl
astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105

44. •Tinción con azul de Berlín
El núcleo se detecta en color rojo por kernechtrot.
Los macrófagos cargados de hemosiderina se detectan en color azul.
Review
Neurosurgical Approaches to
Brain Tissue Harvesting for the
Establishment of Cell Cultures
in Neural Experimental
Cell Models
Lidija Gradišnik 1,2, Roman
Bošnjak 3, Gorazd Bunc 4,
Janez Ravnik 4, Tina Maver 1,5,*
and Tomaž Velnar 2,3,*
Citation: Gradišnik,L.;Bošnjak,R.;
Bunc, G.; Ravnik, J.; Maver, T.;
Velnar, T. Neurosurgical
Approaches to Brain Tissue
Harvesting for the Establishment
of Cell Cultures in Neural
Experimental Cell Models.
Materials2021,14,6857. https://
doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857
Academic Editors: Antonio
Scarano and Silvia Farè
Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted:
11 November 2021 Published: 13
November 2021 taborska
univeristy
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays
neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and
institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the
authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel,
Switzerland. This article is an
open access article distributed
under the terms and conditions of
the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Gliobl
astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105

45. Tinción
inmunohistoquímica (IHC)
Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms of the
Central Nervous System and Melanotic
Schwannoma
HMB-45 and Melan-A
( melanoma,
schwanomas)
S100 pronóstico de
daño cerebral
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46. Tincion Nuclear:
• Ki67
• proteína nuclear en las
fases del ciclo celular.
• Proliferación
• Inmunohistoquímica
• índice de proliferación
Review
Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental
Cell Models
Lidija Gradišnik 1,2, Roman Bošnjak 3, Gorazd Bunc 4, Janez Ravnik 4, Tina Maver 1,5,* and Tomaž Velnar 2,3,*
Citation: Gradišnik,L.;Bošnjak,R.; Bunc, G.; Ravnik, J.; Maver, T.; Velnar, T. Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in
Neural Experimental Cell Models. Materials2021,14,6857. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857
Academic Editors: Antonio Scarano and Silvia Farè
Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted: 11 November 2021 Published: 13 November 2021 taborska univeristy
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Gliobl
astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105

47. •Luxol fast blue (LFB) tinción
•Tinción de Ｋlüver-Barrera（KB
）
• Tinción de Holmes
, modificación de Eguchi-Seki)
•Método enzimático, método de
inmunofluorescencia (IF)
Review
Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental
Cell Models
Lidija Gradišnik 1,2, Roman Bošnjak 3, Gorazd Bunc 4, Janez Ravnik 4, Tina Maver 1,5,* and Tomaž Velnar 2,3,*
Citation: Gradišnik,L.;Bošnjak,R.; Bunc, G.; Ravnik, J.; Maver, T.; Velnar, T. Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue
Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell Models. Materials2021,14,6857. https://
doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857
Academic Editors: Antonio Scarano and Silvia Farè
Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted: 11 November 2021 Published: 13 November 2021 taborska univeristy
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under
the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Gliobl
astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105

48. Gracias por su atencion!
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Gliobl
astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105

49. BIBLIOGRAFIA:
https://www.researchgate.net/figu
re/Glioblastoma-Ki67-staining-
capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-0-p-i-x-e-l-A-
B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105
Review
Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental
Cell Models
Lidija Gradišnik 1,2, Roman Bošnjak 3, Gorazd Bunc 4, Janez Ravnik 4, Tina Maver 1,5,* and Tomaž Velnar 2,3,*
Citation: Gradišnik,L.;Bošnjak,R.; Bunc, G.; Ravnik, J.; Maver, T.; Velnar, T. Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue
Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell Models. Materials2021,14,6857. https://
doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857
Academic Editors: Antonio Scarano and Silvia Farè
Received: 31 July 2021 Accepted: 11 November 2021 Published: 13 November 2021 taborska univeristy
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under
the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
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astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105
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astoma-Ki67-staining-capture-w-i-t-h-1-3-6-
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0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105
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0-p-i-x-e-l-A-B-I-m-a-g-e_fig1_317836105