Neuroblastoma
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Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells, most commonly in the adrenal glands near the kidneys. It typically affects young children under 5 years old. While the cause is unknown, there may be a genetic component. Symptoms can include fever, bone pain, trouble breathing, and swelling. Diagnosis involves physical exams, imaging tests, and biopsies. Treatment may consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplants, and immunotherapy to fight the cancer cells.
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This document discusses several tumors that commonly affect children, including:
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- Mixed gliomas like oligo-astrocytomas, which contain both oligodendroglial and astrocytic cells.
- Choroid plexus papillomas, which are typically benign tumors arising from the choroid plexus epithelium in the ventricles. They can cause hydrocephalus.
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The document discusses various types of orbital and ocular tumors. It describes:
1. Capillary haemangioma, the most common orbital tumor in children, affecting girls more commonly.
2. Cavernous haemangioma, the most common benign orbital tumor in adults, presenting in the 4th-5th decade with progressive proptosis.
3. Pleomorphic lacrimal gland adenoma, the most common epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland, presenting in the 2nd-5th decade with painless proptosis or swelling.
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- Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize outside the brain while secondary or metastatic tumors are more common.
- Common primary brain tumors in adults include astrocytomas, meningiomas, and schwannomas. In children, common tumors are medulloblastoma and ependymoma.
- Astrocytomas range from low to high grade and include glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive type. Medulloblastoma is a small, blue round cell tumor most common in children. Meningiomas form from meningiothelial cells and schwannomas originate from schwann cells.
Central nervous system tumors
This document provides information about central nervous system tumors. It discusses the different types of brain and spinal cord tumors, including astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, and mixed gliomas. Symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment options, and tumor grades are described. Astrocytic tumors range from pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I) to glioblastoma (grade IV). Oligodendroglial tumors include oligodendroglioma (grade II) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (grade III). Mixed gliomas contain both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte cells.
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that primarily affects the lungs and lymph nodes, and can affect other organs. The exact cause is unknown but is thought to be triggered by an environmental agent that causes an immune response and granuloma formation. Common initial signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, dry cough, skin lesions, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes. While the lungs are usually primarily affected, many other organs can be impacted. Treatment aims to suppress inflammation and reduce granuloma impact to prevent lung fibrosis.
Syphilis
description on its causes, types, stages, sign and symptoms, its ocular or ophthalmic manifestations, investigations and treatment
Brain Tumors
brain tumors basics. Benign brain tumours. Malignant brain tumors.Metastatic Brain Tumor TUMOURS OF THE GLIAL TISSUE – (GLIOMAS)
2. TUMOURS OF NEURONS
3. MIXED TUMOURS WITH GLIAL & NEURONAL COMPONENTS
4. POORLY DIFFERENTIATED AND EMBRYONAL TUMOURS
5. TUMOURS OF THE MENINGES
6. PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOURS
7. METASTATIC TUMOURS
8. PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA
9. Miscellaneous TUMOURS: angioma (vascular origin), pituitary adenoma,
Astrocytoma
b. Oligodendroglioma
c. Ependymoma
Pathology
genetic diseases
This document summarizes information on two genetic diseases: tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis. Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by seizures, intellectual disabilities, and skin lesions. It is caused by mutations in 60% of cases. Neurofibromatosis is also dominantly inherited and occurs in 1 in 3,000 births. It is associated with café-au-lait spots, freckling, eye tumors, and benign nerve tumors of the skin. Both conditions require genetic counseling and monitoring for complications.
Multiple sclerosis by dutchess neurology
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that damages the protective myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This can cause a variety of symptoms affecting vision, muscle control, sensation, and cognitive function. The cause is unknown but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. MS most commonly affects women between the ages of 20-40 and symptoms vary due to unpredictable attacks that damage different areas of the nervous system. Common symptoms include issues with balance, vision, sensation, muscle weakness, bladder and bowel function, cognition, and fatigue.
BRAIN-TUMORS.pptx
Brain tumors can be primary (arise from brain tissue) or secondary (metastatic tumors from other areas). Primary tumors are often classified based on the brain tissue they originate from, such as gliomas arising from glial cells. Common types include glioblastomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas. Brain tumors can cause increased intracranial pressure, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and hormonal issues depending on their location in the brain. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI and biopsy. Treatment goals are tumor removal through surgery with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy.
BRAIN-TUMORS.pptx
Brain tumors can be primary (arise from brain tissue) or secondary (metastatic tumors from other areas). Primary tumors are often classified based on the brain tissue they originate from, such as gliomas arising from glial cells. Common types include glioblastomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas. Brain tumors can cause increased intracranial pressure, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and hormonal issues depending on their location in the brain. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI and biopsy. Treatment goals are tumor removal through surgery with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy.
Dushyant Verma Southern Avenue - What Is Brain Tumor Symptoms And Causes .pptx
According to Dushyant Verma Shillong, brain tumor is a tumor that develops in the brain. Brain tumors are very rare, but they can be deadly. They are more common in older people, and they may be hereditary. Most brain tumors are benign, meaning they are not cancerous and do not grow or spread to other parts of the brain or body. However, some brain tumors can be malignant, meaning they are cancerous and can grow and spread to other parts of the brain or body.
Zellweger's syndrome explained
Zellweger Syndrome is one class of Cerebrohepatorenal syndromes. It is a rare hereditary disorder and caused by a gene mutation that affects the way peroxisomes function.
Neurofibromatosis.pptx
Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous tumors to grow on nerve tissue. There are three main types that have varying signs and symptoms. The tumors can develop anywhere in the nervous system and sometimes become cancerous. Complications include hearing loss, learning problems, pain, and vision issues. Diagnosis involves medical exams and imaging tests, while treatment focuses on surgical removal of tumors or chemotherapy depending on the type and location.
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Neuroblastoma
- 2. Neuroblastoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that develops from immature nerve cells found in several parts of the body. It most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands and sits atop the kidneys. However, neuroblastoma can also develop in other areas. It is disease of early childhood, with two-thirds of cases developing before the age of 5 years.
- 3. Causes: Neuroblastoma begins in neuroblasts immature nerve cells that a fetus makes as part of its development process. In most cases these neuroblasts mature or disappear. Others, however, form a tumor (neuroblastoma). The cause of the tumor is unknown, though children with a family history of neuroblastoma are more likely to develop the disease.
- 5. Symptoms Fever Malaise Bone pain or tenderness Difficulty breathing or chronic cough Enlarged abdomen (from a large tumor or excess fluid) Flushed, red skin
- 6. Other symptoms Drooping eyelids and unequal pupil size Swelling in the legs Eyeballs that seem to protrude Dark circles, similar to bruises, around the eyes Unexplained weight loss Profuse sweating Rapid pulse
- 7. Tests & Diagnosis Physical exam Urine and blood tests Imaging tests: bone scan, MRI, CT Scan Biopsy of tumor Bone marrow biopsy
- 8. Treatment Surgery. To remove the cancer cells Chemotherapy. Uses chemicals to remove cancer cells Radiation therapy. Uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. Stem cell transplant. Stem cells are collected from the child's blood and stored for later use. After chemo the saved stem cells are injected back into the child, where they can form new, healthy cells. Immunotherapy. Drugs that help fight cancer cells.
- 9. References Targeting the Right Treatments for Neuroblastoma, Nancy J. Nelson, https://quad2.kaplan.edu www.mayoclinic.com/health/neuroblastoma www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/neuroblastoma
Editor's Notes
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma
- Angelique Gonzales 2013©. Neuroblastoma