1. 1.what is meant by term interoperability?
---Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work
together (inter-operate). The term is often used in a technical systems engineering sense, or
alternatively in a broad sense, taking into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact
system to system performance
2.Write the short notes on:
a. Fat:
b. Fat32
c. NTFS
File Allocation Table (FAT): A file system used by MS-DOS and other Windows-based operating systems
to organize and manage files. The file allocation table (FAT) is a data structure that Windows creates
when you format a volume by using the FAT or FAT32 file systems. Windows stores information about
each file in the FAT so that it can retrieve the file later.
FAT32: A derivative of the File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. FAT32 supports smaller cluster sizes
and larger volumes than FAT, which results in more efficient space allocation on FAT32 volumes.
NTFS: An advanced file system that provides performance, security, reliability, and advanced features
that are not found in any version of FAT. For example, NTFS guarantees volume consistency by using
standard transaction logging and recovery techniques. If a system fails, NTFS uses its log file and
checkpoint information to restore the consistency of the file system. In Windows 2000 and Windows XP,
NTFS also provides advanced features such as file and folder permissions, encryption, disk quotas, and
compression.
3.what is hub and when is it commonly used?
----A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments
of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports
so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
A passive hub serves simply as a conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to
another. So-called intelligent hubs include additional features that enables an administrator to monitor
the traffic passing through the hub and to configure each port in the hub. Intelligent hubs are also called
manageable hubs.

2. 4. what is TCP/IP protocol and when is it used?
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used
for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard. It is highly used in World Wide Web.
6.What does DHCP stands for, how does it work and when would it be used?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network application protocol used by devices (DHCP
clients) to obtain configuration information for operation in an Internet Protocol network. This protocol
reduces system administration workload, allowing devices to be added to the network with little or no
manual intervention.
A computer running the Microsoft DHCP service offers dynamic configuration of IP addresses and
related information to DHCP-enabled clients, which helps to assign range of IP Address to all the clients
in a network.
When we have a lot of computers in a network and we want to assign IP Address automatically to all
the client’s in a network we can use DHCP.
7.What is windows Internet information services(IIS) and what functions does it provide? List the 3
example of web server.
---Internet Information Services (IIS) - formerly called Internet Information Server - is a set of Internet-
based services for servers created by Microsoft for use with Microsoft Windows.
Windows IIs
Apache HTTP Server.
Sun Java System Web Server
8.What is the ipconfig command, and how can it be used to check network connectivity?
---Ipconfig is a DOS utility which can be used from MS-DOS and a MS-DOS shell to display the network
settings currently assigned and given by a network. This command can be utilized to verify a network
connection as well as to verify your network settings.
From the command prompt, type 'ipconfig' to run the utility with default options. The output of the
default command contains the IP address, network mask and gateway for all physical and virtual .

3. 9.why should you check the warranty conditions on a piece of hardware before attempting to repair it?
We should check the warranty condition on a piece of hardware before attempting to repair it because
most manufacturers offer some level of warranty on their hardware and some of the manufacturer offer
return to base warranty which means in place of defective hardware the manufacturer repairs or
replaces the hardware component for the buyer.
Advanced replacement of defective equipment is included, often with next-day delivery based on
equipment availability
Warranty extensions must be purchased prior to expiration of existing warranty.
10.why would an organization want to maintain a list of hardware assert numbers?
---Organization want to maintain a list of hardware assert numbers because it is a kind of index with all
the items listed. It is very important to identify the server, its location and value. It can also be used for
accounting purposes to calculate depreciation and for insurance purposes to estimate replacement
value. It can be kept from simple handwritten making stickers or barcode.
11.why keeping server log is important.
---Server logs keeps contains all the events and during the failure of any driver or service to load it is
recorded as well as any errors the driver or service may encounter.
It helps to trace out the exact cause of error which can be fixed afterward.
12. Name two documents that are useful for maintaining network documentation.
----The two documents that are useful for maintaining network documentation are as follows:
1.sizing a network: it is important to have a clear idea of the network’s expected size. everything needs
to be planned so that capacity of clients can be added afterward during the increase in umbers of
users.
2.Security: After a network is maintained security should also be maintained so that network should not
be accessible to any intrusions or unauthorized users.
13,using a word processor design your own version of a network maintenance report. test a report by
populating it with some dummy data.
During designing a network maintenance report various issues has to be kept in mind for example:
1. Protocols: it refers to Which protocol I am trying to use in my network like..TCP/IP, IPX ,Appletalk.

4. 2. Network hardware: It refers to which network interface card , cables , transmission medias , hardware
devices , gateway’s that I am trying to implement.
3. background information for software implementation.
4.Budget: it refers to all the cost that will be used in a network.
5.Solution and repair: it refers to all the technical solution and repairs that will be done after completing
all the design afterward.
14.write a example of server hardware specification document.
---- a server hardware specification deals with the the documents that lists what the hardware and
software which is implemented in a network. It makes easy to find fault and for maintenance purpose.
Information may be as follows:
1Regarding BIOS type.
2.Amount of memory used.
3.Cpu type and speed
4.Installed periperals
5.O/s used and application used.
6.Asset number and location of server.
6.date and log created. For eg:
Server H/W Specification
Date of purchase: 1.1.2009 Supplier : Dicker data
Model : Intel
Location Server room Asset no: 8789
Name : ingram.com.au Domain : aiccl.edu.au
Protocols: TCP/IP , IPX/SPX IP Address : 192.168.1.1.
CPU: Core 2 Quad Memory: Kingston Expert express
Hard disk : LaCie 1000 G.B Partition : NTFS
Bios : Intel Peripheral : Hp laser jet
Software : Adobe Photoshop Operating system : Linux/ Windows server 2003

5. Last log update : 1.12.2009 Log recorded by :Adam
15.how can you create the active directory in windows server 2003?
Steps for creating active directory in windows server 2003 are as follows:
1. Run- type dcpromo.
2.follow the wizard .
3. Let it check the Os compatibility.(For Windows 2000 family or before)
4.Create a Domain controller
5. Create a Domain in new forest
4. Assign domain name to be used.
3. create ntds folder for database folder.
4.create a system Sysvol folder.
5.Finally Register DNS
5.click next and let windows create the active directory.
16.what is the command to refresh the group policy in windows server 2003?
-The command to refresh the group policy in windows server 2003 is gpupdate.

6. Last log update : 1.12.2009 Log recorded by :Adam
15.how can you create the active directory in windows server 2003?
Steps for creating active directory in windows server 2003 are as follows:
1. Run- type dcpromo.
2.follow the wizard .
3. Let it check the Os compatibility.(For Windows 2000 family or before)
4.Create a Domain controller
5. Create a Domain in new forest
4. Assign domain name to be used.
3. create ntds folder for database folder.
4.create a system Sysvol folder.
5.Finally Register DNS
5.click next and let windows create the active directory.
16.what is the command to refresh the group policy in windows server 2003?
-The command to refresh the group policy in windows server 2003 is gpupdate.