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A network connects two or more computers allowing them to communicate and share resources. Common networks include home, school, and office networks. A network uses networking equipment like network interface cards, cables, switches, and routers. Larger networks are made up of interconnected local area networks (LANs) to form wide area networks (WANs) that can span buildings or regions. Common devices on a network include clients that receive services from servers which provide shared resources like printing, file storage, email, and webpages. Networks connect to the internet through routers and internet service providers.
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This document discusses different types of computer networks. It defines a network as an interconnection of computing devices like computers, laptops, and printers connected either physically via wires or wirelessly. There are several types of networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), campus area networks (CANs), and wide area networks (WANs) which can connect devices within a home, building, campus or around the world respectively. Networks use different topologies like bus, ring, star, tree or mesh and rely on hardware, software and network protocols to facilitate communication and sharing of resources between connected devices.
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A computer network connects two or more computers to allow sharing of resources, files, and communication. It requires cables or wireless connections between devices, a router to manage traffic, and may include additional components like switches, firewalls, and wireless access points. Computer networks can be configured as peer-to-peer or client-server and use various topologies to connect devices. Common network types include LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN, and protocols like TCP and IP allow communication over the network. Networks are used for applications such as file sharing, printing, email, gaming, business, education, and entertainment.
Module-1.pptx
The document provides an overview of computer networking basics including definitions, elements, and concepts. It discusses:
- The basic elements of computer networking including nodes, links, protocols, IP addresses, DNS, and firewalls.
- Network topologies like star, bus, ring, mesh and their advantages/disadvantages.
- Reference models including OSI model with its 7 layers and TCP/IP model with its 4 layers.
- Types of computer networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, VLAN, VPN, and PAN.
- Issues around networking standards and critiques of OSI and TCP/IP models.
Imd Corporate Presentation Nov 2010
The document discusses various types of computer networks such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs) and explains how they differ in size and geographic reach. It also describes common network devices like switches, routers, and hubs that are used to connect computers in a network. Finally, the document outlines some benefits and disadvantages of computer networks like increased sharing of resources but also security issues and dependency on centralized servers.
M4 - Lesson 5 - Networks
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines different types of networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also describes common network hardware such as hubs, switches, and routers. The document concludes with an assignment for students to design a network for a new school in Phuket that will include 4 buildings and explain why the network is needed and what type of network would be best.
Types of network
A LAN (local area network) connects devices within a single building or campus and can include as few as two PCs and a printer. While limited to a few kilometers, LANs allow resources like hardware, data, and software to be shared between computers in the network. A WAN (wide area network) provides long distance transmission of data, audio, and video over large geographical areas like continents or countries. WANs connect LANs and home computers to the internet via leased telephone lines. A MAN (metropolitan area network) covers an area the size of a city or town and provides high-speed connectivity, usually to the internet, for endpoints spread throughout the city.
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Data race
This document discusses techniques for deterministic replay of multithreaded programs. It describes how recording shared memory ordering information can enable replay that reproduces data races and concurrency bugs. Specifically, it outlines using a directory-based approach to track read-write dependencies between threads and reduce the log size through transitive reduction of dependencies.
Multi threaded rtos
Multi-threaded processor architectures can improve parallelism at both the instruction-level and thread-level. Simultaneous multi-threading (SMT) allows multiple threads to issue and execute instructions simultaneously by dynamically sharing processor resources. SMT reduces underutilization of functional units and improves performance over multiprocessors. Multi-threaded designs are well-suited for digital signal processing applications that can benefit from parallel execution at multiple levels. Examples of multi-threaded real-time operating systems that support parallel DSP applications are discussed.
Recursion
Recursion involves functions that call themselves during execution. This document discusses recursive functions like factorial, Fibonacci sequence, power, and printing patterns. Recursive functions have a base case that stops the recursion. The factorial function is defined recursively as n! = n * (n-1)!, and this recursive definition is evaluated step-by-step for fact(4). Recursive functions can also be used to define sequences like Fibonacci numbers.
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The document provides an overview of business analytics (BA) including its history, types, examples, challenges, and relationship to data mining. BA involves exploring past business performance data to gain insights and guide planning. It can focus on the business as a whole or segments. Types of BA include descriptive analytics like reporting, affinity grouping, and clustering, as well as predictive analytics. Challenges to BA include acquiring high quality data and reacting to data quickly. Data mining is important for BA as it helps handle large datasets and specific problems.
Data mining and knowledge discovery
The document discusses data mining and knowledge discovery from large data sets. It begins by defining the terms data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. It then explains that the growth of data from various sources has created a need for data mining to extract useful knowledge from large data repositories. Data mining involves non-trivial analysis of implicit patterns in large data sets. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from areas like machine learning, statistics, database technology, and visualization. The goal is to transform data into actionable information through an iterative process of identifying problems, mining data, acting on results, and measuring impact.
Cache recap
The document discusses memory hierarchy and cache performance. It introduces the concept of memory hierarchy to get the best of fast and large memories. It then discusses different memory technologies like SRAM, DRAM and disk and their access times. It explains the basic concepts of direct mapped cache, cache hits, misses and different ways to reduce miss penalties like using multiple cache levels. Finally, it classifies cache misses into compulsory, capacity and conflict misses and how these are affected based on cache parameters.
Big picture of data mining
- Decision trees are a supervised learning technique used for classification problems. They work by recursively splitting a dataset based on the values of predictor variables and assigning class labels to the terminal nodes.
- The document describes how decision trees are constructed by starting with the entire training set at the root node and then successively splitting the data into purer child nodes based on attribute values. Attribute selection at each node is done using an impurity-based heuristic like information gain.
How analysis services caching works
This document discusses how Analysis Services caching works and provides strategies for warming the Storage Engine cache and Formula Engine cache. It explains that the Storage Engine handles data retrieval from disk while the Formula Engine determines which data is needed for queries. Caching can improve performance but requires consideration of memory usage, cache structures, and data granularity. The document recommends using the CREATE CACHE statement and running regular queries to pre-populate the caches, while being mindful of how security and non-deterministic elements can impact cache sharing and scoping. Automating cache warming through SQL Server Agent jobs or SSIS packages is suggested.
Optimizing shared caches in chip multiprocessors
Chip multiprocessors, which place multiple processors on a single chip, have become common in modern processors. There are different approaches to managing caches in chip multiprocessors, including private caches for each processor or shared caches. The optimal approach balances factors like interconnect traffic, duplication of data, load balancing, and cache hit rates.
Directory based cache coherence
The document discusses non-uniform cache architectures (NUCA), cache coherence, and different implementations of directories in multicore systems. It describes NUCA designs that map data to banks based on distance from the controller to exploit non-uniform access times. Cache coherence is maintained using directory-based protocols that track copies of cache blocks. Directories can be implemented off-chip in DRAM or on-chip using duplicate tag stores or distributing the directory among cache banks.
Abstract data types
This document discusses abstract data types (ADTs) and their implementation in various programming languages. It covers the key concepts of ADTs including data abstraction, encapsulation, information hiding, and defining the public interface separately from the private implementation. It provides examples of ADTs implemented using modules in Modula-2, packages in Ada, classes in C++, generics in Java and C#, and classes in Ruby. Parameterized and encapsulation constructs are also discussed as techniques for implementing and organizing ADTs.
Abstraction file
This document discusses the key concepts of object-oriented programming including abstraction, encapsulation, classes and objects. It defines abstraction as focusing on the essential characteristics of an object and hiding unnecessary details. Encapsulation hides the implementation of an object's methods and data within its class. A class defines both the data and behaviors of an object through its public interface and private implementation. Objects are instantiations of classes that come to life through constructors and die through destructors while maintaining data integrity.
Hardware managed cache
The document proposes optimizing DRAM caches for latency rather than hit rate, as previous work had done. It presents the Alloy Cache design which avoids serializing tag and data accesses, keeping them in the same DRAM row for lower latency. Using a simple Memory Access Predictor (MAP), Alloy Cache can predict whether to use a higher-latency serial access model or lower-latency parallel model. With MAP, Alloy Cache outperforms previous designs like SRAM-tag caches with fewer optimizations that degrade performance. The document advocates revisiting DRAM cache designs given their different constraints compared to SRAM caches.
Object model
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
Abstract class
Abstract classes and interfaces allow for abstraction and polymorphism in object-oriented design. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces only contain abstract methods. Abstract classes are used to provide a common definition for subclasses through inheritance, while interfaces define a contract for implementing classes to follow. Both support polymorphism by allowing subclasses/implementing classes to determine the specific implementation for abstract methods.
Object oriented analysis
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) emphasizes investigating requirements rather than solutions, and conceptual solutions that fulfill requirements rather than implementations. OOAD focuses on identifying domain concepts and defining software objects and how they collaborate. The Unified Process includes inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases with iterations and milestones leading to final product releases.
Concurrency with java
The document discusses several programming paradigms including single process, multi process, and multi-core/multi-thread. It then covers topics such as processes, threads, synchronization, and liveness issues in concurrent programming including deadlock, starvation and livelock. Processes run independently while threads share data and scheduling. Synchronization prevents interference and inconsistencies between threads accessing shared data. Liveness issues can cause programs to halt indefinitely.
Data structures and algorithms
The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs), specifically queues. It defines a queue as a linear collection where elements are added to one end and removed from the other end, following a first-in, first-out (FIFO) approach. The key queue operations are enqueue, which adds an element, and dequeue, which removes the element that has been in the queue longest. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Array implementations use head and tail pointers to track the start and end of the queue.
Cobol, lisp, and python
The document provides information on three programming languages: COBOL, LISP, and Python. COBOL was released in 1959 and was used for 80% of business transactions due to its reliability. LISP was the second high-level language created in 1958 and introduced innovations like garbage collection and recursion using linked lists. Python was developed in the 1990s and prioritizes readability through features like whitespace and a simple grammar.
Inheritance
This document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It explains that inheritance allows a subclass to inherit attributes and behaviors from a superclass, extending the superclass. This allows for code reuse and the establishment of class hierarchies. The document provides an example of a BankAccount superclass and SavingsAccount subclass, demonstrating how the subclass inherits methods like deposit() and withdraw() from the superclass while adding its own method, addInterest(). It also discusses polymorphism and access control as related concepts.
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Network
- 1. What is a network?
- 2. Two or more interconnected computers.
- 6. A network is useful for communication between computers, and for sharing resources
- 7. Communicating Sharing Chatting Sharing a printer Video conferencing Sharing storage Sending e-mail Sharing Files Playing games Internet connection
- 10. Local Area Network On a small area, e.g: within one building
- 12. How to make a network? Networking equipment
- 16. Network Cable
- 17. Now they can communicate
- 18. But what if I have three computers?
- 19. Switch
- 21. A B C D E Switch back If workstation B wants to communicate with workstation C
- 23. A WAN is made up of several connected LANs Wide Area Network
- 24. It can also be a group of several WANs, or some LANs and some WANs WAN
- 25. The Internet is the largest WAN in the world
- 26. How are LANs connected to make a WAN ?
- 27. LAN LAN LAN WAN
- 28. Computers and devices on a network
- 29. Clients & Servers • It is called a Client, because it receives services from a Server • A Server is normally a powerful computer, that provides services to other computers and devices on a network
- 30. Examples of servers Type Service Printer server Allows clients to print using one shared printer Storage server Allows clients to save/store their files on a shared drive Web server Hosts the web-pages, that are accessed by the clients Mail server Stores clients mail accounts and inboxes. Allows clients to send email.
- 31. Storage server Printer server Giovanni Nick Steve Brian James Carola
- 32. • A firewall protects your network against unwanted access.
- 33. • A firewall can be a hardware device and it can be software that is installed on a computer or a server.
- 34. How do you connect your network to the Internet?
- 35. 1. Router 2. ISP The Internet Service Provider, is a company, that has a very large connection to the Internet. Switch WAN WAN LAN
- 36. Other types of networks
- 37. LAN Wireless Local Area Network
- 38. Bluetooth network Personal Area Network
Editor's Notes
- A network is a set of computers that are connected together
- Like computers in an office
- Or in a school lab
- Or a home network
- Name and logo Bluetooth logo The word "Bluetooth" is an anglicized version of the Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann, the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald I of Denmark and parts of Norway who united dissonant Danish tribes into a single kingdom. The idea of this name was proposed by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers (at the time he was reading Frans Gunnar Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and king Harald Bluetooth).[5] The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal standard.[6][7][8] The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes (Hagall) (ᚼ) and (Bjarkan) (ᛒ), Harald's initials.