This document provides information about non-epileptic seizures (NES), including:
1. NES have different causes than epileptic seizures and include organic NES caused by physical issues and psychogenic NES caused by psychological factors like dissociative seizures.
2. Diagnosing NES involves taking a personal history, witness accounts of seizures, and medical tests to rule out other conditions, as NES can look similar to epileptic seizures.
3. Treatment for dissociative seizures focuses on psychotherapy to help understand triggers and reduce stress, as medication alone is usually not effective for psychogenic NES.
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are not caused by neurological dysfunction but are psychologically determined. Common psychiatric conditions associated with PNES include depression, anxiety, somatoform disorder, PTSD, dissociative disorder, and various personality disorders. A history of sexual or physical abuse is reported in one-third to half of PNES patients. PNES episodes typically last longer than 2 minutes, involve eyes being closed and variable motor movements rather than stereotyped behaviors seen in epilepsy. Diagnosis involves distinguishing PNES from epileptic seizures based on clinical features during and after episodes.
Epilepsy: A Neurological Condition Affecting the Nervous System. Epilepsy is also known as a seizure disorder. Here is a quick who, what, where, when, why, and how about epilepsy.
This document outlines Dilraj S. Sokhi's presentation on neurological manifestations of psychological problems. It discusses transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The presentation describes the differences between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, predisposing and precipitating factors for PNES, diagnostic tools like video EEG, and the importance of correctly diagnosing and explaining PNES to patients. It emphasizes treating the whole patient using a biopsychosocial model and mentions the recognition and management of PNES may be important in Kenya given psychological comorbidities in the population.
EFEPA: Epilepsy at School - Training for School Nursesjgreenberger
The document provides information about Eric Marsh, an expert in epilepsy. It discusses definitions of seizures and epilepsy, prevalence statistics, common seizure types and epilepsy syndromes in children and adults. Potential causes, triggers, and treatments for epilepsy like medications, surgery, diets and vagus nerve stimulation are summarized. Risks and management of seizure emergencies are also covered.
The document discusses seizures, their classification, and treatment considerations for EMS. It describes how seizures are classified based on mental status (simple vs complex) and laterality (partial vs generalized). Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres and can cause loss of consciousness, while partial seizures originate in one hemisphere and may or may not affect consciousness. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency defined as continuous seizure activity. The document provides guidance for EMS on safely managing patients during and after seizure activity without forcing interventions.
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes seizures and is usually diagnosed after two or more seizures. It affects the nervous system and can develop at any age for various reasons, though the cause is often unknown. Seizures occur when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. While epilepsy cannot be cured, seizures can be controlled through antiepileptic medications in many cases. Getting proper sleep is also important for managing seizures.
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. It affects about 1% of people worldwide and nearly 80% of cases occur in developing countries. Epileptic seizures are caused by excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can vary from brief episodes to long periods of shaking. While the cause is unknown in most cases, epilepsy can sometimes be caused by brain injury, stroke, tumors or genetic mutations. Treatment involves medication to control seizures in about 70% of patients, while surgery or other options may be considered for uncontrolled cases.
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are not caused by neurological dysfunction but are psychologically determined. Common psychiatric conditions associated with PNES include depression, anxiety, somatoform disorder, PTSD, dissociative disorder, and various personality disorders. A history of sexual or physical abuse is reported in one-third to half of PNES patients. PNES episodes typically last longer than 2 minutes, involve eyes being closed and variable motor movements rather than stereotyped behaviors seen in epilepsy. Diagnosis involves distinguishing PNES from epileptic seizures based on clinical features during and after episodes.
Epilepsy: A Neurological Condition Affecting the Nervous System. Epilepsy is also known as a seizure disorder. Here is a quick who, what, where, when, why, and how about epilepsy.
This document outlines Dilraj S. Sokhi's presentation on neurological manifestations of psychological problems. It discusses transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The presentation describes the differences between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, predisposing and precipitating factors for PNES, diagnostic tools like video EEG, and the importance of correctly diagnosing and explaining PNES to patients. It emphasizes treating the whole patient using a biopsychosocial model and mentions the recognition and management of PNES may be important in Kenya given psychological comorbidities in the population.
EFEPA: Epilepsy at School - Training for School Nursesjgreenberger
The document provides information about Eric Marsh, an expert in epilepsy. It discusses definitions of seizures and epilepsy, prevalence statistics, common seizure types and epilepsy syndromes in children and adults. Potential causes, triggers, and treatments for epilepsy like medications, surgery, diets and vagus nerve stimulation are summarized. Risks and management of seizure emergencies are also covered.
The document discusses seizures, their classification, and treatment considerations for EMS. It describes how seizures are classified based on mental status (simple vs complex) and laterality (partial vs generalized). Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres and can cause loss of consciousness, while partial seizures originate in one hemisphere and may or may not affect consciousness. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency defined as continuous seizure activity. The document provides guidance for EMS on safely managing patients during and after seizure activity without forcing interventions.
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes seizures and is usually diagnosed after two or more seizures. It affects the nervous system and can develop at any age for various reasons, though the cause is often unknown. Seizures occur when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. While epilepsy cannot be cured, seizures can be controlled through antiepileptic medications in many cases. Getting proper sleep is also important for managing seizures.
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. It affects about 1% of people worldwide and nearly 80% of cases occur in developing countries. Epileptic seizures are caused by excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can vary from brief episodes to long periods of shaking. While the cause is unknown in most cases, epilepsy can sometimes be caused by brain injury, stroke, tumors or genetic mutations. Treatment involves medication to control seizures in about 70% of patients, while surgery or other options may be considered for uncontrolled cases.
occupational therapy for epilepsy: an overviewSara Sheikh
This document discusses epilepsy, its causes, prevention, and the role of occupational therapy. It defines epilepsy as abnormal neuronal discharge in the brain that can cause loss of consciousness or odd behavior. Risk factors include premature birth, brain infections, abnormal brain structures, cerebral palsy, hypoxia, brain tumors, stroke, and drug abuse. Occupational therapy focuses on safety, adaptations to the home, relaxation techniques, exercise, routine management, leisure activities, and support groups to help epileptic patients live independently and cope with emotional and cognitive challenges.
Recognition and diagnosis of pseudoneurological syndromesSCGH ED CME
This document provides an overview of pseudoneurological syndromes and functional neurological disorders. It defines conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder, and discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostics, treatment, and differential diagnosis. Pseudoneurological disorders are psychiatric conditions where physical symptoms are not fully explained by medical issues. They affect daily functioning and cause significant distress. Diagnosis involves ruling out medical causes through history, exam, and testing. Treatment focuses on managing perpetuating factors through therapy and avoiding unnecessary medical interventions.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes recurring seizures and affects over 5 million people in the US. Seizures occur when brain cells misfire and send too many electrical signals at once, causing changes in awareness, movement, or sensation. While epilepsy can be caused by head injuries or other brain damage, in many cases the cause is unknown. The Epilepsy Foundation provides resources and support for those affected by epilepsy and works to reduce the stigma around this common condition.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, affecting both sides of the brain, or partial, affecting one area. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, potential contributing factors include genetic predisposition, head injuries, brain tumors, infections, and developmental disorders. Treatment involves anticonvulsant medications to prevent seizures.
Epilepsy awareness training innovations slidesharePatrick Doyle
This Epilepsy Awareness training course is aimed at raising awareness of the importance of the safe care and management of epilepsy. The course explores some of the common misconceptions about epilepsy and to care for someone who experiences seizures. On completion of this course staff will be aware of the clinical features of epilepsy and contribute to the care and wellbeing of patients who experience epileptic seizures.
Duration: 2 hours
Experience: None required.
This course is suitable for all staff currently working within health and social care settings in the United Kingdom who may come into contact with patients who experience epileptic seizures.
Number of Trainees: 16 maximum
Course Standard: Certificate of attendance
Equipment Needed: Hand-outs will be provided
Candidates will cover:
•Definitions, diagnosis and symptoms of epilepsy, including the nature and incidence of epilepsy
•Seizures and seizure types
•Care and treatment of epilepsy, including basic first aid and emergency care
•What to do when caring for a patient experiencing an epileptic seizure
•Care and management of patients who experience epileptic seizures
•Living with epilepsy
By the end of the course Candidates will be able to:
•Describe the diagnosis, symptoms and different types of epilepsy
•Understand and demonstrate the care and treatment of patients with epilepsy
•Understand the impact of epileptic seizures
•Contribute to the care-planning and safe management and care of patients who experience epileptic seizures, including basic first aid for epileptic sufferers
Epilepsy is a tendency to have recurring unprovoked seizures. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and is one of the most common neurological diseases, affecting around 1 in 200 people worldwide. Seizures can involve changes in movement, awareness, or sensations. Epilepsy is diagnosed if a person has two or more unprovoked seizures. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, risk factors include brain injuries, infections, genetic predispositions, and developmental and vascular issues. Proper diagnosis and treatment are important to manage the condition.
This document provides an overview of epilepsy and seizures. It defines epilepsy as a disorder characterized by recurring seizures, while a seizure is a temporary disturbance in brain electrical activity. Epilepsy affects about 3 million Americans, with many cases caused by unknown factors like brain injury or genetics. Seizures have several types and can be triggered by missed medication or stress. Treatment involves medication, surgery, dietary changes or devices and aims to eliminate seizures without side effects. The document outlines diagnosis, management and resources for those living with epilepsy.
This document contains 10 case studies presented to test knowledge of neurological disorders like epilepsy. The cases include examples of primary generalized epilepsy, secondary generalized epilepsy from focal lesions, and drug-induced seizures. They cover common conditions seen in neurology practice and aim to evaluate ability to synthesize history and exam findings to form differential diagnoses and management plans.
Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes seizures. It occurs when clusters of neurons signal abnormally, disturbing the normal pattern of neuronal activity. Epilepsy has no cure but can be controlled through medication, diet changes, devices or surgery. It is caused by factors like genetics, head trauma, infections or prenatal injuries. Symptoms include ongoing seizures that can be partial or generalized depending on the affected area of the brain. Diagnosis involves tests like EEGs, PET scans or blood tests to determine the type and location. Treatment includes anti-seizure medication, surgery, dietary changes, nerve stimulation or lifestyle modifications.
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions, types of seizures, diagnosis, treatment and implications. It defines epilepsy as recurring unprovoked seizures and describes the different types of generalized and focal seizures. It outlines the diagnostic process including clinical evaluation, EEG and neuroimaging. It discusses treatment with antiepileptic drugs and risk of seizure recurrence. The document also covers refractory epilepsy, implications of an epilepsy diagnosis, and provides statistics on treatment effectiveness.
This document provides information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines what a seizure is, the different types of seizures including absence, tonic-clonic, simple partial and complex partial seizures. It discusses epilepsy as a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures and covers common causes, prevalence, myths and facts. The document outlines appropriate first aid for different seizure types and signs that indicate a medical emergency. It also discusses potential learning impacts and provides tips for supporting students with epilepsy.
The epilepsies are a spectrum of brain disorders ranging from severe,
life-threatening and disabling, to ones that are much
more benign. In epilepsy, the normal
pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange
sensations, emotions,
and behavior or sometimes convulsions,
muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. The epilepsies have many
possible causes
and there are several types of seizures.
Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity—from
illness to brain
damage to abnormal brain development—can
lead to seizures.
Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in
brain wiring,
an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals
called neurotransmitters, changes in important features of brain cells
called channels,
or some combination of these and other
factors. Having a single seizure as the result of a high fever (called
febrile seizure)
or head injury does not necessarily mean
that a person has epilepsy. Only when a person has had two or more
seizures is he
or she considered to have epilepsy. A
measurement of electrical activity in the brain and brain scans such as
magnetic resonance
imaging or computed tomography are common
diagnostic tests for epilepsy.
1) Epilepsy is an ancient neurological disorder that is still misunderstood and stigmatized.
2) Childhood epilepsy can have serious impacts on physical, psychological, and social development. Accurately diagnosing epilepsy in children can also be challenging.
3) Effective treatment of epilepsy requires an individualized approach considering the epilepsy type, age, comorbidities, side effects of medications, and other factors. Surgery may be an option for drug-resistant epilepsy.
Western Trust Epilepsy Awareness Presentation 2013westerntrust
This document provides information about epilepsy for healthcare staff. It begins with learning outcomes around recognizing seizure types, appropriate first aid, risks of epilepsy, and the role of staff caring for people with epilepsy. It then defines epilepsy as a neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked seizures. Several types of seizures are described, including focal and generalized seizures like tonic-clonic and absence seizures. Causes, diagnosis, treatment, triggers, classification, and first aid for different seizure types are outlined. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare staff in caring for people with epilepsy are also summarized.
Seizures are episodes of abnormal brain activity that result from excessive neuronal discharge. They can be classified as partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures remain localized in one area of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres. Common causes include brain injuries, tumors, infections, genetic factors, and chemical imbalances. Diagnosis involves a neurological exam, EEG, and MRI. Treatment involves anti-seizure medications tailored to the individual. Generalized seizure types include tonic-clonic, absence, and atonic seizures which are characterized by muscle contractions, staring spells, and loss of muscle tone respectively. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency defined as continuous seizures lasting more than 30 minutes.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by repeated epileptic seizures resulting from uncontrolled discharges of neurons in the central nervous system. Seizures can be classified as either partial or generalized depending on where in the brain they originate. Common causes of epilepsy include genetic predisposition, brain injury, infection, tumors, and metabolic abnormalities. Treatment involves use of anti-epileptic drugs to control seizures in about 70% of patients, while others may require surgery to remove the seizure focus. Diagnosis involves use of EEG, MRI, and tests to check for underlying medical causes and monitor drug levels.
Presentation illustrating the 2017 classification of seizure types(1)旭恩 鄭
The 2017 ILAE classification of seizure types introduced some changes from the 1981 classification, including:
1) Allowing certain seizures like tonic or epileptic spasms to be classified as either focal or generalized onset.
2) Classifying seizures of unknown onset, like tonic-clonic seizures.
3) Using "awareness" instead of "consciousness" in seizure names to improve clarity.
4) Including some previously unclassified seizure types and updating terminology.
Partial complex epilepsy is characterized by focal seizures that impair consciousness. It is most commonly caused by temporal lobe epilepsy but can arise from other brain regions. Diagnosis involves obtaining a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and MRI brain imaging. Treatment includes antiepileptic medications and potentially surgery for drug-resistant cases. Surgical options include temporal lobectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy, which can cure seizures in over 50% of carefully selected patients. Prognosis depends on seizure frequency and underlying etiology.
- Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder affecting children, with between 5-10% of children experiencing a seizure before age 20.
- Most children with epilepsy test within the average range on IQ tests and attend regular schools, but they are at higher risk for learning and behavioral challenges.
- Learning disabilities and conditions like ADHD are commonly overlooked co-morbid conditions for children with epilepsy. Thorough evaluation of language, memory, and executive functions is important for proper intervention.
There are many types of epilepsy with different symptoms and treatment responses. Some people experience aurae like dizziness before seizures, allowing them to prevent injury. The most common type involves generalized seizures across both sides of the brain causing muscle spasms and loss of consciousness. Epilepsy can be caused by head injuries, tumors, strokes, blood vessel issues, birth defects, or infections. Diagnosis involves a medical history and sometimes EEGs, MRI, CT, or PET scans to examine the brain, though results are not always conclusive. Treatment generally involves antiepileptic drugs to control seizures, which reduce abnormal neuronal firing and neurotransmitter effects but can cause side effects like drowsiness.
This document summarizes information about epilepsy and seizures. It defines epilepsy as recurrent seizures and describes different types of seizures including focal-onset, generalized-onset, tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic, and tonic seizures. Causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment options are discussed. Treatment involves antiepileptic medications as first-line treatment, with surgery, neurostimulation or dietary therapies as options for refractory cases. Potential risks and complications of treatments are also summarized.
occupational therapy for epilepsy: an overviewSara Sheikh
This document discusses epilepsy, its causes, prevention, and the role of occupational therapy. It defines epilepsy as abnormal neuronal discharge in the brain that can cause loss of consciousness or odd behavior. Risk factors include premature birth, brain infections, abnormal brain structures, cerebral palsy, hypoxia, brain tumors, stroke, and drug abuse. Occupational therapy focuses on safety, adaptations to the home, relaxation techniques, exercise, routine management, leisure activities, and support groups to help epileptic patients live independently and cope with emotional and cognitive challenges.
Recognition and diagnosis of pseudoneurological syndromesSCGH ED CME
This document provides an overview of pseudoneurological syndromes and functional neurological disorders. It defines conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder, and discusses their epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostics, treatment, and differential diagnosis. Pseudoneurological disorders are psychiatric conditions where physical symptoms are not fully explained by medical issues. They affect daily functioning and cause significant distress. Diagnosis involves ruling out medical causes through history, exam, and testing. Treatment focuses on managing perpetuating factors through therapy and avoiding unnecessary medical interventions.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes recurring seizures and affects over 5 million people in the US. Seizures occur when brain cells misfire and send too many electrical signals at once, causing changes in awareness, movement, or sensation. While epilepsy can be caused by head injuries or other brain damage, in many cases the cause is unknown. The Epilepsy Foundation provides resources and support for those affected by epilepsy and works to reduce the stigma around this common condition.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, affecting both sides of the brain, or partial, affecting one area. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, potential contributing factors include genetic predisposition, head injuries, brain tumors, infections, and developmental disorders. Treatment involves anticonvulsant medications to prevent seizures.
Epilepsy awareness training innovations slidesharePatrick Doyle
This Epilepsy Awareness training course is aimed at raising awareness of the importance of the safe care and management of epilepsy. The course explores some of the common misconceptions about epilepsy and to care for someone who experiences seizures. On completion of this course staff will be aware of the clinical features of epilepsy and contribute to the care and wellbeing of patients who experience epileptic seizures.
Duration: 2 hours
Experience: None required.
This course is suitable for all staff currently working within health and social care settings in the United Kingdom who may come into contact with patients who experience epileptic seizures.
Number of Trainees: 16 maximum
Course Standard: Certificate of attendance
Equipment Needed: Hand-outs will be provided
Candidates will cover:
•Definitions, diagnosis and symptoms of epilepsy, including the nature and incidence of epilepsy
•Seizures and seizure types
•Care and treatment of epilepsy, including basic first aid and emergency care
•What to do when caring for a patient experiencing an epileptic seizure
•Care and management of patients who experience epileptic seizures
•Living with epilepsy
By the end of the course Candidates will be able to:
•Describe the diagnosis, symptoms and different types of epilepsy
•Understand and demonstrate the care and treatment of patients with epilepsy
•Understand the impact of epileptic seizures
•Contribute to the care-planning and safe management and care of patients who experience epileptic seizures, including basic first aid for epileptic sufferers
Epilepsy is a tendency to have recurring unprovoked seizures. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and is one of the most common neurological diseases, affecting around 1 in 200 people worldwide. Seizures can involve changes in movement, awareness, or sensations. Epilepsy is diagnosed if a person has two or more unprovoked seizures. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, risk factors include brain injuries, infections, genetic predispositions, and developmental and vascular issues. Proper diagnosis and treatment are important to manage the condition.
This document provides an overview of epilepsy and seizures. It defines epilepsy as a disorder characterized by recurring seizures, while a seizure is a temporary disturbance in brain electrical activity. Epilepsy affects about 3 million Americans, with many cases caused by unknown factors like brain injury or genetics. Seizures have several types and can be triggered by missed medication or stress. Treatment involves medication, surgery, dietary changes or devices and aims to eliminate seizures without side effects. The document outlines diagnosis, management and resources for those living with epilepsy.
This document contains 10 case studies presented to test knowledge of neurological disorders like epilepsy. The cases include examples of primary generalized epilepsy, secondary generalized epilepsy from focal lesions, and drug-induced seizures. They cover common conditions seen in neurology practice and aim to evaluate ability to synthesize history and exam findings to form differential diagnoses and management plans.
Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes seizures. It occurs when clusters of neurons signal abnormally, disturbing the normal pattern of neuronal activity. Epilepsy has no cure but can be controlled through medication, diet changes, devices or surgery. It is caused by factors like genetics, head trauma, infections or prenatal injuries. Symptoms include ongoing seizures that can be partial or generalized depending on the affected area of the brain. Diagnosis involves tests like EEGs, PET scans or blood tests to determine the type and location. Treatment includes anti-seizure medication, surgery, dietary changes, nerve stimulation or lifestyle modifications.
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions, types of seizures, diagnosis, treatment and implications. It defines epilepsy as recurring unprovoked seizures and describes the different types of generalized and focal seizures. It outlines the diagnostic process including clinical evaluation, EEG and neuroimaging. It discusses treatment with antiepileptic drugs and risk of seizure recurrence. The document also covers refractory epilepsy, implications of an epilepsy diagnosis, and provides statistics on treatment effectiveness.
This document provides information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines what a seizure is, the different types of seizures including absence, tonic-clonic, simple partial and complex partial seizures. It discusses epilepsy as a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures and covers common causes, prevalence, myths and facts. The document outlines appropriate first aid for different seizure types and signs that indicate a medical emergency. It also discusses potential learning impacts and provides tips for supporting students with epilepsy.
The epilepsies are a spectrum of brain disorders ranging from severe,
life-threatening and disabling, to ones that are much
more benign. In epilepsy, the normal
pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange
sensations, emotions,
and behavior or sometimes convulsions,
muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. The epilepsies have many
possible causes
and there are several types of seizures.
Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity—from
illness to brain
damage to abnormal brain development—can
lead to seizures.
Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in
brain wiring,
an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals
called neurotransmitters, changes in important features of brain cells
called channels,
or some combination of these and other
factors. Having a single seizure as the result of a high fever (called
febrile seizure)
or head injury does not necessarily mean
that a person has epilepsy. Only when a person has had two or more
seizures is he
or she considered to have epilepsy. A
measurement of electrical activity in the brain and brain scans such as
magnetic resonance
imaging or computed tomography are common
diagnostic tests for epilepsy.
1) Epilepsy is an ancient neurological disorder that is still misunderstood and stigmatized.
2) Childhood epilepsy can have serious impacts on physical, psychological, and social development. Accurately diagnosing epilepsy in children can also be challenging.
3) Effective treatment of epilepsy requires an individualized approach considering the epilepsy type, age, comorbidities, side effects of medications, and other factors. Surgery may be an option for drug-resistant epilepsy.
Western Trust Epilepsy Awareness Presentation 2013westerntrust
This document provides information about epilepsy for healthcare staff. It begins with learning outcomes around recognizing seizure types, appropriate first aid, risks of epilepsy, and the role of staff caring for people with epilepsy. It then defines epilepsy as a neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked seizures. Several types of seizures are described, including focal and generalized seizures like tonic-clonic and absence seizures. Causes, diagnosis, treatment, triggers, classification, and first aid for different seizure types are outlined. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare staff in caring for people with epilepsy are also summarized.
Seizures are episodes of abnormal brain activity that result from excessive neuronal discharge. They can be classified as partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures remain localized in one area of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres. Common causes include brain injuries, tumors, infections, genetic factors, and chemical imbalances. Diagnosis involves a neurological exam, EEG, and MRI. Treatment involves anti-seizure medications tailored to the individual. Generalized seizure types include tonic-clonic, absence, and atonic seizures which are characterized by muscle contractions, staring spells, and loss of muscle tone respectively. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency defined as continuous seizures lasting more than 30 minutes.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by repeated epileptic seizures resulting from uncontrolled discharges of neurons in the central nervous system. Seizures can be classified as either partial or generalized depending on where in the brain they originate. Common causes of epilepsy include genetic predisposition, brain injury, infection, tumors, and metabolic abnormalities. Treatment involves use of anti-epileptic drugs to control seizures in about 70% of patients, while others may require surgery to remove the seizure focus. Diagnosis involves use of EEG, MRI, and tests to check for underlying medical causes and monitor drug levels.
Presentation illustrating the 2017 classification of seizure types(1)旭恩 鄭
The 2017 ILAE classification of seizure types introduced some changes from the 1981 classification, including:
1) Allowing certain seizures like tonic or epileptic spasms to be classified as either focal or generalized onset.
2) Classifying seizures of unknown onset, like tonic-clonic seizures.
3) Using "awareness" instead of "consciousness" in seizure names to improve clarity.
4) Including some previously unclassified seizure types and updating terminology.
Partial complex epilepsy is characterized by focal seizures that impair consciousness. It is most commonly caused by temporal lobe epilepsy but can arise from other brain regions. Diagnosis involves obtaining a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and MRI brain imaging. Treatment includes antiepileptic medications and potentially surgery for drug-resistant cases. Surgical options include temporal lobectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy, which can cure seizures in over 50% of carefully selected patients. Prognosis depends on seizure frequency and underlying etiology.
- Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder affecting children, with between 5-10% of children experiencing a seizure before age 20.
- Most children with epilepsy test within the average range on IQ tests and attend regular schools, but they are at higher risk for learning and behavioral challenges.
- Learning disabilities and conditions like ADHD are commonly overlooked co-morbid conditions for children with epilepsy. Thorough evaluation of language, memory, and executive functions is important for proper intervention.
There are many types of epilepsy with different symptoms and treatment responses. Some people experience aurae like dizziness before seizures, allowing them to prevent injury. The most common type involves generalized seizures across both sides of the brain causing muscle spasms and loss of consciousness. Epilepsy can be caused by head injuries, tumors, strokes, blood vessel issues, birth defects, or infections. Diagnosis involves a medical history and sometimes EEGs, MRI, CT, or PET scans to examine the brain, though results are not always conclusive. Treatment generally involves antiepileptic drugs to control seizures, which reduce abnormal neuronal firing and neurotransmitter effects but can cause side effects like drowsiness.
This document summarizes information about epilepsy and seizures. It defines epilepsy as recurrent seizures and describes different types of seizures including focal-onset, generalized-onset, tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic, and tonic seizures. Causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment options are discussed. Treatment involves antiepileptic medications as first-line treatment, with surgery, neurostimulation or dietary therapies as options for refractory cases. Potential risks and complications of treatments are also summarized.
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures occur when abnormal electrical activity happens in the brain. There are different types of seizures that can range from brief moments of confusion to prolonged periods of shaking. Epilepsy is diagnosed if someone has two or more unprovoked seizures. Doctors classify epilepsy based on whether there is an identified cause, suspected cause, or no known cause. Common symptoms include convulsions, staring spells, and loss of awareness or movement control. Treatments include anti-seizure medications and surgery to control or reduce seizures.
Seizures occur when clusters of nerve cells in the brain communicate abnormally, causing neurons to fire about 500 times per second instead of the normal 80 times per second. This disrupted activity can cause strange sensations, emotions, and behaviors. Seizures can be caused by illness, brain damage, lack of sleep, missing medication, lack of oxygen, alcohol or drug abuse, infection, head injury, or blood vessel problems in the brain. While epilepsy cannot be cured, many people live normal lives through modern therapies and medication.
Epilepsy is defined as recurrent seizures caused by excessive electrical discharges in the brain. It affects people of all ages worldwide. The causes of epilepsy can include genetic factors, structural abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infections, or unknown causes. Seizures occur due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain. Epilepsy is diagnosed based on having two or more unprovoked seizures or one seizure with a high risk of future seizures. Seizures can vary in their clinical presentation depending on the area of brain involved.
EPILEPSY is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or other conditions affecting the brain. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure but may include changes in behavior, movement, sensations, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through medical history, neurological exams, EEGs, and brain imaging. Prevention strategies focus on reducing head injuries, treating underlying conditions, and in some cases prescribing medication after a first seizure.
EPILEPSY is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or other medical conditions. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure but may include changes in behavior, movement, sensations, or loss of awareness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through medical history, neurological exams, EEGs, and brain imaging. While there is no cure for epilepsy, seizures can often be controlled through medication or surgery. Lifestyle changes and safety precautions can also help reduce risk of seizures.
EPILEPSY is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or other conditions affecting the brain. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure but may include changes in behavior, movement, sensations, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through medical history, neurological exams, EEGs, and brain imaging. Prevention strategies focus on reducing head injuries, treating underlying conditions, and in some cases prescribing medication after a first seizure.
Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes repeated, sudden, brief changes in the brain's electrical activity. These changes cause various types of symptoms.
1) Seizures are temporary abnormal electrical phenomena in the brain that can manifest as alterations in mental state, movements, or other symptoms. Epilepsy is defined as recurrent unprovoked seizures.
2) Common types of seizures include generalized absence seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, simple partial seizures, and complex partial seizures.
3) Evaluating and diagnosing seizure patients involves medical history, physical exam, EEG, imaging tests, and other assessments to identify potential causes and classify seizure types. Treatment often involves anti-seizure medications.
Difference between seizures and epilepsyanishmehta03
Most of us do not expect to experience something like seizures and epilepsy. But such nerve-related conditions are getting common nowadays. A seizure can only occur once. On the other hand, epilepsy is basically a neurological condition, which can be characterized by multiple unprovoked seizures. You can also experience a seizure even if you are not epileptic.
Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures occur when clusters of neurons fire excessively or synchronously. There are two main types of seizures - focal seizures originating in one area of the brain, and generalized seizures occurring across both hemispheres. Diagnosis involves medical history, neurological exam, blood tests, EEG, brain imaging and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment primarily consists of anti-seizure medications to prevent recurrent seizures.
A 45-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a history of seizures. He reported having 5-6 generalized tonic-clonic seizures per day for the past 3 days with loss of consciousness. His past medical history included epilepsy with poor drug compliance. On examination, his vitals were stable. Laboratory tests showed abnormal calcium and creatinine levels. He was diagnosed with epilepsy and started on intravenous anti-seizure medications, vitamins, and antibiotics to treat any underlying infection. The patient was educated on avoiding seizure triggers and the side effects of his medication regimen.
Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures caused by sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain. There are two main types of seizures - generalized seizures which affect the whole brain, and focal seizures which affect one area. Epilepsy is typically diagnosed after a person experiences two or more seizures. Treatment options include anti-epileptic drugs, the ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, and in some cases brain surgery.
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder characterized by recurring seizures. Seizures are brief disturbances in the electrical activity of the brain that can affect brain functions and cause symptoms like confusion, staring spells, jerking movements, loss of consciousness, and changes in emotions, sight, sound, and smell. There are two main types of seizures - focal seizures which originate in one area of the brain and generalized seizures which involve both sides of the brain. Common causes of epilepsy include genetic factors, head trauma, brain tumors or strokes, infectious diseases of the brain, and developmental disorders. While the exact cause is unknown in many cases, factors like family history, head injuries, strokes, brain infections, and dementia may increase the risk of
Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke. To join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp, send us a message now on +260977353901
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes repeated seizures over time. It is diagnosed when a person experiences at least two seizures that are not caused by a known medical condition. The frequency of seizures in people with epilepsy varies significantly - from years between seizures to daily occurrences. Epilepsy can affect anyone at any age and around 456,000 people in the UK have the condition. Seizures in epilepsy are caused by disturbances in the electrical activity of the brain, though the underlying cause is often unknown.
2017 revised ILEA classification of seizuresDhaval Modi
The document summarizes the 2017 revised classification of seizures by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The classification was updated to better reflect current understanding and includes the following key changes:
1. Seizures are classified based on where they begin in the brain, level of awareness during the seizure, and other features.
2. New terminology is introduced, such as "focal aware" and "focal impaired awareness" seizures instead of "simple partial" and "complex partial".
3. Epilepsy syndromes are defined as clusters of features rather than approved entities. Old terms like "idiopathic generalized epilepsies" are replaced.
4. The classification aims to be applicable
This document provides information about epilepsy and emergency medication management. It defines epilepsy and seizures, describes different types of seizures and their classification. It discusses general seizure management, status epilepticus, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, risks and reducing risks. The document outlines anti-epileptic medications including diazepam and midazolam. It stresses the importance of individual seizure management plans and keeping a seizure diary.
2. A large print text only version of
this leaflet is available from the
Epilepsy Helpline on:
01494 601 400
(Monday - Friday 10am - 4pm)
non-epileptic seizures
Contents
1 Introduction page 3
2 Causes and diagnosis page 6
3 Dissociative seizures (DS) page 11
4 Treating DS page 15
5 Living with DS page 17
3. Explaining seizures that are not
epileptic
You may have picked up this leaflet because
you, or someone you know, have just been
diagnosed with non-epileptic seizures.
Non-epileptic seizures (NES) often look like
epileptic seizures but they have a different
cause.
In this leaflet we look at the different types
of NES, why they happen, and how they are
treated.
1. Introduction
Are all seizures the same?
There are different types of seizures, and
they happen for many different reasons.
Some are caused by conditions such as low
blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) or a temporary
change to the way the heart is working.
What seizures all have in common is that
they are usually sudden, short, and cause a
change in the person’s awareness of where
they are, what they are doing, what they are
thinking or their feelings.
Some people have more than one type
of seizure. For example, around 15 in every
100 people with non-epileptic seizures also
have epilepsy.
3
4. What is the difference between epileptic
and non-epileptic seizures?
Epileptic and non-epileptic seizures
can look the same and have the same
features. They can both happen suddenly
and without warning, and can include a
loss of awareness or the person becomes
unresponsive, makes strange or repeated
movements, or shakes (convulses). They can
both cause injury and incontinence (wetting
yourself), and can both happen when awake
and during sleep.
The difference between epileptic and
non-epileptic seizures is their cause.
Epileptic seizures
Epileptic seizures start in the brain. Our
brain controls the way we think, move and
feel, by passing electrical messages from
one brain cell to another. Although epileptic
seizures always happen due to disrupted
brain activity, what happens to the person
during the seizure depends on where in the
brain this disrupted activity happens. There
are many different types of epileptic seizure:
in some the person is aware of what is
happening, in others they become confused
and unaware of their surroundings, or they
may become briefly ‘absent’ or fall to the
ground and convulse (shake).
Epileptic seizures are caused by a
disturbance in the electrical activity of the
brain (and so they always start in the brain).
4
5. In contrast, seizures caused by a condition
outside of the brain are not due to epilepsy.
For example, a seizure caused by a low level
of sugar in the blood, or a faint (syncope)
which is caused by either not enough oxygen
in the blood, or the heart not pumping
enough blood around the body.
See NSE leaflets ‘epilepsy - seizures’ and
‘epilepsy - what is it?’ for more information
about epilepsy.
Non-epileptic seizures
Non-epileptic seizures (NES) are different
from epileptic seizures because they are
not caused by disrupted electrical activity in
the brain. They have a number of different
causes, and different forms, which are
explained in section 2 (page 6).
Other names for non-epileptic seizures
Non-epileptic seizures are sometimes
known by other names such as non-epileptic
attacks. People who have non-epileptic
seizures may be described as having
‘non-epileptic attack disorder’ (NEAD). These
terms are not always helpful because they
describe the condition by saying what it is not
rather than saying what it is.
NES used to be called ‘pseudoseizures’
but this name is unhelpful because it sounds
like the person is not having ‘real’ seizures or
their seizures are deliberately ‘put on’.
A newer name for non-epileptic seizures is
‘dissociative seizures’. This is a helpful term
5
6. because it does not describe the seizures
in terms of epilepsy. It is also a useful term
because it is recognised by the World Health
Organisation (this means that it is included in
the International Classification of Diseases:
a list of all known diseases and conditions).
However, the term dissociative seizures is
often used to refer to one particular type of
NES, as explained in section 3 (page 11).
In this leaflet we have used the term
‘non-epileptic seizures’ because it is currently
a widely used term. However, from section
3 onwards this leaflet concentrates on
dissociative seizures (which is the most
common type of non-epileptic seizure).
2. Causes and diagnosis
What causes non-epileptic seizures?
Non-epileptic seizures (NES) can be divided
into two types: organic non-epileptic seizures
and psychogenic seizures.
Organic NES
These seizures have a physical cause
(relating to the body). They include fainting
(syncope), and seizures with metabolic
causes such as diabetes.
Because these organic NES have a
physical cause, they may be relatively easy
to diagnose and the underlying cause can
be found. For example, a faint may be
diagnosed as being caused by a physical
6
7. problem in the heart. In these cases, if the
underlying cause can be treated the seizures
will stop.
Psychogenic NES
Some NES have a psychological cause and
are called ‘psychogenic seizures’. They are
psychological because they are caused by the
impact of thoughts and feelings on the way
that the brain works.
Psychogenic seizures include different types.
• Dissociative seizures are involuntary and
happen unconsciously. The person has no
control over them and they are not ‘put on’.
This is the most common type of NES. See
section 3 for more about these seizures.
• Some people have other psychiatric
conditions that cause seizures. The best
example is panic attacks. These happen
in frightening situations, when remembering
previous frightening experiences, or in a
situation that the person anticipates may
be frightening. As the name suggests, the
person having them feels intense anxiety.
Panic attacks can cause sweating,
palpitations (being able to feel your
heartbeat), trembling and difficulty
breathing. The person may also lose
consciousness and may shake (convulse).
• Some people have ‘factitious seizures’
- seizures that are consciously or
deliberately ‘put on’. One example of this
7
8. is in Munchausen’s syndrome (a
psychiatric condition in which the person
pretends to have different medical
conditions so that they get treatment).
These seizures are not common: most
NES are not ‘put on’.
Types of NES
NES
Organic NES
Psychogenic NES
Dissociative Other Factitious
seizures psychiatric seizures
conditions
How are NES diagnosed?
When you have seizures your GP will usually
refer you to a specialist for diagnosis. This
will usually be a neurologist (a doctor who
specialises in the brain) to see if the seizures
are epileptic. Or you may be referred to a
psychiatrist or psychologist (as NES are
usually classified as a psychiatric condition).
It may be easier for doctors to try and rule
out possible physical causes first, including
epilepsy. This will influence the types of tests
you might have.
NES can be difficult to diagnose partly
because they can appear to be similar to
epileptic seizures. There are no features that
will definitely tell NES from epileptic seizures.
8
9. Taking a personal history
Many of the tests used to find the cause
of seizures cannot, on their own, confirm a
diagnosis.
Taking a ‘personal history’ can help to find
the cause of your seizures. This includes the
following:
• looking at your neurological history (about
your brain and nervous system and its
development);
• looking at your psychological development
and mental health, including whether you
have had depression or other psychiatric
conditions, or have been subject to stress
and trauma in the past;
• looking at whether there is a family history
of depression or other conditions;
• looking at the history of your seizures,
such as when they first started and when
they happen; and
• looking at whether you have been
diagnosed with epilepsy but your seizures
have never been controlled with
anti-epileptic drugs.
What happens during the seizure
Asking you about what happens to you
during a seizure can be helpful to find the
cause. If you don’t remember your seizures,
the doctor might ask you to bring along
someone who has seen your seizures
(sometimes called a ‘witness’).
9
10. The specialist might ask you about:
• what situations you have seizures in;
• whether you get any warning before a
seizure happens;
• what happens to you during the seizure
or, if you don’t remember, a witness can
help describe what happens to you;
• how long the seizures last;
• what you remember, if anything, about the
seizure afterwards; and
• how you feel afterwards and how long it
takes you to recover.
Tests
Some tests are used to rule out other causes
of seizures, including epilepsy.
• Medical examinations and blood tests can
be used to check your overall health and
see if your seizures have a physical cause
such as diabetes.
• Scans such as CT (computerised
tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging) are used to form a picture of your
brain. This may show a physical cause for
epileptic seizures, but would not usually
be helpful in diagnosing NES.
• An EEG (electroencephalogram) records
the electrical activity of the brain. It is
often used to see if seizures are caused
by disrupted brain activity, which helps to
diagnose epilepsy. NES are not caused by
changes in brain activity.
10
11. • Video telemetry involves having an EEG
and being filmed at the same time. This
compares what a person is doing with
what is happening in their brain during
the seizure, to tell the difference between
epileptic and non-epileptic seizures. This
can help to diagnose epilepsy (if, during
a seizure, your brain activity changes)
or diagnose NES (if, during a seizure,
your brain activity does not change).
See NSE leaflet ‘epilepsy - diagnosis’ for
more about these tests.
The specialist will usually explain the results
of these tests to you. If the tests show no
neurological or physical cause for your
seizures, your specialist may consider a
diagnosis of NES. They may then refer you
to a different specialist to diagnose NES.
From this point onwards, this leaflet
concentrates on dissociative seizures.
3. Dissociative seizures
Describing dissociative seizures
We all react to frightening or stressful
situations differently. When we are frightened
we might feel physical symptoms such as a
racing heartbeat or feeling sweaty. When we
feel sad, we might cry. So how we feel
emotionally can sometimes cause a physical
reaction.
11
12. When we have experiences that are
extremely frightening or upsetting,
sometimes they are so emotionally difficult
for us to think about that we cannot
consciously cope with how this makes us
feel. In some cases, we will unconsciously
hide or ‘repress’ the memory of these
experiences. These memories may always
remain hidden and we may never remember
that they have happened.
For some people the memories of these
painful past events can suddenly come up
or ‘intrude’ in to their thoughts or awareness.
This might happen during an emotional or
stressful situation, when there is something
in the environment that unconsciously
triggers the memory, or even in a situation
where the person is stressed but is not
aware that they are stressed. This can cause
a dissociative seizure.
Dissociative seizures happen as a
response to suddenly remembering the
traumatic experience: the person splits off
(or dissociates) from their feelings about the
experience because it is too difficult to cope
with. The seizure happens because their
emotional reaction causes a physical effect.
These seizures are an unconscious reaction
so they are not deliberate and the person
has no control over them.
One way to describe this is by comparing
it to ‘domestic deafness’. Most of us have
had the experience of concentrating so hard
12
13. on reading the newspaper that we don’t
realise when someone is talking to us. This
is like ‘turning the volume down’ to drown out
what is happening around you so you can
concentrate. Dissociative seizures are like
the body’s way of ‘drowning out’ a frightening
or painful memory that intrudes into our
thoughts.
What causes dissociative seizures (DS)?
Any experiences that we have, whether good
or bad, can have a deep and long-lasting
effect on us, and everyone has their own way
of dealing with them. Dissociative seizures
(DS) are often caused by traumatic events
such as:
• accidents;
• severe emotional upset (such as the death
of a loved one);
• psychological stress (such as a divorce);
• difficult relationships;
• physical or sexual abuse; or
• being bullied.
It can be hard to find the cause of someone’s
DS. For some, they start shortly after a
specific event. For others, they may not start
until years later, or they may start suddenly
for no apparent reason. Once DS have
started, they might be triggered or brought
on when the person is stressed or frightened.
Or they might happen spontaneously in
situations that are not stressful or frightening.
13
14. Sometimes, even the fear of having a seizure
can, in itself, trigger a seizure.
Finding the original event that caused the
DS to start might help to find a way to treat
the seizures. But this is not always possible,
and it can be hard to talk about traumatic or
difficult events.
What are the symptoms of DS?
Although DS start as a emotional reaction
they cause a physical effect. Features of the
seizures can include palpitations (being able
to feel your heartbeat), sweating, a dry mouth
and hyperventilation (over-breathing).
Some features of DS are very similar to
epileptic seizures. These physical features
include loss of awareness, loss of sensation,
and loss of control over bodily movement
(which may include having convulsions).
Two examples of dissociative seizures
• Cut-off or avoidance attacks stop the
person dwelling on painful or stressful
thoughts or situations that are happening
to them in the present. This may happen
when the person doesn’t feel able to say
they are finding it hard to cope.
• Seizures caused by a delayed response
to a very stressful event or situation, for
example, being in a war or a disaster, are
a response to past events. These seizures
may be part of post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) - a condition that
14
15. sometimes happens after a traumatic
event. During the seizure the person may
cry, scream or have flashbacks (sudden,
vivid memories of the event). They may
not remember the seizure afterwards.
Who has dissociative seizures (DS)?
DS can happen to anyone, at any age,
although some factors make DS more likely.
DS are:
• more common in women;
• more likely to start in young adults;
• more likely to happen to people who have
had an injury or disease, or who have had
more severe emotional upset or stressful
life events; and
• more common in people with other
psychiatric conditions (such as
depression, anxiety, personality disorders
or people who self-harm).
4. Treating DS
How are DS treated?
The right treatment for DS depends on their
cause. Your specialist may talk to you about
what treatment options might be helpful, and
may refer you to a different specialist.
Medication
If you have DS, your seizures are not
epileptic and will not respond to anti-epileptic
drugs (AEDs).
15
16. If you are already on AEDs, for example if
you were previously diagnosed with epilepsy,
your specialist may suggest you gradually
reduce them. If you have DS and epilepsy,
you take AEDs for your epileptic seizures.
If you also have anxiety or depression,
your specialist might talk to you about
whether other medication, such as
anti-depressants, might be helpful.
Other forms of treatment
Psychotherapy is the recommended
treatment for DS. Psychotherapy refers to
a group of ‘talking’ treatments. Mental health
professionals, including psychiatrists and
psychologists, are trained to give it.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is
the most often recommended treatment. CBT
looks at how you think about things, how this
affects you physically and emotionally, and
how it affects what you do (your behaviour).
By changing the way you think about things,
such as how you think about yourself, other
people and the world around you, this may
change the way that you behave. CBT
doesn’t only look at what has happened to
you in the past but also at how things are
affecting you in the present. It looks for ways
to help you to view current situations more
positively and cope with stressful events.
CBT can take several months or longer as
it may take time for you to feel comfortable
talking about your experiences and feelings.
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17. 5. Living with DS
First aid for DS
The general first aid guidelines for DS are
the same as for epileptic seizures:
• keep the person safe from injury or harm:
only move them if they are in danger;
• if they have fallen, put something soft
under their head to protect it;
• allow the seizure to happen, don’t restrain
or hold them down; and
• stay with them until they have recovered.
See NSE leaflet ‘epilepsy - first aid’ for
more about managing seizures.
Practical help and safety
If you have seizures of any kind you may
be able to apply for benefits, depending on
the effect that your seizures have on you.
Whatever the cause, seizures can be sudden
and unpredictable so keeping safe during a
seizure is important.
For information about safety, and tips for
reducing risks due to seizures, see NSE
leaflet ‘epilepsy - safety’.
Driving regulations
Driving regulations for the UK are set by the
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA).
DS usually come under the regulations for
‘loss of consciousness or loss of, or altered,
awareness’ which means that you need to
stop driving and tell the DVLA that you have
17
18. DS. These regulations are based on the
possibility of having a seizure while driving
and the risks this could bring.
For more about driving regulations go to
www.direct.gov.uk/motoring
Is DS a disability in the UK?
People with a disability are protected by the
Disability Discrimination Act (DDA). This
means it is unlawful for someone to treat a
person with a disability unfairly because of
their disability without a justifiable reason.
Under the DDA, you have a disability if:
• you have a physical or mental impairment;
and
• your impairment has a major, negative
and long-term (12 months or more) effect
on your ability to carry out day-to-day
activities (such as eating, washing,
walking or shopping). The disability could
affect you being able to move around,
your memory and concentration, or your
ability to understand the risk of danger.
The DDA doesn’t include a list of every
disability covered. Although epilepsy is listed
as a physical disability, DS is not listed. To be
protected by the DDA, you need to show that
you meet the definition of a disability above.
For information about the DDA go to
www.direct.gov.uk or
www.equalityhumanrights.com
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19. How you feel about your diagnosis
Being diagnosed with any condition can
cause many different emotions, and can
affect many parts of your life. You may
be relieved to know what is causing your
seizures. Or you may find it hard to come to
terms with, particularly if you were previously
diagnosed with epilepsy and have now been
diagnosed with DS.
Being diagnosed with a psychiatric
condition can also feel quite scary or
upsetting because of the stigma around
how we view psychiatric conditions.
Understanding that DS can be your body’s
natural way of reacting to stressful situations
might be helpful.
There is no ‘right’ way to feel about your
diagnosis, but being able to accept it can be
part of helping to improve your seizures.
You might like to talk to someone about
your diagnosis and how you feel about it.
Contact NSE’s helpline. See back cover
for details.
Note: the example used on page 12 is from
John Mellers, Consultant Neuropsychiatrist,
The Maudsley Hospital.
Further information
NSE’s written information, including a list of all
NSE resources, is available from the
helpline or online at www.epilepsysociaty.org.uk
19