1. epilepsy
Presented by –
Rudraksha pratap singh
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharm.D,2nd year
Epilepsy 1
Presented to -
Dr. Rohit Bangwal
Clinical Pharmacologist
& pharmacotherapist
SDBIT, Dehradun
1St Sessional Practical Date :- 14/10/2023. Roll no :- 210429800018
2. Introduction
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes unprovoked, recurrent
seizures.
A seizure is a sudden spike in aberrant brain electrical activity.
When you experience two or more seizures without another obvious
explanation, a doctor will diagnose epilepsy.
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3. Types of seizures
The two main types of seizures are:
generalized seizures
focal seizures
Your entire brain is affected by generalised seizures. Only one area of your brain is
impacted by focal or partial seizures.
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4. Focal seizures
The loss of consciousness is not a part of a focused aware seizure[simple
partial seizure].Symptoms include:
alterations to sense of taste, smell, sight, hearing, or touch
dizziness
tingling and twitching of limbs
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5. Focal seizures countinued
Focal unaware seizures (previously called complex partial seizures) involve loss
of awareness or consciousness. Other symptoms include:
staring blankly
unresponsiveness
performing repetitive movements
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6. Generalized seizures
Generalized seizures involve the whole brain.
Subtypes include:
Absence seizures :- “petit mal seizures.”
short loss of awareness, a blank stare, repetitive movements like lip smacking
or blinking.
Tonic seizures :- cause sudden stiffness in the muscles in your legs, arms,
or trunk.
Atonic seizures :- “drop seizures”, lead to loss of muscle control.
Clonic seizures :- characterized by repeated, jerky muscle movements of
the face, neck, and arms.
Myoclonic seizures :- cause spontaneous quick twitching of the arms and
legs.
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7. First aid for seizures
It’s important to note that most seizures don’t require emergency medical attention,
and you can’t stop a seizure once it’s in progress.
When you’re with somebody having a mild seizure:
Stay with the person until their seizure ends and they’re awake.
Once they’re awake, guide them to a safe place and tell them what happen.
Stay calm and try to keep other people calm.
Speak calmly.
Check for a medical bracelet.
Offer to help the person get home safely.
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8. What causes epilepsy?
In about half of people with epilepsy Trusted Source, the cause cannot be
determined, per the WHO. A variety of factors can contribute to the
development of seizures, such as:
brain scarring after a brain injury (post-traumatic epilepsy)
serious illness or very high fever
stroke, which causes about halfTrusted Source of epilepsy cases in older
adults when there’s no identifiable cause, according to the CDC
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9. What causes epilepsy? countinued
lack of oxygen to the brain
brain tumor or cyst
dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease
maternal use of some drugs, prenatal injury, brain malformation, or lack of oxygen
at birth
infectious conditions like HIV and AIDS and meningitis
genetic or developmental disorders or neurological diseases
traumatic brain injury or other head trauma
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10. What triggers an epileptic seizure?
Some people identify things or situations that trigger their seizures.
A few of the most common known triggers are:
lack of sleep
illness or fever
stress
bright lights, flashing lights, or patterns
caffeine, alcohol or alcohol withdrawal, medications, or illegal drugs
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11. What triggers an epileptic seizure? countinued
skipping meals, overeating, or specific food ingredients
very low blood sugar
head injury
Identifying triggers isn’t always easy. A single incident doesn’t always mean
something is a trigger. Often, a combination of factors triggers a seizure.
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12. Potential complications of epilepsy
Epileptic seizures disrupt the electrical activity of your brain, which can directly or
indirectly affect many parts of your body.
Potential complications of epilepsy include:
learning difficulty
injury from falling during a seizure
injury while operating an automobile or machinery
depression
brain damage from prolonged and uncontrolled seizures
choking on food or saliva
medication side effects
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13. How is epilepsy diagnosed?
To diagnose epilepsy, other conditions that cause seizures should be ruled
out. A doctor will probably order a complete blood count (CBC),chemistry
of your blood, patient’s history and symptoms.
Blood tests may be used to look for signs of infectious diseases, liver and
kidney function, blood glucose levels
Electroencephalogram (EEG):-
• most common test used to diagnose epilepsy
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14. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
It’s a noninvasive and painless
test that involves placing
electrodes on your scalp to search
for abnormal patterns in your
brain’s electrical activity. You
may be asked to perform a
specific task during the test. In
some cases, the test is performed
while you sleep.
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15. How is epilepsy treated?
There are some ways which are stated below by which we can trreat
epilepsy:-
Anti-epileptic (anticonvulsant, antiseizure) drugs
Vagus nerve stimulator
Ketogenic diet
Brain surgery
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16. Anti-epileptic drugs
[AEDs]
Anti-epileptic medications can help reduce the
number of seizures you have. In some people,
they may eliminate seizures.
To be most effective, the medication must be
taken exactly as your doctor prescribed.
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17. Countinued
Vagus nerve stimulator
:- This device is surgically
placed under the skin on
your chest and electrically
stimulates the nerve that
runs through your neck to
prevent seizures.
Ketogenic diet
:- According to the Epilepsy
Foundation, more than
half of children who do
not respond to
medications benefit from
the ketogenic diet, which
is a high fat and low
carbohydrate diet.
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18. Brain surgery
The area of the brain that causes seizure activity can be removed or
altered if you and your healthcare team determine it’s the right
treatment for your condition.
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