This document provides a summary of NEMA Standards Publication ICS 19-2002, which establishes standards for diagrams, device designations, and symbols used in industrial control and systems. The publication defines graphic symbols and conventions for wireless connection diagrams, device designations, terminal markings, and solid-state elements. It aims to provide consistency for understanding industrial automation diagrams. Tables and figures are included as examples.
This document provides a summary of common ANSI and IEC electrical and electronic symbols used in industrial control and safety applications. It lists various contactor, relay, timer, solenoid, counter, circuit breaker, fuse, switch, and terminal symbols along with their corresponding ANSI and IEC codes and brief descriptions. The symbols are standardized in ANSI/NFPA79 and ANSI Y32.2/IEEE 315 and are used to diagram control and safety systems visually.
The document discusses various types of voltage regulators, including zener diode, series, and shunt voltage regulators. It provides details on how each type works to maintain a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load current. Specific integrated circuits that can be used to build voltage regulators are also covered, such as the LM78xx, LM340, and LM317. The purpose of a voltage regulator is to keep the output voltage stable for downstream components in the face of changes to factors like the input voltage, temperature, or load current.
Learn what is a contactor, its components, types and working principle. A contactor is an electrical device that is used to turn on and off an electrical circuit. It is regarded as a unique sort of relay.
Protective relays are used to isolate faults in electrical systems and protect equipment from damage. There are different types of relays including electromagnetic, solid-state, and microprocessor-based relays. Relays are used for motor protection including overload protection, locked rotor protection, and single phase/unbalance protection. Transformer protection includes gas and temperature monitoring as well as differential and ground fault protection. Generator protection includes differential, ground fault, and negative sequence protection to prevent phase unbalancing.
This document provides an overview of motor control centers, including:
1. Motor control centers centralize control of multiple motors from a single location for convenience and efficiency.
2. Siemens TIASTAR motor control centers offer innovative features and advantages like easier installation and future modifications.
3. Power supplies provide three-phase voltage to motor control centers from large generators through complex distribution systems.
A resistor is an electrical component that opposes or resists the flow of electric current. It works by converting electrical energy into heat energy as current passes through it. Resistors are commonly used to regulate current and voltage levels in electronic circuits. They come in various types defined by their material and manufacturing process, and their resistance values are color coded for easy identification.
This document provides a summary of common ANSI and IEC electrical and electronic symbols used in industrial control and safety applications. It lists various contactor, relay, timer, solenoid, counter, circuit breaker, fuse, switch, and terminal symbols along with their corresponding ANSI and IEC codes and brief descriptions. The symbols are standardized in ANSI/NFPA79 and ANSI Y32.2/IEEE 315 and are used to diagram control and safety systems visually.
The document discusses various types of voltage regulators, including zener diode, series, and shunt voltage regulators. It provides details on how each type works to maintain a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load current. Specific integrated circuits that can be used to build voltage regulators are also covered, such as the LM78xx, LM340, and LM317. The purpose of a voltage regulator is to keep the output voltage stable for downstream components in the face of changes to factors like the input voltage, temperature, or load current.
Learn what is a contactor, its components, types and working principle. A contactor is an electrical device that is used to turn on and off an electrical circuit. It is regarded as a unique sort of relay.
Protective relays are used to isolate faults in electrical systems and protect equipment from damage. There are different types of relays including electromagnetic, solid-state, and microprocessor-based relays. Relays are used for motor protection including overload protection, locked rotor protection, and single phase/unbalance protection. Transformer protection includes gas and temperature monitoring as well as differential and ground fault protection. Generator protection includes differential, ground fault, and negative sequence protection to prevent phase unbalancing.
This document provides an overview of motor control centers, including:
1. Motor control centers centralize control of multiple motors from a single location for convenience and efficiency.
2. Siemens TIASTAR motor control centers offer innovative features and advantages like easier installation and future modifications.
3. Power supplies provide three-phase voltage to motor control centers from large generators through complex distribution systems.
A resistor is an electrical component that opposes or resists the flow of electric current. It works by converting electrical energy into heat energy as current passes through it. Resistors are commonly used to regulate current and voltage levels in electronic circuits. They come in various types defined by their material and manufacturing process, and their resistance values are color coded for easy identification.
This document provides an overview of testing solutions and products from OMICRON for electrical power systems. It describes OMICRON's focus on innovation in secondary testing equipment over 20 years. It also outlines OMICRON's global customer support network and commitment to high quality products and services. The catalog then provides detailed information on OMICRON's test sets, software, IEC 61850 testing tools, and accessories.
El documento describe 18 circuitos electrónicos diferentes relacionados con amplificadores, incluyendo alarmas, amplificadores de audio y video, y circuitos experimentales. Cada circuito se describe brevemente en una o dos oraciones con detalles sobre su función, componentes clave y especificaciones como ganancia o potencia de salida.
Nexans Euromold HV high voltage bushings are suitable for use in oil-insulated high voltage electrical equipment up to 33kV- this includes oil-insulated HV bushings for high voltage transformers, motors, switchgear and capacitors. Nexans Euromold bushings are epoxy insulated in accordance with CENELEC EN 50181. Nexans Euromold plug-in bushings 750S1, 775S1, 775T1 meet the requirements of ANSI/IEEE 386 with 800amp and 1250amp current ratings. Nexans HV bushings are suitable for 5/8" threading systems.
Nexans Euromold Oil-Insulated Epoxy HV High Voltage Bushings
6/10 (12kV)
6.35/11 (12kV)
8.7/15 (17.5kV)
12/20 (24kV)
12.7/22 (24kV)
18/33 (36kV)
This document provides an overview of basic electronic components, including LEDs, transistors, current driver ICs, relays, and digital ICs. It discusses how LEDs function with a voltage source and resistor, and provides examples of calculating resistor values for LED circuits. It describes how transistors can control large amounts of current or voltage with small inputs, and relays allow small sensor currents to activate larger loads. Digital ICs and gates using transistors are also mentioned.
This document introduces several common electrical measuring instruments:
Voltmeters measure voltage, ammeters measure current, wattmeters measure power, and energy meters measure energy consumption. Ohmmeters measure resistance. Multimeters can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Clamp meters can measure current without direct contact. Megohmmeters specifically measure high insulation resistance. These instruments come in analog and digital forms and measure either AC or DC as appropriate to the application.
Cable sizing to withstand short-circuit current - ExampleLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides an example calculation of short circuit current for a power cable network. It first outlines the main design criteria for rating cable withstand for short circuit stresses. It then describes four methods for calculating short circuit current - ohmic, infinite bus, per unit and MVA methods. The example focuses on using the MVA method, providing equations and steps for calculating the equivalent short circuit power at different points in the network and converting this to a symmetrical fault current value. Resistances and reactances of cable sections are also included.
This document contains electrical symbols used in schematic diagrams and wiring diagrams. It is broken into 25 sections that cover different components and systems including current systems, batteries, transformers, conductors, circuit breakers, and more. Each section provides symbols in a table format with a reference code and description. The document is intended to establish standardized symbols for electrical drawings and diagrams.
The document defines and describes the basic functions of common electronic components, including resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, speakers, motors, and sensors. It explains that resistors limit electrical current, diodes only conduct current in one direction, transistors are used as electronic switches, capacitors store energy, speakers convert electrical signals to sound, and sensors like LDRs convert light levels to resistance.
IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of FRA for oil TransformerAHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
This document provides guidelines for performing frequency response analysis (FRA) on oil-immersed power transformers. It covers instrumentation requirements, test procedures, data analysis techniques, and recommendations for long-term data storage. FRA involves measuring a transformer's impedance and admittance characteristics over a range of frequencies to identify resonances that could lead to failures. The guidelines aim to standardize the FRA process for consistent evaluation of transformer condition and performance.
- The document discusses protective relaying principles and applications, focusing on protective relays used to protect electric power systems.
- Protective relays are electric devices that detect abnormal or dangerous conditions on power systems and initiate a response, such as opening a circuit breaker. They work with circuit breakers, which provide the physical disconnect from the system when a fault is detected.
- The document reviews common types of protective relays, including electromechanical and solid-state designs, and examples of their application in substations. Protective relaying is important for maintaining service continuity and minimizing outage times when faults occur on power systems.
Apuntes de la asignatura Electrónica de Potencia de la Escuela Politécnica Superior, Ingeniería Técnica Industrial de la Universidad de Jaén (España). En la actualidad se utilizan como ayuda para la asignatura Electrónica de Potencia del Grado de Ingeniería Electrónica Industrial. Realizados con la participación de distintos alumnos de la Escuela de este universidad y en esta versión, con la participación activa y directa de Marta Olid Moreno en 2005. Gracias por tu excelente trabajo y buen hacer, cuando no existía en castellano ninguna referencia del tema sirvió y sirve de material de apoyo para el estudio de esta disciplina. Profesor Juan D. Aguilar Peña. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica y Automática de la Universidad de Jaén.
This document is the IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding. It provides guidelines and recommendations for properly grounding outdoor AC substations to protect personnel from electric shock. The guide covers distribution, transmission and generating plant substations. It describes the safety concerns around electric currents and voltages in substations and defines tolerable limits. It also discusses criteria for substation grounding system design, including selection of grounding conductors and electrodes, evaluation of soil characteristics, calculation of ground resistance and fault currents, and determination of touch and step voltages. The purpose is to help ensure substation grounding systems are designed to limit hazards and provide adequate protection for personnel safety.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes different types of faults that can occur in transformers, both internal and external. It then discusses various protection methods for transformers, including differential protection, sudden pressure relays, overcurrent protection, and thermal protection. It also provides details on magnetizing inrush current and how it is influenced by factors like transformer size, system resistance, and residual flux levels.
This document discusses the performance and parameters of transmission lines. It contains the following key points:
- Transmission lines are characterized by four parameters: series resistance, shunt conductance, series inductance, and shunt capacitance. These parameters determine the line's characteristics.
- Cables have different parameters than overhead lines due to closer conductors, surrounding metallic shields, and insulating materials.
- The characteristic impedance and propagation constant describe steady-state voltage and current on the line.
- Voltage and power transfer are influenced by factors like line length, load impedance, source voltages, and reactive power requirements.
- Graphs show relationships between voltage, power, and other transmission line
This document discusses relays, including their basic components, design, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Relays are electrical devices that use electromagnets to open or close circuits. They have a coil, armature, contacts, and frame. When voltage is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature to open or close the contacts. Relays allow low power circuits to control high power circuits and are used for protection, regulation, and auxiliary functions in power systems.
Inductance refers to the ability of a coil to store energy in a magnetic field. It is measured in henries. Inductors are designed to have a specific inductance and are classified by their core material as magnetic or nonmagnetic. The time constant formula, which represents the time required to establish or collapse an inductor's magnetic field, is t = L/R, where t is time in seconds, L is inductance in henries, and R is resistance in ohms.
This document discusses overvoltage phenomena and insulation coordination in high voltage engineering. It covers several topics:
1) Natural causes of overvoltages like lightning and the mechanisms behind lightning strokes.
2) Classification of transmission lines and the behavior of traveling waves at transition points like reflections and successive reflections shown through lattice diagrams.
3) Causes of overvoltages from switching surges during circuit operations, system faults, and abnormal conditions. Characteristics of switching surges and issues in extra high voltage systems are described.
4) Methods to control overvoltages including stepped energization of lines, phase controlled circuit breakers, and drainage of trapped charges. Protective devices like expulsion gaps, protector tubes
The document discusses overhead and underground transmission lines. Overhead lines are cheaper to install but are affected by weather, while underground lines have higher installation costs but are less affected by the environment. The document also discusses transmission line parameters such as resistance, conductance, inductance and capacitance. It provides examples of different types of conductors used for overhead transmission lines such as ACSR and AAC conductors.
This document provides definitions and guidelines for different types of machine enclosures and cooling methods to protect electric motors and generators from environmental hazards. It defines open, dripproof, splash-proof, semi-guarded, guarded, and totally enclosed machine enclosures. It also discusses various cooling methods including open, pipe-ventilated, fan-cooled, water-cooled, and air-over cooling. The purpose is to help users and manufacturers select appropriate machines for different applications and environments to reduce safety hazards.
The document defines the various NEMA enclosure types, which provide different levels of protection from environmental conditions for electrical equipment. Type 1 enclosures provide basic indoor protection from solid objects. Type 3 enclosures provide outdoor protection from rain, sleet, snow and windblown dust. Type 4 enclosures provide indoor/outdoor protection from splashing water and hosedown. Hazardous location enclosures like Type 7 contain internal explosions without external hazard.
This document provides an overview of testing solutions and products from OMICRON for electrical power systems. It describes OMICRON's focus on innovation in secondary testing equipment over 20 years. It also outlines OMICRON's global customer support network and commitment to high quality products and services. The catalog then provides detailed information on OMICRON's test sets, software, IEC 61850 testing tools, and accessories.
El documento describe 18 circuitos electrónicos diferentes relacionados con amplificadores, incluyendo alarmas, amplificadores de audio y video, y circuitos experimentales. Cada circuito se describe brevemente en una o dos oraciones con detalles sobre su función, componentes clave y especificaciones como ganancia o potencia de salida.
Nexans Euromold HV high voltage bushings are suitable for use in oil-insulated high voltage electrical equipment up to 33kV- this includes oil-insulated HV bushings for high voltage transformers, motors, switchgear and capacitors. Nexans Euromold bushings are epoxy insulated in accordance with CENELEC EN 50181. Nexans Euromold plug-in bushings 750S1, 775S1, 775T1 meet the requirements of ANSI/IEEE 386 with 800amp and 1250amp current ratings. Nexans HV bushings are suitable for 5/8" threading systems.
Nexans Euromold Oil-Insulated Epoxy HV High Voltage Bushings
6/10 (12kV)
6.35/11 (12kV)
8.7/15 (17.5kV)
12/20 (24kV)
12.7/22 (24kV)
18/33 (36kV)
This document provides an overview of basic electronic components, including LEDs, transistors, current driver ICs, relays, and digital ICs. It discusses how LEDs function with a voltage source and resistor, and provides examples of calculating resistor values for LED circuits. It describes how transistors can control large amounts of current or voltage with small inputs, and relays allow small sensor currents to activate larger loads. Digital ICs and gates using transistors are also mentioned.
This document introduces several common electrical measuring instruments:
Voltmeters measure voltage, ammeters measure current, wattmeters measure power, and energy meters measure energy consumption. Ohmmeters measure resistance. Multimeters can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Clamp meters can measure current without direct contact. Megohmmeters specifically measure high insulation resistance. These instruments come in analog and digital forms and measure either AC or DC as appropriate to the application.
Cable sizing to withstand short-circuit current - ExampleLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides an example calculation of short circuit current for a power cable network. It first outlines the main design criteria for rating cable withstand for short circuit stresses. It then describes four methods for calculating short circuit current - ohmic, infinite bus, per unit and MVA methods. The example focuses on using the MVA method, providing equations and steps for calculating the equivalent short circuit power at different points in the network and converting this to a symmetrical fault current value. Resistances and reactances of cable sections are also included.
This document contains electrical symbols used in schematic diagrams and wiring diagrams. It is broken into 25 sections that cover different components and systems including current systems, batteries, transformers, conductors, circuit breakers, and more. Each section provides symbols in a table format with a reference code and description. The document is intended to establish standardized symbols for electrical drawings and diagrams.
The document defines and describes the basic functions of common electronic components, including resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, speakers, motors, and sensors. It explains that resistors limit electrical current, diodes only conduct current in one direction, transistors are used as electronic switches, capacitors store energy, speakers convert electrical signals to sound, and sensors like LDRs convert light levels to resistance.
IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of FRA for oil TransformerAHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
This document provides guidelines for performing frequency response analysis (FRA) on oil-immersed power transformers. It covers instrumentation requirements, test procedures, data analysis techniques, and recommendations for long-term data storage. FRA involves measuring a transformer's impedance and admittance characteristics over a range of frequencies to identify resonances that could lead to failures. The guidelines aim to standardize the FRA process for consistent evaluation of transformer condition and performance.
- The document discusses protective relaying principles and applications, focusing on protective relays used to protect electric power systems.
- Protective relays are electric devices that detect abnormal or dangerous conditions on power systems and initiate a response, such as opening a circuit breaker. They work with circuit breakers, which provide the physical disconnect from the system when a fault is detected.
- The document reviews common types of protective relays, including electromechanical and solid-state designs, and examples of their application in substations. Protective relaying is important for maintaining service continuity and minimizing outage times when faults occur on power systems.
Apuntes de la asignatura Electrónica de Potencia de la Escuela Politécnica Superior, Ingeniería Técnica Industrial de la Universidad de Jaén (España). En la actualidad se utilizan como ayuda para la asignatura Electrónica de Potencia del Grado de Ingeniería Electrónica Industrial. Realizados con la participación de distintos alumnos de la Escuela de este universidad y en esta versión, con la participación activa y directa de Marta Olid Moreno en 2005. Gracias por tu excelente trabajo y buen hacer, cuando no existía en castellano ninguna referencia del tema sirvió y sirve de material de apoyo para el estudio de esta disciplina. Profesor Juan D. Aguilar Peña. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica y Automática de la Universidad de Jaén.
This document is the IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding. It provides guidelines and recommendations for properly grounding outdoor AC substations to protect personnel from electric shock. The guide covers distribution, transmission and generating plant substations. It describes the safety concerns around electric currents and voltages in substations and defines tolerable limits. It also discusses criteria for substation grounding system design, including selection of grounding conductors and electrodes, evaluation of soil characteristics, calculation of ground resistance and fault currents, and determination of touch and step voltages. The purpose is to help ensure substation grounding systems are designed to limit hazards and provide adequate protection for personnel safety.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes different types of faults that can occur in transformers, both internal and external. It then discusses various protection methods for transformers, including differential protection, sudden pressure relays, overcurrent protection, and thermal protection. It also provides details on magnetizing inrush current and how it is influenced by factors like transformer size, system resistance, and residual flux levels.
This document discusses the performance and parameters of transmission lines. It contains the following key points:
- Transmission lines are characterized by four parameters: series resistance, shunt conductance, series inductance, and shunt capacitance. These parameters determine the line's characteristics.
- Cables have different parameters than overhead lines due to closer conductors, surrounding metallic shields, and insulating materials.
- The characteristic impedance and propagation constant describe steady-state voltage and current on the line.
- Voltage and power transfer are influenced by factors like line length, load impedance, source voltages, and reactive power requirements.
- Graphs show relationships between voltage, power, and other transmission line
This document discusses relays, including their basic components, design, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Relays are electrical devices that use electromagnets to open or close circuits. They have a coil, armature, contacts, and frame. When voltage is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature to open or close the contacts. Relays allow low power circuits to control high power circuits and are used for protection, regulation, and auxiliary functions in power systems.
Inductance refers to the ability of a coil to store energy in a magnetic field. It is measured in henries. Inductors are designed to have a specific inductance and are classified by their core material as magnetic or nonmagnetic. The time constant formula, which represents the time required to establish or collapse an inductor's magnetic field, is t = L/R, where t is time in seconds, L is inductance in henries, and R is resistance in ohms.
This document discusses overvoltage phenomena and insulation coordination in high voltage engineering. It covers several topics:
1) Natural causes of overvoltages like lightning and the mechanisms behind lightning strokes.
2) Classification of transmission lines and the behavior of traveling waves at transition points like reflections and successive reflections shown through lattice diagrams.
3) Causes of overvoltages from switching surges during circuit operations, system faults, and abnormal conditions. Characteristics of switching surges and issues in extra high voltage systems are described.
4) Methods to control overvoltages including stepped energization of lines, phase controlled circuit breakers, and drainage of trapped charges. Protective devices like expulsion gaps, protector tubes
The document discusses overhead and underground transmission lines. Overhead lines are cheaper to install but are affected by weather, while underground lines have higher installation costs but are less affected by the environment. The document also discusses transmission line parameters such as resistance, conductance, inductance and capacitance. It provides examples of different types of conductors used for overhead transmission lines such as ACSR and AAC conductors.
This document provides definitions and guidelines for different types of machine enclosures and cooling methods to protect electric motors and generators from environmental hazards. It defines open, dripproof, splash-proof, semi-guarded, guarded, and totally enclosed machine enclosures. It also discusses various cooling methods including open, pipe-ventilated, fan-cooled, water-cooled, and air-over cooling. The purpose is to help users and manufacturers select appropriate machines for different applications and environments to reduce safety hazards.
The document defines the various NEMA enclosure types, which provide different levels of protection from environmental conditions for electrical equipment. Type 1 enclosures provide basic indoor protection from solid objects. Type 3 enclosures provide outdoor protection from rain, sleet, snow and windblown dust. Type 4 enclosures provide indoor/outdoor protection from splashing water and hosedown. Hazardous location enclosures like Type 7 contain internal explosions without external hazard.
The document discusses Ingress Protection (IP) ratings as defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission. IP ratings indicate a product's level of protection against solid objects like dust and liquids like water. The ratings use a two or three digit system with the first digit referring to solid object protection, the second to liquid protection, and optionally the third to mechanical impacts. Common IP ratings and their meanings are provided to understand the global standard for classifying enclosure protection levels.
the degree of protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures called IP Ratings.
- Electrical earthing provides a safe path for lightning and fault currents to protect humans and equipment.
- There are different types of earthing for different applications like LV systems, lighting, telecoms, and computers.
- Earthing can provide either Class I or Class II protection against electric shock.
- Factors that affect earth impedance include soil type and moisture, weather, electrode type and size, nearby utilities, and distance between electrodes.
- Common earthing arrangements include TN, TT, and IT systems. Measurement methods like Wenner and Schlumberger are used to determine soil resistivity which impacts earth impedance.
This document discusses electrical grounding and earthing systems. It begins by introducing grounding and earthing, and distinguishing between ground and neutral conductors. It then describes different types of earthing systems according to the IEC standard, including TN, TT, and IT networks. The document also covers different types of grounding used in radio communications, AC power installations, and lightning protection. It discusses the concept of virtual ground and multipoint grounding. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical grounding and earthing systems, their uses, and important concepts.
This document provides general instructions for handling, installing, operating, and maintaining busway rated 600 volts or less. It covers feeder and plug-in busways, as well as associated accessories. The document gives guidance on unpacking, hoisting, hanging, joint assembly, grounding, mounting plug-in devices, protection from contaminants, energizing equipment, maintenance, permissible loading, and operating conditions. Adherence to these instructions will help ensure the safe use of busway systems.
This document provides guidance for engineers on meeting National Electrical Code requirements for selective coordination of low-voltage circuit breakers. It discusses:
1) Key functions of overcurrent protective devices for meeting selective coordination, including their time-current characteristics.
2) Application information from manufacturers and implications for system design, including ensuring coordination of ground faults.
3) Considerations for designing selectively coordinated systems, such as simplifying circuit layouts, reducing available fault current, reviewing device selection, and addressing special equipment.
This document presents guidelines for developing effective work breakdown structures (WBS) for project management. It discusses best practices for defining the scope of a WBS, how the WBS integrates with other project management tools and processes, and key factors to consider when creating a WBS. The guidelines are intended to help practitioners develop high-quality WBS that clearly define the total scope of a project and can be used across an organization's projects.
This chapter discusses two techniques for assessing the condition of metallic shields in cables: time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and AC resistance (Ω-check). TDR uses reflected pulses to detect discontinuities or faults, while Ω-check measures resistance to evaluate shield integrity. The techniques are applied either online, with the cable in service, or offline. Outstanding issues are discussed, such as identifying far ends in TDR traces and the impact of joints/connectors on Ω-check measurements. Experimental work was conducted at NEETRAC to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of these assessment methods.
NEETRAC (Chapter 8: Partial Discharge for HV and EHV Cable Systems)AHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
This document chapter discusses partial discharge (PD) testing for high voltage and extra high voltage power cable systems. It provides details on how PD testing works, how it is applied to cable systems, different sensor and measurement approaches, and considerations for commissioning and maintenance tests. The chapter aims to represent the current state of the art in PD testing for HV and EHV cables and identifies outstanding issues and areas for further development. It includes numerous figures and tables to illustrate concepts and provide recommendations for testing procedures and success criteria.
API RP 586 Section 2 Inspection for HTHA (Master) Draft4.pdfFuadKhoirul2
This document provides guidance on inspection methods for detecting high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) in refinery equipment. It summarizes both historic and new inspection techniques, including various ultrasonic testing methods, phased array testing, and metallographic analysis. The document emphasizes that the selection of inspection techniques should be determined based on the specific equipment and application, as HTHA damage can vary widely in degree and location. It also stresses that a combination of non-destructive evaluation methods along with metallurgical analysis provides the most effective approach for characterizing HTHA and validating inspection results.
NEETRAC (Chapter 7: Medium Voltage Cable System Partial Discharge) )AHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
This document provides a summary of partial discharge (PD) testing techniques for medium voltage cable systems. It discusses how PD works, how it is measured both in the lab and field, and considerations for sensor selection, source location, calibration, sensitivity checks, and interpreting results. Key points covered include factors affecting PD signal propagation, modeling approaches, measurement philosophies, and techniques for evaluating sensor performance and cable insulation conditions. Accuracy estimates are provided and limitations of repeat testing are addressed. The document aims to represent the current state of the art in PD testing as applied to medium voltage cable systems.
Mobile Healthcare: Patient Data Delivery by Jim BloedauHIMSS
Mobile healthcare technologies are increasingly allowing clinicians to access patient data and documentation using wireless devices. These mobile patient data delivery systems can reduce the time clinicians spend moving between points of care and accessing paper records. They offer benefits like improved quality of care, increased clinical effectiveness, better patient safety, and workforce improvements. However, adoption challenges remain as clinicians must adapt to new technologies and address security concerns. Overall the mobile healthcare market is growing rapidly as wireless networks and devices transform how care is delivered and documented.
This chapter discusses simple dielectric withstand testing techniques for cable systems. Simple withstand tests involve applying a continuous voltage above normal operating voltage for a set period of time. If the cable fails during the test, it is marked as not passing. The chapter covers how different voltages like DC, VLF and resonant AC are applied in simple withstand tests for MV, HV and EHV cables. It also discusses factors like test voltages, waveforms, success criteria and accuracy of results. The chapter analyzes various studies on simple withstand testing and how test parameters like frequency, voltage and time impact failure rates. It also provides perspectives on using simple withstand tests for diagnostic purposes and cable system maintenance.
This document summarizes research on using dissipation factor (tan δ) testing to assess the condition of power cables. It describes how tan δ is measured, factors that affect its accuracy, criteria for evaluating results, and insights from analyzing a database of over 2,000 cable systems. Key findings include developing diagnostic levels based on combinations of tan δ features, observing differences between cable types, and improving assessments by increasing the data set size. The research aims to establish the most reliable approach for utilities to evaluate cable condition using tan δ testing.
This document provides a user's guide for insulated siding as home insulation. It discusses the Vinyl Siding Institute (VSI), which represents manufacturers of insulated siding. It provides an introduction to insulated siding and discusses its technical information, including how its R-value is tested. It also covers insulated siding's recognition in energy codes and programs like ENERGY STAR and the Weatherization Assistance Program. Finally, it discusses proper installation of insulated siding.
Safety Standard for Horizontal Carousel Material Handling and Associated Equ...ISDDD
http://www.isddd.com | Approved ANSI specifications detail best practices on new and existing horizontal carousels. If you have or are considering a horizontal carousel system
This document presents an IEEE standard for the electronic reporting of transformer test data. It defines requirements for test data content, format, and transfer methods to standardize how transformer test results are electronically communicated. The standard data set includes key information like test measurements, while an extended set provides additional optional data. Data files should be in a flat file or comma-delimited format and may be transferred by mail or telecommunications. The standard aims to reduce costs for producers and users by establishing consistency in electronic reporting of transformer performance test results.
This chapter discusses monitored withstand techniques for cable systems. A monitored withstand test applies voltage above normal operating voltage for a set time while monitoring a property, such as tan δ, that correlates with cable condition. This allows utilities to make decisions during the test, such as ending the test early if data shows good performance or extending the test if data shows marginal performance. The chapter describes how monitored withstand tests work, how the data is applied, typical test frameworks, and issues that still need resolution. It provides details on monitored withstand using VLF tan δ and discusses criteria developed from research for evaluating test phases and amending test time.
This chapter discusses four other diagnostic techniques for cable condition assessment: dielectric spectroscopy, DC leakage current measurement, recovery voltage technique, and polarization/depolarization current technique. It provides details on how each technique works, how it is applied to cables, typical success criteria for interpreting results, considerations for accuracy, and outstanding issues still under research. The document is from a technical report on cable diagnostics published by Georgia Tech Research Corporation.
The document provides guidelines for general training and familiarization for operators of aerial work platforms (AWPs). It was created through an industry initiative to clarify responsibilities and best practices regarding AWP safety. The goals are to increase safe AWP use and expand risk management knowledge. The guidelines define terms, roles and responsibilities, and qualifications for trainers. They distinguish between general training and model-specific familiarization.
This document provides an introduction to the Cable Diagnostic Focused Initiative (CDFI) Phase II report. It summarizes that CDFI Phase II built on Phase I by performing additional diagnostic tests on cable systems, analyzing the data, and disseminating the results. The goal was to better understand cable condition assessment and how utilities can deploy diagnostics as an asset management tool. Key topics examined in Phase II included repeat testing, health indexing, damped AC tests, VLF Tan δ testing of three phase circuits, monitored withstand decision rules, and HV cable system testing.
This document provides an overview and analysis of energy employment data in the United States. It finds that traditional definitions of energy jobs fail to capture employment in important sectors like renewable energy, energy efficiency, and related services. The report aims to address these gaps by presenting employment data on electric power generation, transmission, energy efficiency, and motor vehicles. It finds significant employment in these emerging energy fields and varying hiring difficulties across US regions. The analysis was conducted using a proprietary employment survey and government data sources.
This document provides guidance on evaluating natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. It was prepared by an interstate regulatory group and industrial members with expertise in bioremediation. The document establishes a framework for using three lines of evidence - contaminant concentration trends, geochemical conditions, and direct measurement of biodegradation - to evaluate the effectiveness of natural attenuation at sites with chlorinated solvent contamination. It aims to help site managers and regulators determine when natural attenuation may be suitable as a remediation approach.
This document provides guidance on selecting the most appropriate cable diagnostic program for a medium voltage cable system. It discusses the evolution of cable diagnostics from 2006 to 2014 based on surveys of over 100 utilities. The use of some techniques, such as very low frequency withstand tests, has increased in that time period due to improvements in equipment and knowledge. The document provides a five-step process called SAGE for selecting diagnostic techniques in a transparent manner and offers information and considerations to help users choose techniques that best suit their needs and risk tolerance.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
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