Abdomen MCQs with Answers Key (below)
(Anterior Abdominal Wall)
NOTE: For each of the following multiple choice questions select the one most appropriate answer:
1. Rectus Abdominus Muscle is divided in bellies by tendinous intersections. What is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus Abdominus.
(A) 2 Bellies and symmetric
(B) 2 Bellies and asymmetric
(C) 4 Bellies and asymmetric
(D) 6 Bellies and symmetric
(E) 8 Bellies and symmetric
2. A person was stung by a bee in the left lumbar region. The nerves supplying the region accompany the branches of
(A) Musculophrenic Artery
(B) Anterior Intercostal Arteries
(C) Posterior Intercostal Arteries
(D) Superior Epigastric Artery
(E) Inferior Epigastric Artery
3. A patient comes to your clinic whom you operated for obstructed irreducible indirect Left Inguinal hernia one month ago. He says “It has been over four weeks from the surgery and I still have much discomfort. Inside of my thigh is numb, burns or simply hurts when touched. When I move in certain ways I get a stabbing pain in that area accompanied with a sensation of being bit by a bunch of wasps (Bees).” Which nerve is most likely damaged?
(A) Genital branch of Genitofemoral nerve
(B) Illioinguinal Nerve
(C) Cremasteric Nerve
(D) Illiohypogastric Nerve
(E) Subcoastal Nerve
4. This patient has more chances of developing which type of hernia in future
(A) Right Direct Inguinal Hernia
(B) Left Direct Inguinal Hernia
(C) Right Indirect Inguinal Hernia
(D) Left Indirect Inguinal Hernia
(E) Umbilical Hernia
5. During Laproscopic repair of Direct inguinal Hernia, the site of hernia will be located in
(A) Median Umbilical fold
(B) Medial Umbilical fold
(C) Medial Inguinal Fossa
(D) Lateral Inguinal Fossa
(E) Lateral umbilical Fold
6. Median Umbilical Fold
(A) Is a remnant of Urachus
(B) Is a remnant of Umbilical Artery
(C) Contains Inferior Epigastric Artery
(D) Is a remnant Umbilical Vein
(E) Contains Ductus Venosus
7. While operating for Indirect Inguinal Hernia there started an unusual rapid oozing of blood, which filled the site with blood. The Surgeon had to stop to control the bleed. Which artery is most likely injured?
(A) Inferior Epigastric
(B) Cremasteric
(C) Testicular
(D) External Illiac
(E) Internal iliac
8. You are examining a patient for Hernia during exam. The examiner asks you to differentiate between inguinal and Femoral Hernia. Your best response will be
(A) Femoral Hernia is above and medial to Pubic tubercle
(B) Femoral Hernia is below and medial to Pubic tubercle
(C) Femoral Hernia is above and Lateral to Pubic tubercle
(D) Femoral Hernia is below and Lateral to Pubic tubercle
(E) None of Above
9. A patient was diagnosed with Testicular Carcinoma (Seminoma). He comes to you and asks what stage is his cancer i
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
Abdomen MCQs with Answers Key (below)
(Anterior Abdominal Wall)
NOTE: For each of the following multiple choice questions select the one most appropriate answer:
1. Rectus Abdominus Muscle is divided in bellies by tendinous intersections. What is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus Abdominus.
(A) 2 Bellies and symmetric
(B) 2 Bellies and asymmetric
(C) 4 Bellies and asymmetric
(D) 6 Bellies and symmetric
(E) 8 Bellies and symmetric
2. A person was stung by a bee in the left lumbar region. The nerves supplying the region accompany the branches of
(A) Musculophrenic Artery
(B) Anterior Intercostal Arteries
(C) Posterior Intercostal Arteries
(D) Superior Epigastric Artery
(E) Inferior Epigastric Artery
3. A patient comes to your clinic whom you operated for obstructed irreducible indirect Left Inguinal hernia one month ago. He says “It has been over four weeks from the surgery and I still have much discomfort. Inside of my thigh is numb, burns or simply hurts when touched. When I move in certain ways I get a stabbing pain in that area accompanied with a sensation of being bit by a bunch of wasps (Bees).” Which nerve is most likely damaged?
(A) Genital branch of Genitofemoral nerve
(B) Illioinguinal Nerve
(C) Cremasteric Nerve
(D) Illiohypogastric Nerve
(E) Subcoastal Nerve
4. This patient has more chances of developing which type of hernia in future
(A) Right Direct Inguinal Hernia
(B) Left Direct Inguinal Hernia
(C) Right Indirect Inguinal Hernia
(D) Left Indirect Inguinal Hernia
(E) Umbilical Hernia
5. During Laproscopic repair of Direct inguinal Hernia, the site of hernia will be located in
(A) Median Umbilical fold
(B) Medial Umbilical fold
(C) Medial Inguinal Fossa
(D) Lateral Inguinal Fossa
(E) Lateral umbilical Fold
6. Median Umbilical Fold
(A) Is a remnant of Urachus
(B) Is a remnant of Umbilical Artery
(C) Contains Inferior Epigastric Artery
(D) Is a remnant Umbilical Vein
(E) Contains Ductus Venosus
7. While operating for Indirect Inguinal Hernia there started an unusual rapid oozing of blood, which filled the site with blood. The Surgeon had to stop to control the bleed. Which artery is most likely injured?
(A) Inferior Epigastric
(B) Cremasteric
(C) Testicular
(D) External Illiac
(E) Internal iliac
8. You are examining a patient for Hernia during exam. The examiner asks you to differentiate between inguinal and Femoral Hernia. Your best response will be
(A) Femoral Hernia is above and medial to Pubic tubercle
(B) Femoral Hernia is below and medial to Pubic tubercle
(C) Femoral Hernia is above and Lateral to Pubic tubercle
(D) Femoral Hernia is below and Lateral to Pubic tubercle
(E) None of Above
9. A patient was diagnosed with Testicular Carcinoma (Seminoma). He comes to you and asks what stage is his cancer i
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
13. 6. Which of the following is not true
about body fluids compartment
a)Average adult the total body water is about 60
per cent of the body weight
b)ICF is about 28 liters
c)ECF contains 20 per cent of total body water
d)Plasma makes one third of ECF
15. 7. Average water content of normal
baby at birth is about
a)50% of the total body weight
b)70% of the total body weight
c)80% of the total body weight
d)90% of the total body weight
17. 8. Average blood volume of adult is
a)5% of the total body weight
b)7% of the total body weight
c)9% of the total body weight
d)11% of the total body weight