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Gender Empowerment in India -

   Challenges and Opportunities.
                   

              Talk by
         Shailaja Chandra

                 at
   National Defence College
                      
      Friday, 8th February, 2013
Indian states with Population of large countries
Population of the World and India.
At 1210 million
plus India’s
population can
be compared to
the combined
populations of
USA,Brazil,
Indonesia,
Pakistan,Japan
& Bangladesh .
Population Share of Indian States   2011
India’s Population growth 1901-2011
         Population grew five times in the last 100 years
Decadal Population Growth
Population (million)
Demographic Dividend or
           Demographic Trap?

9 States called EAG states namely, Rajasthan, Uttar
  Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa,
  Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Assam
  constitute:
     •   48 percent of country’s Population
     •   59 percent of Births
     •   70 percent of Infant Deaths
     •   75 percent of Under 5Deaths
     •   62 percent of Maternal Deaths
% to Total Maternal
 Region                         MMR              Deaths

 EAG* states & Assam            308                 61.6

 Southern states                127                 11.4

 Other states                   149                 27.0

 India                          212                100.0

           In Industrial countries the average MMR is 14
EAG* (Empowered Action Group) states are Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Regional Variations:
Maternal Mortality Ratio* (MMR)
Source: Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (SRS, 2011)
Source: Registrar General of India, (SRS, 2011)
Challenges to Gender
               Empowerment
 Poverty: Loans and credit are only available against
  moveable or immoveable property which is usually in
  the name of men.
 Education and Training: Girls cannot pursue
  schooling because of domestic responsibilities. And
  early marriage .
 Health: Women suffer from malnutrition and
  anaemia. Remain dependent on intermediaries for
  accessing medical and health care –even family
  planning services.
Challenges to Gender Empowerment


 Inequality in Power Structure and Decision
  Making: This is especially so in the lower
  economic strata.

     Absence of Champions for       Women’s
    Advancement There are no support groups to
    promote women’s progress in careers and
    jobs.
Challenges to Gender Empowerment
 Violence: Gender-based violence includes
  domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking, sexual
  harassment at work, trafficking into prostitution,
  dowry related cruelty, forced marriage,
  traditional and honour-based aggression.
 Armed conflict: Aggression against women is a
  source of constant terror and distress in all war-
  torn countries and wherever there is armed
  conflict
Disparity in Economic Empowerment
Disparity in Economic Empowerment
Disparity in Social Empowerment
Disparity in women’s decision making within
 Income groups ( married women<49years)
Disparity in Political Empowerment
            Position of Women in National parliament

          Lower House       Upper House               Total


                  Seats             Seats             Seats
         Total             Total             Total             Share
                 held by           held by           held by
         Seats             Seats             Seats              (%)
                 women             women             women


2004     544       45      250       28      794       73       9.2

2007     544       47      250       25      794       72       9.1

2009     545       59      234       21      779       80      10.3

2011     544       60      241       26      785       86      11.0
Disparity in Political Empowerment
 Position of Women in National Council of Ministers
Has NRHM Helped Gender
             Empowerment ?
                   YES.
IMR reduced from 58 in 2005 to 47 as per SRS
2010
– Rate of Decline of IMR accelerated by 29 %
   between 2005-10 as compared to 2000-2005
– Decline in Rural IMR and U5MR is higher
than the decline in urban areas, thereby
narrowing the Rural - Urban Gap
– Decline of U5MR & IMR is more in EAG States
Proportion of institutional deliveries to total reported deliveries
Decline in Total Fertility Rate in India




                                     Source: SRS 2010
Reduction in TFR from 1998-00 to 2008-10:




The bigger states have shown 20 or more percent decline in TFR during the period
                                                                    Source: SRS 2010
Social Institutions Gender Index SIGI




                                Source: OECD

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Gender Empowerment in India - Challenges and Opportunities.

  • 1. Gender Empowerment in India - Challenges and Opportunities.   Talk by Shailaja Chandra  at National Defence College     Friday, 8th February, 2013
  • 2. Indian states with Population of large countries
  • 3. Population of the World and India. At 1210 million plus India’s population can be compared to the combined populations of USA,Brazil, Indonesia, Pakistan,Japan & Bangladesh .
  • 4. Population Share of Indian States 2011
  • 5. India’s Population growth 1901-2011 Population grew five times in the last 100 years Decadal Population Growth Population (million)
  • 6. Demographic Dividend or Demographic Trap? 9 States called EAG states namely, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Assam constitute: • 48 percent of country’s Population • 59 percent of Births • 70 percent of Infant Deaths • 75 percent of Under 5Deaths • 62 percent of Maternal Deaths
  • 7. % to Total Maternal Region MMR Deaths EAG* states & Assam 308 61.6 Southern states 127 11.4 Other states 149 27.0 India 212 100.0 In Industrial countries the average MMR is 14 EAG* (Empowered Action Group) states are Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
  • 9. Source: Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (SRS, 2011)
  • 10. Source: Registrar General of India, (SRS, 2011)
  • 11. Challenges to Gender Empowerment  Poverty: Loans and credit are only available against moveable or immoveable property which is usually in the name of men.  Education and Training: Girls cannot pursue schooling because of domestic responsibilities. And early marriage .  Health: Women suffer from malnutrition and anaemia. Remain dependent on intermediaries for accessing medical and health care –even family planning services.
  • 12. Challenges to Gender Empowerment  Inequality in Power Structure and Decision Making: This is especially so in the lower economic strata.  Absence of Champions for Women’s Advancement There are no support groups to promote women’s progress in careers and jobs.
  • 13. Challenges to Gender Empowerment  Violence: Gender-based violence includes domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking, sexual harassment at work, trafficking into prostitution, dowry related cruelty, forced marriage, traditional and honour-based aggression.  Armed conflict: Aggression against women is a source of constant terror and distress in all war- torn countries and wherever there is armed conflict
  • 14. Disparity in Economic Empowerment
  • 15. Disparity in Economic Empowerment
  • 16. Disparity in Social Empowerment
  • 17. Disparity in women’s decision making within Income groups ( married women<49years)
  • 18. Disparity in Political Empowerment Position of Women in National parliament Lower House Upper House Total Seats Seats Seats Total Total Total Share held by held by held by Seats Seats Seats (%) women women women 2004 544 45 250 28 794 73 9.2 2007 544 47 250 25 794 72 9.1 2009 545 59 234 21 779 80 10.3 2011 544 60 241 26 785 86 11.0
  • 19. Disparity in Political Empowerment Position of Women in National Council of Ministers
  • 20. Has NRHM Helped Gender Empowerment ? YES. IMR reduced from 58 in 2005 to 47 as per SRS 2010 – Rate of Decline of IMR accelerated by 29 % between 2005-10 as compared to 2000-2005 – Decline in Rural IMR and U5MR is higher than the decline in urban areas, thereby narrowing the Rural - Urban Gap – Decline of U5MR & IMR is more in EAG States
  • 21. Proportion of institutional deliveries to total reported deliveries
  • 22. Decline in Total Fertility Rate in India Source: SRS 2010
  • 23. Reduction in TFR from 1998-00 to 2008-10: The bigger states have shown 20 or more percent decline in TFR during the period Source: SRS 2010
  • 24. Social Institutions Gender Index SIGI Source: OECD

Editor's Notes

  1. Replace as shown
  2. Change left side to say ….compared to the combined populations of …….and Japan.[Remove ,put together.](Also see that comma comes after the word. Here it is at wrong place after Pakistan. I have edited the title already.
  3. Title has been edited by me
  4. Edited by me.
  5. Replace with Preeti’s slide.
  6. Labour force refers to the number of persons either working or available for work. Work force refers only to the number of persons who are working.
  7. Labour force refers to the number of persons either working or available for work. Work force refers only to the number of persons who are working.
  8. Make first /top 7 words much igger and bolder like other titles.
  9. Figures do not stand out. Make BOLD
  10. Replace with Preeti’s slide.
  11. It is proportion and not proportional. Also try and remove the + and – 1,2,3,4 from the chart and use brighter colours.