The document discusses the Nazca and Palpa regions of Peru, mentioning them repeatedly. It notes dates from 500 BC to 2011 related to those places and regions. It lists the names of 6 individuals and one location at the end.
The document summarizes the Muslim conquest of Egypt and North Africa between 639-643 AD. It describes the reasons for advancing into the region, including weakening the Byzantine Empire's control. Key events included the battles of Alexandria and Um-Denin, the establishment of Al-Fustat by Amr ibn al-Aas, and the surrender of cities like Barqua and Tripoli, extending Muslim control over North Africa.
The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in Peru's Nazca Desert consisting of hundreds of figures such as hummingbirds, spiders, and monkeys carved into the ground and only visible from high altitude. Created by the Nazca culture from around 200 BC to 600 AD, the lines would have taken a long time to construct and are one of the most prominent archaeological sites from the Early Intermediate Period in Peru, however, their purpose remains unclear.
These are my Nazca Lines drawings. I prepared them in photoshop and power point.
http://dokkasrinivasu-knowledge-sharing.blogspot.in/2012/03/some-other-nazca-lines-drawings.html
http://dokkasrinivasu-knowledge-sharing.blogspot.in/2012/03/nazca-lines-drawings.html
Crop circles are patterns created by flattened crops such as wheat and barley found around the world. There are naturalistic explanations like hoaxes and anomalies, as well as paranormal explanations involving UFOs. Many circles are known to be man-made by groups like Doug Bower and Dave Chorley. A 2000 UK study found that 80% of circles were man-made hoaxes. The document provides links explaining how to make crop circles and featuring aerial photographs of crop circles.
The document discusses the Nazca Lines, which were discovered in 1930 in Peru. The lines cover over 500 square kilometers and include over 50 geoglyphs, with more than 1,300 straight lines and 300 geometric shapes. The lines were created by removing black rock and topsoil to reveal lighter soil beneath and range in width from 6 inches to hundreds of yards. Some of the geoglyphs include animals and plants.
La cultura Nazca se desarrolló en la costa sur del Perú y tuvo su origen independiente de la cultura Paracas. No tenía un gobierno unificado sino que estaba dividida en valles gobernados por sacerdotes. Se destacó por su cerámica, geoglifos en el desierto, textilería y orfebrería utilizada para rituales. Practicaban cultos individuales y colectivos que involucraban ofrendas y banquetes con música.
El documento presenta información sobre los geoglifos de Nazca, ubicados en Perú. Describe las principales figuras encontradas en la zona, como líneas, espirales, animales y plantas dibujados a gran escala visibles solo desde el aire. También muestra fotografías de las figuras más conocidas como el mono, colibrí, araña y manos, así como excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en el sitio que contienen tumbas y cerámica Nazca.
A crop circle is a sizable pattern created by the flattening of a crop such as cereal, rapeseed, reeds, grass. Such formations typically have intricacy and beauty, and are also referred to as crop formations because they are not always circular in shape.
The document summarizes the Muslim conquest of Egypt and North Africa between 639-643 AD. It describes the reasons for advancing into the region, including weakening the Byzantine Empire's control. Key events included the battles of Alexandria and Um-Denin, the establishment of Al-Fustat by Amr ibn al-Aas, and the surrender of cities like Barqua and Tripoli, extending Muslim control over North Africa.
The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in Peru's Nazca Desert consisting of hundreds of figures such as hummingbirds, spiders, and monkeys carved into the ground and only visible from high altitude. Created by the Nazca culture from around 200 BC to 600 AD, the lines would have taken a long time to construct and are one of the most prominent archaeological sites from the Early Intermediate Period in Peru, however, their purpose remains unclear.
These are my Nazca Lines drawings. I prepared them in photoshop and power point.
http://dokkasrinivasu-knowledge-sharing.blogspot.in/2012/03/some-other-nazca-lines-drawings.html
http://dokkasrinivasu-knowledge-sharing.blogspot.in/2012/03/nazca-lines-drawings.html
Crop circles are patterns created by flattened crops such as wheat and barley found around the world. There are naturalistic explanations like hoaxes and anomalies, as well as paranormal explanations involving UFOs. Many circles are known to be man-made by groups like Doug Bower and Dave Chorley. A 2000 UK study found that 80% of circles were man-made hoaxes. The document provides links explaining how to make crop circles and featuring aerial photographs of crop circles.
The document discusses the Nazca Lines, which were discovered in 1930 in Peru. The lines cover over 500 square kilometers and include over 50 geoglyphs, with more than 1,300 straight lines and 300 geometric shapes. The lines were created by removing black rock and topsoil to reveal lighter soil beneath and range in width from 6 inches to hundreds of yards. Some of the geoglyphs include animals and plants.
La cultura Nazca se desarrolló en la costa sur del Perú y tuvo su origen independiente de la cultura Paracas. No tenía un gobierno unificado sino que estaba dividida en valles gobernados por sacerdotes. Se destacó por su cerámica, geoglifos en el desierto, textilería y orfebrería utilizada para rituales. Practicaban cultos individuales y colectivos que involucraban ofrendas y banquetes con música.
El documento presenta información sobre los geoglifos de Nazca, ubicados en Perú. Describe las principales figuras encontradas en la zona, como líneas, espirales, animales y plantas dibujados a gran escala visibles solo desde el aire. También muestra fotografías de las figuras más conocidas como el mono, colibrí, araña y manos, así como excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en el sitio que contienen tumbas y cerámica Nazca.
A crop circle is a sizable pattern created by the flattening of a crop such as cereal, rapeseed, reeds, grass. Such formations typically have intricacy and beauty, and are also referred to as crop formations because they are not always circular in shape.
The document discusses the Nazca Lines of Peru, which are ancient geoglyphs that can only be seen from high altitude. The lines include drawings of animals like an eagle, hummingbird, monkey, and dog, as well as human figures like a man or astronaut and hands. While it is unknown who created the lines thousands of years ago or how they made the large-scale drawings visible only from above, they likely had religious or cultural significance for the people who constructed them.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. They were discovered in 1926 and constructed using simple tools and surveying equipment. There are several theories for what purpose the lines served, including acting as a celestial observatory to mark the rising and setting of the sun and stars, relating to religious practices involving water deities important to crops, or using the lines as giant looms to make textiles.
El documento describe varios aspectos de Machu Picchu, incluyendo turistas, llamas, el camino desde Cuzco, condores, diversas flores silvestres, boas, plantas, osos, la cima de Machu Picchu, el Puerto Abel Guerra, serpientes verdes, caminos, pumas, vistas de Cuzco y mariposas.
This document provides an overview of travel experiences in Peru, including visits to landmarks in Lima, Cusco, the Sacred Valley, and Machu Picchu. In Lima, it describes the architecture of the Plaza de Armas and Cathedral. In Cusco, it highlights the religious and colonial architecture existing side by side. It shares photos from the Sacred Valley including the Ollantaytambo ruins, Maras salt pans, and villages. The highlight is a day trip to Machu Picchu, with photos of the ruins, terraces, and views from the site.
Peru is located in western South America, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Chile. Some of Peru's top tourist sites include Machu Picchu, the ancient Inca citadel high in the Andes mountains, the mysterious Nazca Lines geoglyphs etched into the southern desert, and the Circuito Magico del Agua park in Lima with its fountains and sculptures. Peru can be divided into three geographical areas - the coastal region, the Andean highlands or Sierra, and the eastern jungle region known as the Selva.
The document provides information about Peruvian culture and history. It discusses the Inca empire and ruins at Machu Picchu, built by the Incas high in the Andes mountains. It also mentions animals native to Peru like llamas, pelicans, flamingos, sea lions, and penguins. Further, it describes the mysterious Nazca lines etched into the desert and Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world. The document concludes with images of traditional Peruvian foods and clothing.
Crop circles are patterns created by flattened crops, usually wheat or corn. They have been observed all over the world since the 17th century. There are several theories for what or who creates crop circles, including natural phenomena like tornadoes, human hoaxers, or extraterrestrial visitation. Some crop circles display complex geometric patterns that would be very difficult for humans to replicate with the technology and tools available.
Crop circles are patterns formed by flattened crops, usually cereal grains, that have historically been observed in fields in southern England and other regions. While some are hoaxes, many remain unexplained. Witnesses have reported sightings of lights and anomalous phenomena in fields where complex crop circles later appear. Scientific analysis has found that crops in circles are bent in a way that differs from being manually flattened. The origins and formation of many crop circles remain mysterious.
The document provides an overview of the history and evidence surrounding crop circles. It discusses early historical accounts of crop circles from the 17th century. It then covers the proliferation of crop circles starting in the 1970s and analyses various characteristics of crop circles like plant effects, soil effects, and electromagnetic field anomalies found at crop circle sites. The document also discusses both theories for the circles being caused by natural or man-made causes as well as the possibility of them being created by extraterrestrial phenomena.
Crop circles are patterns created by flattened crops such as wheat or barley. They have been observed for centuries but received more attention in the 1980s when designs became more complex. There are several theories for their origin, including electromagnetic fields, whirlwinds, and extraterrestrial visitation, though some are now known to be hoaxes created by people. Their intricate designs sometimes incorporate geometric patterns and ratios similar to musical scales.
I had an enjoyable time in Cyprus, where I met a nice host family and participated in various activities. Some highlights included swimming at the beach, trying traditional Cypriot foods like souvlaki and halloumi cheese, and spending time with new friends. While a couple weekends were less eventful than hoped, overall the trip was a very positive experience that I didn't want to end.
Life in Peru can vary greatly depending on whether one lives in the city or countryside. In cities, people live close together and do shopping in outdoor markets, while rural homes are farther apart since families rely on surrounding farmland. Throughout the country, family, religion, and community are important parts of daily life. People attend church, care for their families through activities like farming and cooking, and spend leisure time playing sports or socializing in town squares.
La cultura Nazca se desarrolló en el departamento de Ica, Perú entre los años 100 a.C. y 800 d.C. Construyeron la ciudad de Cahuachi como su capital y son más conocidos por sus geoglifos conocidos como las Líneas de Nazca. Practicaron la agricultura intensiva y tuvieron un gobierno teocrático encabezado por sacerdotes. La cultura Moche se desarrolló entre los años 100-800 d.C. en los valles de Lambayeque, Chicama, Moche y Virú. Su principal de
O Peru foi dominado pelo Império Inca entre os séculos XV e XVI, e depois conquistado pelos espanhóis. No século XIX, o Peru perdeu territórios para o Chile na Guerra do Pacífico. Atualmente, a economia peruana enfrenta desafios como dívida externa e inflação, mas possui um setor agrícola forte e reservas minerais significativas.
This document discusses different ways to use the modal verb "can" in English. It explains that "can" is used to express ability, such as "My brother can play the piano." It also describes using "can" and "can't" to ask for and give permission, like "Can I go to the toilet, please?" And "can" is used to ask someone to do something, as in "Can you close the door, please?" The document provides examples for each use of "can" in short sentences.
This document introduces Superman, Spiderman, and Aquaman as members of the superfriends who have special abilities like flight, strength, web slinging, underwater breathing and ocean control. It then contrasts these superheroes with examples of common people like Rudy, Amanda, Janet, William and Julie who can do everyday activities like driving toys, cooking, biking, swimming, but also people like Rudy and Linda who can't do some activities like driving a real car, flying, cooking or swimming. It provides examples of affirmative and negative forms of the verb "can".
Three Men in a Boat (To say nothing of the dog)Shreyan Das
This is a ppt on three men in a boat. Basically focusing on chapter 19, we will also present you the theme of the story, it's plot, character sketch and summary of the chapter. Sample Questions have also been provided with their answers which will help you during your exam.
Three Men In a Boat (To say nothing of the dog)Shreyan Das
The chapter describes the three men getting lost in the Hampton Court maze after Harris attempts to guide a group through it. It details their failed attempts to navigate until they finally call an experienced maze keeper who rescues them. The story highlights the humorous misadventures and mistakes of the three men on their boating trip.
The document discusses the Nazca Lines of Peru, which are ancient geoglyphs that can only be seen from high altitude. The lines include drawings of animals like an eagle, hummingbird, monkey, and dog, as well as human figures like a man or astronaut and hands. While it is unknown who created the lines thousands of years ago or how they made the large-scale drawings visible only from above, they likely had religious or cultural significance for the people who constructed them.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. They were discovered in 1926 and constructed using simple tools and surveying equipment. There are several theories for what purpose the lines served, including acting as a celestial observatory to mark the rising and setting of the sun and stars, relating to religious practices involving water deities important to crops, or using the lines as giant looms to make textiles.
El documento describe varios aspectos de Machu Picchu, incluyendo turistas, llamas, el camino desde Cuzco, condores, diversas flores silvestres, boas, plantas, osos, la cima de Machu Picchu, el Puerto Abel Guerra, serpientes verdes, caminos, pumas, vistas de Cuzco y mariposas.
This document provides an overview of travel experiences in Peru, including visits to landmarks in Lima, Cusco, the Sacred Valley, and Machu Picchu. In Lima, it describes the architecture of the Plaza de Armas and Cathedral. In Cusco, it highlights the religious and colonial architecture existing side by side. It shares photos from the Sacred Valley including the Ollantaytambo ruins, Maras salt pans, and villages. The highlight is a day trip to Machu Picchu, with photos of the ruins, terraces, and views from the site.
Peru is located in western South America, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Chile. Some of Peru's top tourist sites include Machu Picchu, the ancient Inca citadel high in the Andes mountains, the mysterious Nazca Lines geoglyphs etched into the southern desert, and the Circuito Magico del Agua park in Lima with its fountains and sculptures. Peru can be divided into three geographical areas - the coastal region, the Andean highlands or Sierra, and the eastern jungle region known as the Selva.
The document provides information about Peruvian culture and history. It discusses the Inca empire and ruins at Machu Picchu, built by the Incas high in the Andes mountains. It also mentions animals native to Peru like llamas, pelicans, flamingos, sea lions, and penguins. Further, it describes the mysterious Nazca lines etched into the desert and Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world. The document concludes with images of traditional Peruvian foods and clothing.
Crop circles are patterns created by flattened crops, usually wheat or corn. They have been observed all over the world since the 17th century. There are several theories for what or who creates crop circles, including natural phenomena like tornadoes, human hoaxers, or extraterrestrial visitation. Some crop circles display complex geometric patterns that would be very difficult for humans to replicate with the technology and tools available.
Crop circles are patterns formed by flattened crops, usually cereal grains, that have historically been observed in fields in southern England and other regions. While some are hoaxes, many remain unexplained. Witnesses have reported sightings of lights and anomalous phenomena in fields where complex crop circles later appear. Scientific analysis has found that crops in circles are bent in a way that differs from being manually flattened. The origins and formation of many crop circles remain mysterious.
The document provides an overview of the history and evidence surrounding crop circles. It discusses early historical accounts of crop circles from the 17th century. It then covers the proliferation of crop circles starting in the 1970s and analyses various characteristics of crop circles like plant effects, soil effects, and electromagnetic field anomalies found at crop circle sites. The document also discusses both theories for the circles being caused by natural or man-made causes as well as the possibility of them being created by extraterrestrial phenomena.
Crop circles are patterns created by flattened crops such as wheat or barley. They have been observed for centuries but received more attention in the 1980s when designs became more complex. There are several theories for their origin, including electromagnetic fields, whirlwinds, and extraterrestrial visitation, though some are now known to be hoaxes created by people. Their intricate designs sometimes incorporate geometric patterns and ratios similar to musical scales.
I had an enjoyable time in Cyprus, where I met a nice host family and participated in various activities. Some highlights included swimming at the beach, trying traditional Cypriot foods like souvlaki and halloumi cheese, and spending time with new friends. While a couple weekends were less eventful than hoped, overall the trip was a very positive experience that I didn't want to end.
Life in Peru can vary greatly depending on whether one lives in the city or countryside. In cities, people live close together and do shopping in outdoor markets, while rural homes are farther apart since families rely on surrounding farmland. Throughout the country, family, religion, and community are important parts of daily life. People attend church, care for their families through activities like farming and cooking, and spend leisure time playing sports or socializing in town squares.
La cultura Nazca se desarrolló en el departamento de Ica, Perú entre los años 100 a.C. y 800 d.C. Construyeron la ciudad de Cahuachi como su capital y son más conocidos por sus geoglifos conocidos como las Líneas de Nazca. Practicaron la agricultura intensiva y tuvieron un gobierno teocrático encabezado por sacerdotes. La cultura Moche se desarrolló entre los años 100-800 d.C. en los valles de Lambayeque, Chicama, Moche y Virú. Su principal de
O Peru foi dominado pelo Império Inca entre os séculos XV e XVI, e depois conquistado pelos espanhóis. No século XIX, o Peru perdeu territórios para o Chile na Guerra do Pacífico. Atualmente, a economia peruana enfrenta desafios como dívida externa e inflação, mas possui um setor agrícola forte e reservas minerais significativas.
This document discusses different ways to use the modal verb "can" in English. It explains that "can" is used to express ability, such as "My brother can play the piano." It also describes using "can" and "can't" to ask for and give permission, like "Can I go to the toilet, please?" And "can" is used to ask someone to do something, as in "Can you close the door, please?" The document provides examples for each use of "can" in short sentences.
This document introduces Superman, Spiderman, and Aquaman as members of the superfriends who have special abilities like flight, strength, web slinging, underwater breathing and ocean control. It then contrasts these superheroes with examples of common people like Rudy, Amanda, Janet, William and Julie who can do everyday activities like driving toys, cooking, biking, swimming, but also people like Rudy and Linda who can't do some activities like driving a real car, flying, cooking or swimming. It provides examples of affirmative and negative forms of the verb "can".
Three Men in a Boat (To say nothing of the dog)Shreyan Das
This is a ppt on three men in a boat. Basically focusing on chapter 19, we will also present you the theme of the story, it's plot, character sketch and summary of the chapter. Sample Questions have also been provided with their answers which will help you during your exam.
Three Men In a Boat (To say nothing of the dog)Shreyan Das
The chapter describes the three men getting lost in the Hampton Court maze after Harris attempts to guide a group through it. It details their failed attempts to navigate until they finally call an experienced maze keeper who rescues them. The story highlights the humorous misadventures and mistakes of the three men on their boating trip.
This presentation tells us about the human capital formation in Maldives. We get to know about the investments made in health and education, various graphs which describe them and some government policies.
This is a presentation that informs you about herbal medicines
You may also see a video which is embedded in the ppt, here is the link for it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8SHvgM1bMc
Ocean acidification is caused by carbon dioxide from the atmosphere being absorbed by the oceans, which increases acidity levels. Before a few decades, ocean water was basic but acidity has been rising. This poses threats such as damage to marine life, food webs, and ocean goods/services that rely on calcification. Programs are working to increase awareness and research mitigation strategies, though no large-scale reductions have occurred yet. Individual actions like reducing carbon footprints, planting trees, and minimizing vehicle use can help address the problem.
The oceans are getting acidified! How? Why? What can we do?
For answers... Check the Presentation out
(Just a bit more informative than my previous one)
A PPT based on the Matter Around us. With Reference to NCERT book Class 9 and Obviously with GOOGLE!!!! (Nothings possible without a little bit of googling!)
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1