Native American myths and stories served to pass down cultural traditions and spiritual beliefs through generations. Many tribes believed in a single creative life force that expressed itself throughout the universe. Animals often played major roles by speaking to humans or assisting them, representing particular spiritual powers. The four directions and their symbolic representations were also important in maintaining balance in the world. Native American narratives included various myth types like creation stories and trickster tales featuring characters like Coyote and Iktome.

1. Myths: Native American

2. History Native American culture struggled to survive after the white man invaded their lives.

3. Living through forced moves, war, starvation, diseases, and assimilation, these strong and spiritual people managed to keep their many legends and stories alive.

4. Passed down through the generations, these many tales speak of timeless messages of peace, life, death, and harmony with nature.

5. While cultures and customs varied among the tribes, they all believed that the universe was bound together by spirits of natural life, including animals, water, plants, the sky, and the Earth itself.

6. Among all tribes there is a strong sense that behind all individual spirits and personifications of the divine, there is a single creative life-force, sometimes called ‘the Great Mystery’, which expresses itself throughout the universe, in every human, animal, tree and grain of sand. Every story, too, is a working out of this life-force.

7. The Role of Animals An aspect of this outlook is the major role played in the stories by animals, who often speak to humans and assist them.

8. Most tribes thought of individual members of a species as expressions of the spiritual archetype of that species, which in turn embodied a particular spirit power.

9. The Four Directions Another key feature of the Native American spiritual outlook is found in the powers ascribed to the Four Directions, which occur either literally or in symbolic form throughout the stories. These are often represented by particular colors, or by animals.

10. The Four Directions have to be in balance for all to be well with the world, and often a central point of balance is identified as a fifth direction; for example, four brothers represent the outer directions, and their sister the center.

11. Narrative Types Native American myths include all the types found worldwide, such as stories of creation, and of heroic journeys.

12. However, they are particularly rich in ‘trickster’ myths. Notable examples are Coyote and Iktome.

13. The trickster is an ambiguous figure who demonstrates the qualities of early human development (both cultural and psychological) that make civilization possible, and yet which cause problems. He is an expression of the least developed stage of life, which is dominated by physical appetites.

14. White Buffalo Woman The story of another type, that of the ‘culture deity’, a key figure who brings a tribe its major ceremonies, customs and spiritual insights.