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Major historical events in Italy between 1945 and 1968 include: 1. In 1945, Italy gave all citizens the right to vote, including women, and cities like Milan and Turin were liberated from Nazi occupation. 2. In 1947, Italy became a Republic following a national referendum, and the Italian Constitution was approved. 3. In 1949, the first elections of the Italian Republic were held and the Christian Democracy party emerged victorious, but the Superga tragedy occurred when the entire Torino football team's plane crashed.
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History of poland from 1918
Poland regained its independence in 1918 after 123 years of partition by Austria, Prussia and Russia. The first years after independence were turbulent, as Poland fought wars with its neighbors over borders. During World War II, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 and was divided between them. Poland lost over 6 million citizens during the war. After the war, Poland fell under communist rule from the Soviet Union. Solidarity trade union movements in the 1980s challenged communist rule and led to democratic elections in 1990, ending communist domination. Poland has since joined NATO and the European Union.
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The document summarizes the partitions and divisions of Poland from the 18th century to the 20th century. It describes how Poland was partitioned three times between 1772 and 1795 by neighboring countries, reducing its territory each time. Poland regained independence after World War I but lost it again after Germany and the Soviet Union invaded in 1939 at the start of World War II, dividing the country between them. Poland suffered greatly under German and Soviet rule during World War II but was re-established as a sovereign nation after the war until coming under Soviet domination until 1989.
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World War II began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. On September 17, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, dividing the country between Germany and the USSR. The Soviets captured 250,000 Polish prisoners of war, most of whom were denied legal status. Between 1939-1941, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned 500,000 Poles, with at least 150,000 dying. The Soviets also deported over 1.2 million Poles in four waves between 1940-1941, sending them by cramped train to remote parts of the USSR, where many died during the difficult journey or from harsh treatment and living conditions.
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The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the political status quo in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars by setting territorial boundaries and establishing a balance of power between nations. It was convened in 1814-1815 and attended by conservative leaders like Metternich who wanted to return Europe to how it was before the French Revolution, as well as more liberal figures who supported enlightenment ideals of natural rights and written constitutions. The participants redrew national borders while surrounding France with stronger countries to contain its power, but failed to consider rising nationalist sentiments and how cultural boundaries differed from the new political ones.
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prezentacja Polski i Żychlina
Poland is located in Central Europe, bordered by Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia. Its longest river is the Vistula. Key dates in Poland's history include becoming Christianized in 966, gaining independence in 1918 after being partitioned by neighboring countries starting in 1772, and the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in 1980 that helped bring down communism in 1989. There are 23 national parks across Poland protecting landscapes like the Tatras Mountains and coastline on the Baltic Sea. The capital and largest city, Warsaw, is situated on the Vistula River in the center of the country.
The great union 1918
The document discusses the events surrounding the Great Union of 1918 which united all Romanian provinces into the modern state of Romania. It describes the preliminary stages of union in 1859 and 1877-1878. It then outlines the key events in 1918, including the union of Transylvania on December 1st which was finalized by the National Assembly in Alba Iulia where over 1,000 delegates unanimously voted for union. The assembly and over 100,000 participants celebrated the union of Transylvania with Romania and completion of the process of building a unified Romanian state.
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History of poland from 1918
Poland regained its independence in 1918 after 123 years of partition by Austria, Prussia and Russia. The first years after independence were turbulent, as Poland fought wars with its neighbors over borders. During World War II, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 and was divided between them. Poland lost over 6 million citizens during the war. After the war, Poland fell under communist rule from the Soviet Union. Solidarity trade union movements in the 1980s challenged communist rule and led to democratic elections in 1990, ending communist domination. Poland has since joined NATO and the European Union.
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The document summarizes the partitions and divisions of Poland from the 18th century to the 20th century. It describes how Poland was partitioned three times between 1772 and 1795 by neighboring countries, reducing its territory each time. Poland regained independence after World War I but lost it again after Germany and the Soviet Union invaded in 1939 at the start of World War II, dividing the country between them. Poland suffered greatly under German and Soviet rule during World War II but was re-established as a sovereign nation after the war until coming under Soviet domination until 1989.
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World War II began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. On September 17, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, dividing the country between Germany and the USSR. The Soviets captured 250,000 Polish prisoners of war, most of whom were denied legal status. Between 1939-1941, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned 500,000 Poles, with at least 150,000 dying. The Soviets also deported over 1.2 million Poles in four waves between 1940-1941, sending them by cramped train to remote parts of the USSR, where many died during the difficult journey or from harsh treatment and living conditions.
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The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the political status quo in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars by setting territorial boundaries and establishing a balance of power between nations. It was convened in 1814-1815 and attended by conservative leaders like Metternich who wanted to return Europe to how it was before the French Revolution, as well as more liberal figures who supported enlightenment ideals of natural rights and written constitutions. The participants redrew national borders while surrounding France with stronger countries to contain its power, but failed to consider rising nationalist sentiments and how cultural boundaries differed from the new political ones.
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prezentacja Polski i Żychlina
Poland is located in Central Europe, bordered by Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia. Its longest river is the Vistula. Key dates in Poland's history include becoming Christianized in 966, gaining independence in 1918 after being partitioned by neighboring countries starting in 1772, and the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in 1980 that helped bring down communism in 1989. There are 23 national parks across Poland protecting landscapes like the Tatras Mountains and coastline on the Baltic Sea. The capital and largest city, Warsaw, is situated on the Vistula River in the center of the country.
The great union 1918
The document discusses the events surrounding the Great Union of 1918 which united all Romanian provinces into the modern state of Romania. It describes the preliminary stages of union in 1859 and 1877-1878. It then outlines the key events in 1918, including the union of Transylvania on December 1st which was finalized by the National Assembly in Alba Iulia where over 1,000 delegates unanimously voted for union. The assembly and over 100,000 participants celebrated the union of Transylvania with Romania and completion of the process of building a unified Romanian state.
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- January 1945: Auschwitz concentration camp is liberated. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, describes the horrors he witnessed there.
- February 1945: Women gain the right to vote in Italy following the end of fascism. Allied leaders meet at Yalta to plan for post-war Europe.
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міхновський
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- Poland was partitioned by neighboring countries of Russia, Austria, and Prussia from 1772 to 1918 and lost its independence. On November 11, 1918 Poland regained independence with Jozef Pilsudski as leader.
- November 11th was established as an official holiday in 1937 to commemorate Polish independence and sovereignty. It has remained a significant public holiday since Poland's independence was restored in 1989 after the fall of communism.
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The document provides information about the Alsace-Lorraine region near the French-German border. It summarizes that Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the region, which has a moderate climate with cold winters and mild springs/falls. The region has been controlled by various groups throughout history, including the Romans, Holy Roman Empire, France, Germany, and it was evacuated during WWII. It is a major wine producing area with local cuisine influenced by French and German styles, and features many historical sites, museums, parks, and vineyards.
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Lenin’s foreign policy & relations 1918-1924 by Alex Rakochy
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Similar to National historical events
Major historical events
- January 1945: Auschwitz concentration camp is liberated. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, describes the horrors he witnessed there.
- February 1945: Women gain the right to vote in Italy following the end of fascism. Allied leaders meet at Yalta to plan the post-war world.
- August 1945: The US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of World War 2.
Major historical events
- January 1945: Auschwitz concentration camp is liberated. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, describes the horrors he witnessed there.
- February 1945: Women gain the right to vote in Italy following the end of fascism. Allied leaders meet at Yalta to plan for post-war Europe.
- August 1945: The US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of World War 2.
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE.pptx
The document summarizes the rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century. It discusses how nationalism emerged alongside the formation of nation-states. Several key events promoted nationalism, such as the French Revolution transferring power from monarchy to the people, the Revolutions of 1830-1848, and the unification of Germany and Italy in the late 19th century led by Bismarck and Cavour respectively. The document also notes how culture, language and the arts played a role in shaping national identity and sentiment during this period.
rise of nationalism in Europe Full Researched Pdf
Class 10 Social Science: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
.The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people:
.The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
.A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former Royal Standard.
.The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
.New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
.A centralized administrative system was introduced and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens.
.Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
.Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
The impact of Napoleonic reforms was:
. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France.
.The administrative field was made rational and efficient.
.The Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) did away with all the privileges based on birth,
established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
.In the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany, Napoleon simplified the administrative
divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed the peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
.In the towns, guild restrictions were removed.
.Transport and communication systems were improved.
.Napoleon’s invasions were resented in several countries due to:
.Increased taxation
.Censorship
.Forced conscription into the French armies
Political structure of Europe
.Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
.The members of this class were united by a common way of life.
.They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
.They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
.Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
.This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. (the majority was the
peasantry)
The New Middle Class
.In Western and parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the
growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on
production for the market.
.In the wake of industrialization, new social groups came into being: a working-class population
and a middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals.
.It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the
abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
Liberal Nationalism
.Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all
before the law for the new middle classes.
.Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
.It stoo.... Read More in Document
H114 Meeting 23: What is Totalitarianism?
Totalitarianism refers to a system where the state exerts total control over all aspects of society. This document discusses totalitarianism in the Soviet Union and Europe in the early 20th century. It describes how Lenin and Stalin established totalitarian rule in the Soviet Union, including through secret police, gulags, and purges. It also discusses how fascism arose in Italy and Germany during a period of instability after World War 1 and the Great Depression, with Hitler and Mussolini centralizing power and using aggressive propaganda to promote their totalitarian visions.
Albanian_Dem_Rev._1924
The document provides historical context about the 90th anniversary of the June 1924 Democratic Revolution in Albania. It summarizes the key events and causes of the revolution as follows:
1) The revolution overthrew the corrupt government of Albanian feudal lords that had been in power. It was led by fighters from across Albania of different social classes and religions who sought democratic principles of freedom and human rights.
2) Despite its failure, the revolution inspired younger generations of Albanians in their struggle for democratic governance in Albania, Kosovo, and other Balkan countries with Albanian populations.
3) The assassination of opposition leader Avni Rustemi in 1924 sparked widespread protests and uprising against the
100 YEARS OF STRUGGLE. THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION 1917-1921
The brochure tells the reader in a concise and engaging way about the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, namely state building processes, Ukrainian nation’s development, the revival of scientific, educational, cultural and spiritual life of Ukraine. Much attention is paid to the leaders of the Ukrainian Revolution, such as Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Symon Petliura, Pavlo Skoropadsky, Yevhen Petrushevych, Noman Chelebidzhikhan and others who developed its ideological principles, set the agenda and led the people’s crusade for freedom. It reveals the institutional development, the creation of legislative, executive and judicial branches of power, building an army, financial system and diplomacy. The photographs and testimonies of contemporaries create the atmosphere of that time, shed light on everyday life of an ordinary person in a revolutionary upheaval.
The brochure is prepared by the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance and includes materials of information and education campaign held in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921. During that event a number of photo-documentary exhibitions, sets of postcards, informational materials, a children’s board game and a specialized web page (www.UNR.memory.gov.ua) were prepared.
History of Media
The document summarizes the history of media from its earliest developments to modern times. It notes that the first journalist was in 490 BC Greece, the first news agency was founded in 50 BC Rome, and the first weekly newspaper was published in 1597 in Florence. Some other key events mentioned include the first daily newspaper in 1702 London, the first radio news broadcast in 1916 US, the first radio station starting in 1920 Pittsburgh, and the first regular TV broadcasts beginning in 1936 England. It also discusses the role of media and some of the laws governing media.
Eu time line
The 1960s were a period of economic growth in the EU. Countries stopped charging customs duties when trading with each other and agreed on joint food production, ensuring everyone had enough to eat. Youth culture also emerged strongly during this time with the rise of bands like the Beatles stimulating cultural revolution. The Americans then reasserted their dominance in space by landing on the moon in 1969.
rise of Mussolini ppt..pdf
1) After WWI, Italy faced economic and political problems including unemployment among veterans, economic depression, and a weak government split along factional lines. This led to unrest and rise of militant leftist groups.
2) Mussolini exploited this unstable situation by organizing his fascist blackshirt groups to violently confront socialists and seize control.
3) By 1925, Mussolini had established a dictatorship and transformed Italy into a single-party fascist state, abolishing independent groups, curbing the press, and persecuting opposition through special courts. He consolidated power through propaganda, emphasizing physical fitness, large families, and obedience to the state.
CD n.2 : traditional to modern
The document provides an overview of modern Italian society from the 19th to 20th centuries, covering economic, historical, social and cultural developments. It discusses key events like Italian unification in 1861, periods of emigration, industrialization and economic crises. Other topics covered include women's rights movements, education reforms, artistic trends like Futurism, and the rise of Italian cinema.
Modern society
The document provides an overview of modern Italian society from the 19th to 20th centuries, covering economic, historical, social and cultural developments. It discusses key events like Italian unification in 1861, periods of emigration, industrialization and economic crises. Other topics covered include women's rights movements, education reforms, artistic trends like Futurism, and the rise of Italian cinema.
Rise of mussolini
1) After WWI, Italy faced economic and political problems including unemployment among veterans, economic depression, and a weak government split along factional lines. This led to unrest and rise of militant leftist groups.
2) Mussolini, originally a socialist, formed the fascist party and utilized militant tactics known as "Black Shirts" to attack socialists. By the 1920s, his party gained popularity and seats in parliament.
3) In 1922, Mussolini threatened a "March on Rome" which intimidated the king into appointing Mussolini as Prime Minister. By 1925 Mussolini had seized dictatorial powers and established a fascist single-party state, abolishing opposition and instituting propaganda and a secret
The Growing Support For Hitler And Mussolini
Here is an analysis of the aims, motives and policies of Cavour between 1850-1861 in relation to Italian unification:
Aims:
- Cavour's main aim was to expand the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and increase its power in the Italian peninsula. However, he also aimed to eventually unite all the Italian states under Piedmont's leadership.
- In the short term, his aim was to strengthen Piedmont militarily and economically in order to make it a formidable force that could challenge Austrian dominance in Northern Italy.
Motives:
- As a Piedmontese politician, Cavour wanted to increase Piedmont's territory and prestige. Unifying Italy under P
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
This session describes the national movement prior to 1859, the first steps toward unity, and the completion, 1860-1871.
The History of Democracy in France
The Age of Enlightenment in France saw the development of ideas of freedom of thought, expression, and separation of powers. Voltaire defended these principles after the unjust execution of Jean Calas for his Protestant religion. French philosophers like Montesquieu, Diderot, and Rousseau promoted tolerance and limiting the power of the monarchy. Montesquieu first proposed separating executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The French Revolution established the Republic and a constitution, declaring human rights and citizenship. The Third Republic reinforced republican symbols like the flag and motto while establishing secular public education. The current Fifth Republic created by de Gaulle in 1958 strengthened the executive power of the presidency.
Ita culture week 2
The word "Italia" likely originated from the Oscan word "Víteliú", meaning "land of young cattle". It was first applied to the southern portion of the Italian peninsula. Over time, the Greeks expanded its usage to a larger region of Italy. However, it was under Emperor Augustus that the term was applied to the entire Italian peninsula south of the Alps. Various groups and individuals worked towards unifying the Italian states over centuries, including the Carbonari secret society, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement, and Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand. Final unification was achieved in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia.
The idea of nationalism in europe ppt
Napoleon Bonaparte established the Napoleonic Code in 1804, which did away with privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. It secured the right to property and abolished the feudal system. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field in a rational and efficient manner. Nationalism grew in Europe in the 19th century, influenced by ideas of romanticism, liberalism, and economic hardships. The revolutions of 1848 saw nationalist uprisings demand independence and constitutional rights across Europe. However, by late 19th century, nationalism became aligned with imperialism and intolerant of other national groups, exacerbating tensions that led to World War I.
grudic_italy_p1_and_mussolini_p2 (1).pptx
The political and economic conditions in Italy before 1914 contributed to the rise of fascism in several ways:
1) Italy struggled with unification and faced regional, economic, and political divisions that undermined stability.
2) WWI was economically devastating and the postwar peace treaties disappointed Italian nationalists, fueling unrest.
3) In the postwar period, socialists grew increasingly powerful while liberals proved unable to govern effectively.
4) Mussolini exploited the unrest, gaining support from nationalists, industrialists, landowners, and others opposed to socialism.
5) King Victor Emanuel III appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister in 1922 rather than confront fascist militias, enabling Mussolini's rise to power through legal
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100 YEARS OF STRUGGLE. THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION 1917-1921
100 YEARS OF STRUGGLE. THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION 1917-1921
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
19 c Europe, session 2.8; The Unification of Italy
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Scientific events
The document summarizes major scientific events between 1945 and 1968, including:
1) The 1950 discovery of cortisone, a steroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress that suppresses inflammation.
2) The 1954 discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen, which regulates growth and survival of neurons.
3) The 1961 discovery of the synchrotron, a particle accelerator that produces powerful X-rays used in research.
International historical events
The document summarizes several major historical events that occurred between 1945 and 1968:
1) The liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp in 1945 and the Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel describing the horrors he witnessed there.
2) The introduction of the bikini swimsuit by French designer Louis Reard in 1946.
3) The publication of Anne Frank's diary in 1947, describing her family's time in hiding from the Nazis.
4) The debut of the character Wile E. Coyote in the 1949 Looney Tunes cartoon "Fast and Furry-ous".
Artistic events
This document summarizes several major artistic movements between 1945 and 1968:
Pop Art emerged in the 1950s in both Great Britain and America, mixing traditional artistic styles like cartoons and photographs with commercial styles like advertisements. Informal Art began in post-World War II Europe as artists sought freedom of expression. Nouveau Realism in the late 1950s aimed to incorporate real-world objects and images into works of art. Poor Art in the 1960s focused on scenes of everyday life rather than concepts of representation. Op Art from the mid-1960s used optical illusions and effects on the viewer. Body Art began in the late 1960s using the human body as a canvas for tattoos, piercings, and other
Workshop 2 history as we lived it
The 1960 Summer Olympics, known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad, were held in Rome, Italy. Over 5,000 athletes from 83 countries participated in events across many sports. Notable achievements included Ethiopia's Abebe Bikila becoming the first black African to win gold by winning the marathon, and American sprinter Wilma Rudolph dominating the women's events. In a close decathlon competition, American Rafer Johnson edged out Taiwan's Yang Chuan-kwang to claim the gold. The U.S. and Australia dominated swimming and diving, while the dominant U.S. basketball team took home their fifth consecutive gold.
Conclusions questionnaire
A questionnaire was given twice to 47 students to test their historical knowledge. In the first administration, most students scored between 11-15 mistakes with 47%. When taken the second time, most students scored between 6-10 mistakes with 40%, showing an improvement in historical knowledge. Specifically, more students scored between 1-5 mistakes (28% vs 4%) and between 6-10 mistakes (40% vs 13%) the second time. Fewer students scored between 11-15 mistakes (15% vs 47%) and 16-20 mistakes (17% vs 32%) the second time. No students scored perfectly or between 21-25 mistakes on either administration.
English questionario erasmus
The document contains multiple choice questions about various topics in history and literature. It asks about the agreements that contributed to the Cold War, the purpose of the Marshall Plan and EOEC, when and why the UN was established, details about European decolonization, conferences that ended World War 2, reasons for opening the Berlin Wall and 1968 demonstrations, principles of the Italian constitution, the Prague Spring, Italian Nobel Prize winners, authors like Elsa Morante and Elio Vittorini's magazines, the chronology of Montale's poetry collections, themes in Beckett's theater of the absurd, details of the European flag and Italian prime ministers, when the 20th Communist Party Congress took place, the meaning of the
Oriana fallaci
Oriana Fallaci was an Italian journalist, author, and political interviewer. She was born in Florence in 1929 during the fascist period and was involved in the Resistance movement by her father. As a journalist, she published interviews with important figures such as Arafat, Sharon, and Khomeini. Some of her principal works include Un Uomo, Se il sole muore, La rabbia e l'orgoglio, and Lettera a un bambino mai nato. Fallaci was known for her direct style of interviewing and criticizing politicians and the declining power of Western societies. She died in Florence in 2006 from lung cancer.
Artistic events
This document summarizes several major artistic movements between 1945 and 1968:
Pop Art emerged in the 1950s in both Great Britain and America, mixing traditional artistic genres like cartoons and photographs with commercial advertising. Informal Art began in post-WWII Europe as artists sought freedom of expression. Nouveau Realism started in the late 1950s in France and aimed to incorporate real-world objects and images into artworks. Poor Art emerged in Italy in the 1960s and focused on everyday subjects and scenes over concepts of representation. Op Art used optical illusions to create abstract works exploring visual effects and colors. Body Art began in the late 1960s using the human body as a canvas for tattoos, piercings, and
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 1. Tel./Fax 099.737.77.96 - Via Lago di Como, 65 74121 TARANTO - www.istitutoplateja.it - email: info@istitutoplateja MAJOR NATIONAL HISTORICAL EVENTS OF THE PERIOD 1945 - 1968
- 2. 1st February 1945 - Right to vote for women in Italy: Thanks to the liberation war, Italy built the basis for its future democratic life, giving all citizens the right to choose the Parliament members. 25th April 1945 - Milan and Turin liberated from Nazi fascist occupation: A freedom cry emerged in the streets. Thousands of men and women, fathers and mothers, met under the Resistance flag. 23rd April 1946 - Vespa was patented: «It's not just a motorcycle, rather a little two wheels car ». It is one of the many advertisements that accompanied the birth of this means of transport, considered one of the most important Italian symbols. 2nd June 1947 - Italy became a Republic: In this day there was a referendum that asked Italian people which state form it wanted to give to the country. 22nd December 1947 - Italian Constitution is approved: The Constitution of the Italian Republic was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has been amended 15 times, was promulgated in the extraordinary edition of Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 298 18 th April 1949 - First elections of the Italian Republic: The elections were eventually won with a comfortable margin by the Christian Democracy party that defeated the left-wing coalition of the Popular Democratic Front that comprised the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party. 4th May 1949 - Superga tragedy: It occurred when the Fiat G.212 of Avio Linee Italiane, carrying the entire Torino football team (popularly known as the Grande Torino) crashed into the retaining wall at the back of the Basilica of Superga, which stands on the hill of Turin. There were 31 victims. 29th January 1951 - First edition of the Italian "Festival di Sanremo": It was opened with the following sentence: "Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Casinò of Sanremo for a wonderful night organized by RAI, a night of songs with the orchestra of Cinico Angelini"