Narrative theory
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Narrative theory analyzes how media texts communicate meaning about events and can be applied to films, TV, photographs, and magazines. Vladimir Propp suggested there are a limited number of character types that share functions, such as hero, villain, princess, and helper. Tzvetan Todorov proposed that most narratives start with equilibrium, are disrupted by an outside force, and end with resolution of the disruption and a return to equilibrium.
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Assignment #7
The document discusses several narrative theorists and their theories:
- Tzvetan Todorov theorized that narratives follow a pattern of equilibrium, disruption, and restored order.
- Claude Levi-Strauss looked at narrative structure through binary oppositions like good vs evil.
- Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified 8 character roles and 31 narrative functions that recur across stories.
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Assignment #7.pptx final
A narrative is a story that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. There are different types of narratives such as linear and non-linear narratives. Some examples of non-linear narratives include The Social Network and 500 Days of Summer. Theories of narrative include structuralist linguist Tzvetan Todorov who analyzed how narratives establish equilibrium, face disruption, and restore order. Anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss viewed narrative structure through binary oppositions such as good and evil. Folklorist Vladimir Propp identified character roles and narrative functions that are common across many folk tales.
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Narrative theory presentation
This document provides an overview of narrative theory and several influential theorists. It discusses what narratives are, how they are used in different media forms, and some common narrative structures and techniques. Several theorists are summarized, including Vladimir Propp's character archetypes, Tzvetan Todorov's model of narrative equilibrium and disruption, Roland Barthes' narrative codes, and Claude Levi-Strauss' concept of binary oppositions in establishing meaning. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to foundational concepts in narrative theory and analysis.
Narrative Theory
This document summarizes several narrative theories proposed by different theorists. Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folktales and identified 8 common character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov suggested narratives follow a 5 stage structure of equilibrium, disruption, realization, restored order, and new equilibrium. Rolland Barthes identified 5 codes that make up a narrative: hermeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic, and cultural.
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Assignment #7
The document discusses several narrative theorists and their theories:
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- Claude Levi-Strauss looked at narrative structure through binary oppositions like good vs evil.
- Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified 8 character roles and 31 narrative functions that recur across stories.
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This document outlines a unit 5 project that requires students to analyze four political cartoons by writing a caption for each. Students must also create their own political cartoon on a topic from unit 5. Directions are provided on formatting the captions and cartoon. A rubric is referenced. Sample captions and formatting are provided. Students are instructed to select one cartoon from each of four sections (A, B, C, D) to analyze for a total of four captions.
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Assignment #7.pptx final
A narrative is a story that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. There are different types of narratives such as linear and non-linear narratives. Some examples of non-linear narratives include The Social Network and 500 Days of Summer. Theories of narrative include structuralist linguist Tzvetan Todorov who analyzed how narratives establish equilibrium, face disruption, and restore order. Anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss viewed narrative structure through binary oppositions such as good and evil. Folklorist Vladimir Propp identified character roles and narrative functions that are common across many folk tales.
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Narrative Theory
This document summarizes several narrative theories proposed by different theorists. Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folktales and identified 8 common character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov suggested narratives follow a 5 stage structure of equilibrium, disruption, realization, restored order, and new equilibrium. Rolland Barthes identified 5 codes that make up a narrative: hermeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic, and cultural.
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1) Todorov's theory proposes five stages that structure narratives: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, new equilibrium. This structure applies to the film "Life Is a Journey" but in a different order.
2) Propp analyzed Russian fairytales and identified character types like villains and heroes, but these don't apply to "Life Is a Journey" which only has two characters.
3) Levi-Strauss saw narratives as reflecting cultural beliefs through binary opposites like poor/rich. "Life Is a Journey" may show this through the relationship between its male and female characters.
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The document summarizes several narrative theories:
1) Tzvetan Todorov's theory that stories follow an equilibrium-disruption-new equilibrium structure.
2) Vladimir Propp's analysis of folk tales as having recurring character types like heroes, villains, donors that fulfill narrative functions.
3) Claude Levi-Strauss's concept of narratives being driven by binary oppositions like man vs. woman, young vs. old.
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The document analyzes the front cover and second page of the Salford Advertiser newspaper. It finds that the stories and characters follow common conventions, including Propp's character archetypes of hero, victim, and villain. It also finds that the narrative structure of the main stories follows Todorov's 5 stages. Technical codes like the Guttenberg principle are also effectively used with headlines and images placed in optimal areas. The document concludes that the newspaper effectively repeats conventions to avoid alienating its target audience.
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This document discusses three theories of media narrative:
1. Propp's theory argues that all stories share the same internal structure of 8 character roles and 31 functions.
2. Levi-Strauss studied how primitive societies functioned and argued they shared elements with advanced societies. He looked at binary oppositions between groups.
3. Equilibrium theory says all stories are about returning to normality after an event disrupts the equilibrium. It examines what event caused the disruption and how the narrative works to restore balance.
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Gothic literature from the late 1700s inspired the horror film genre, establishing conventions that are still used today. Novels like Frankenstein by Mary Shelley shaped perceptions of the genre. Famous films from Georges Méliès in the 19th century and aspects of how gothic literature portrayed characters further defined tropes in modern horror films, such as creatures that look or act differently from society posing a danger. While conventions have evolved over time to appeal to new audiences, gothic literature remains foundational to the development of horror films.
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Narrative theory
This document introduces several theorists of narrative structure, including Tzvetan Todorov, Vladimir Propp, Roland Barthes, and Claude Levi-Strauss. It summarizes some of their main contributions: Todorov proposed narratives follow a structure of equilibrium, disequilibrium, and new equilibrium. Propp identified 31 narrative functions that follow a sequential order. Barthes described codes like the hermeneutic code that establish narrative mysteries. And Levi-Strauss viewed narratives as based on binary oppositions that reveal deeper ideological meanings.
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Narrative Theory
This document summarizes four major narrative theories:
1) Todorov's theory proposes five stages that structure narratives: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, new equilibrium. This structure applies to the film "Life Is a Journey" but in a different order.
2) Propp analyzed Russian fairytales and identified character types like villains and heroes, but these don't apply to "Life Is a Journey" which only has two characters.
3) Levi-Strauss saw narratives as reflecting cultural beliefs through binary opposites like poor/rich. "Life Is a Journey" may show this through the relationship between its male and female characters.
4) Mulvey's "male gaze"
Representation of women
Carol Clover identified the "final girl" theory in her 1992 book Men, Women and Chainsaws. The final girl is a character who survives the longest in a horror film, often thwarting the villain. Typical traits of the final girl include being androgynous, not overly sexualized, and resilient by fighting back against threats. In 1983, Jeremy Tunstall identified that most female media roles fit into four categories - domestic, sexual, consumer, or marital. In 1992, research showed men outnumbered women two to one on screen. The only genre with a more equal ratio was prime time TV advertisements, though women were still portrayed in stereotypical gender roles.
Narrative theories
The document summarizes several narrative theories:
1) Tzvetan Todorov's theory that stories follow an equilibrium-disruption-new equilibrium structure.
2) Vladimir Propp's analysis of folk tales as having recurring character types like heroes, villains, donors that fulfill narrative functions.
3) Claude Levi-Strauss's concept of narratives being driven by binary oppositions like man vs. woman, young vs. old.
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The document analyzes the front cover and second page of the Salford Advertiser newspaper. It finds that the stories and characters follow common conventions, including Propp's character archetypes of hero, victim, and villain. It also finds that the narrative structure of the main stories follows Todorov's 5 stages. Technical codes like the Guttenberg principle are also effectively used with headlines and images placed in optimal areas. The document concludes that the newspaper effectively repeats conventions to avoid alienating its target audience.
Media narrative theory
This document discusses three theories of media narrative:
1. Propp's theory argues that all stories share the same internal structure of 8 character roles and 31 functions.
2. Levi-Strauss studied how primitive societies functioned and argued they shared elements with advanced societies. He looked at binary oppositions between groups.
3. Equilibrium theory says all stories are about returning to normality after an event disrupts the equilibrium. It examines what event caused the disruption and how the narrative works to restore balance.
The history of the horror genre
The document outlines the history of the horror genre in film from the 1890s to present day. It discusses the emergence of early horror films in the silent era, the Golden Age of horror in the 1930s-1940s dominated by Universal Studios films, the rise of psychological horror and sci-fi themes in the 1950s-1960s, the popularity of occult and slasher films in the 1970s-1980s, the decline of originality in the 1990s with many sequels, and the modern era characterized by remakes, torture porn franchises, and found footage films made with minimal budgets.
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The document discusses several theorists who contributed to structuralist theories of narrative. It describes Tzvetan Todorov's concepts of equilibrium, disequilibrium, and new equilibrium in narratives. It also mentions Roland Barthes' five codes that make up narratives, including the enigma code. Claude Levi-Strauss argued that narratives are based on binary oppositions and deeper paradigmatic meanings rather than surface structures. Vladimir Propp analyzed folk tales and identified eight character roles and 31 predictable functions that commonly occur.
WWII_Radio_Unit_pdf
This document outlines a lesson plan exploring WWII, Kurt Vonnegut's novel Mother Night, and the significance of radio broadcasts during the war. Students will first learn about key WWII events and Hitler as a public speaker. They will then read Mother Night and discuss Vonnegut's writing style. Finally, students will create a podcast responding
WWII Radio Unit
This document outlines a cross-disciplinary lesson plan combining an English and social studies unit on World War II that includes an overview of WWII, a study of Kurt Vonnegut's novel Mother Night, and an exploration of the significance of radio broadcasts during WWII. Students will analyze Vonnegut's writing style and characters, investigate the role of public speaking and radio, and create a podcast responding to propaganda from the perspective of a WWII leader.
Group4
This document provides an overview of Marvel Comics and some of its most famous characters. It discusses the history of Marvel, which was founded in 1939 as Timely Publications and became known as Marvel in the 1960s. Some of Marvel's most famous characters that are introduced include Spider-Man, Hulk, Thor, Iron Man, and Captain America. Brief descriptions of each character are given. The document also lists some popular Marvel films from 2008 to 2014 and provides a few fun facts about Marvel comics.
Tv drama research
The Man in the High Castle is an alternate history TV drama set in 1962 where the Axis powers won WWII. The plot follows characters in a dystopian USA divided between Nazi and Japanese rule who discover propaganda films of an unknown origin. Main iconography includes Nazi and Japanese flags and symbols. The drama features a large cast of characters including Joe, a Nazi double agent, and Obergruppenfuhrer Smith, a Nazi commander. Main themes explored are morality, treachery, and living under fascist rule. The show uses period film techniques to set the tone and establish its alternate history setting across locations in the USA and Europe.
The gothic horror subgenre as film
Gothic horror originated from Gothic fiction novels of the 1800s, such as Frankenstein and Dracula. It uses elements like desolate landscapes, dark architecture, supernatural occurrences, and characters in danger to create an emotional, visceral response in audiences rather than an intellectual one. Common tropes include ruined abbeys, secret passages, apparitions, and dual worlds representing light and dark. Gothic fiction explores the conflict between subconscious desires and social conventions through the journey of characters between these two worlds.
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Marvel was founded in 1939 as Timely Publications and is now a major American publisher of comic books and films. Some of Marvel's most famous characters include Spider-Man, Wolverine, Iron Man, Captain America, Hulk, Thor and others who operate in the Marvel Universe. Marvel has produced many successful films based on these characters including the Iron Man, Spider-Man, Avengers and Guardians of the Galaxy franchises. The presentation provides a history of Marvel, descriptions of some of its most popular characters, and lists some of its famous films.
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Marvel Comics is an American publisher founded in 1939 as Timely Publications. It is known for popular superhero characters such as Spider-Man, Wolverine, Iron Man, Captain America, and the Hulk. In 2009, Marvel Entertainment was acquired by The Walt Disney Company. Some of Marvel's most famous films include the Iron Man, Spider-Man, Avengers, and Guardians of the Galaxy franchises. The presentation provides a history of Marvel, descriptions of key characters like Spider-Man, Hulk, Thor, and Iron Man, and lists some popular Marvel films and fun facts.
Murder Mystery History
Murder mystery films originated in the early 1900s when crime films were popular. There were two main types - open mysteries which revealed the perpetrator early on, and closed mysteries or "whodunits" where the criminal was unknown. Alfred Hitchcock directed many famous murder mysteries in the 1920s-1930s that helped establish the genre. Through the 1950s-1990s, murder mysteries expanded widely on television and film, often combining with other genres like horror or fantasy. Into the 21st century, the genre continues to adapt novels and develop new psychological thrillers and suspenseful stories.
Narrative theory
This document discusses several narrative theorists and their contributions to understanding narrative structure. Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian fairytales and proposed that narratives can be classified based on character roles such as hero, villain, and princess. Tzvetan Todorov suggested that most narratives follow a disruption-fight-return to equilibrium structure. Roland Barthes identified five codes that enable readers to make sense of narratives, including action and enigma devices. Claude Levi-Strauss examined how stories unconsciously reflect the culture they come from through symbolic oppositions.
Brief History of Horror
Gothic literature from the late 1700s inspired the horror film genre, establishing conventions that are still used today. Novels like Frankenstein by Mary Shelley shaped perceptions of the genre. Famous films from Georges Méliès in the 19th century and aspects of how gothic literature portrayed characters further defined tropes in modern horror films, such as creatures that look or act differently from society posing a danger. While conventions have evolved over time to appeal to new audiences, gothic literature remains foundational to the development of horror films.
Harry potter
The document discusses the Harry Potter book and film series. The books were written by J.K. Rowling starting in 1997 with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The books became international bestsellers and were later adapted into 8 Harry Potter films released between 2001-2011, which followed the storylines of the books.
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Prelim Script - The Interview
A teacher, Mrs. Jones, has just finished a job interview at Ringwood School and is waiting to hear if she got the job. The student interviewing her says she did well in the interview and just needs to answer two final questions - her favorite condiment and whether she prefers liquid or bar soap. Mrs. Jones answers barbecue sauce and liquid soap. The student then confirms that Mrs. Jones got the job and can start on Monday.
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Genre theory involves classifying films into categories based on common traits, though contemporary views see genres as dynamic and constantly evolving based on societal changes. Genres are not fixed but undergo negotiation and change over time as reflected in society's values. Film theorist Rick Altman argues that pure genres no longer exist and that genres now survive through hybridization, borrowing conventions from one another to remain appealing to audiences tired of formulas.
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The document analyzes the cinematography, editing, sound, and mise-en-scene techniques used in the opening sequence of the film Hot Fuzz. It notes that establishing shots, mid-shots, close-ups, zooms, and tracking/panning shots are used to establish characters and the fast-paced narrative. Quick cuts, bridges, and a dissolve are used in the fast-edited montage opening to entice viewers. Diegetic and non-diegetic sounds like music and enhanced effects maintain the comedic tone. Costumes, props, locations, and lighting are employed to characterize the main character and police setting while advancing the plot.
Location Recce
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My Target Audience
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This document appears to be a shot list for a film or video project. It includes shots numbered 1-4 in a forest, shots 8-9 and 14-17 on a beach, and concluding shots 18-20 also on the beach. Details are provided for some shots like camera angles and the actors' motions. The list also notes when shots include elements like the sea, beach, trees, and a campfire prop.
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Two people survive a plane crash on an island and have been living there for three months. While collecting wood, they discover something strange. Later, one of the survivors is able to start a flame by snapping their fingers, suggesting they may have developed supernatural abilities after being stranded for so long. They decide to experiment more with this new power by the campfire at sunset.
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This document discusses narrative theories proposed by Vladimir Propp and Claude Levi-Strauss. It summarizes Propp's analysis of Russian folktales, in which he identified 8 character roles and 31 functions that advance the story. Propp viewed narratives as having fixed structural elements derived from culture. The document also summarizes Levi-Strauss' theory of binary oppositions, in which he analyzed themes in genres like Westerns in terms of paired opposing concepts. Students are asked to identify Propp's character roles in a chosen film and propose binary oppositions found in crime or horror genres.
Fht essay long version
Narrative theories help understand narrative structure by identifying common narrative elements and character roles across different stories. Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folktales and identified that narratives follow a structure determined by 8 character roles like hero, villain, donor. Propp's theory is applied to Star Wars to show how Luke, Darth Vader and others fit character roles and drive the narrative. While Propp's theory explains many stories, it does not apply to all narratives like Pulp Fiction that uses nonlinear storytelling. Overall, narrative theories provide frameworks to analyze how specific texts employ narrative devices and progress their unique stories.
A brief insight into the history of horror movies
The document provides a brief history of horror movies. It notes that early horrors were based on Gothic literature and focused on monsters like vampires and werewolves. In the 1930s, films like Dracula and Frankenstein became popular. Horror genres later expanded to include science fiction elements like alien invasions. The 1970s saw more supernatural films while the 2000s brought a revival of zombie movies and increased gore. Horror films have increasingly focused on graphic violence over storyline.
Aspects of narrative answers
This document introduces four key narrative theories:
1. Propp's 7 character archetypes including hero, villain, donor, etc. Examples from Star Wars are given.
2. Todorov's 5-stage narrative structure of equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, new equilibrium. An example film is requested.
3. Levi-Strauss' concept of binary oppositions creating tension, with examples of social classes and sexuality.
4. Barthes' idea of the narrative enigma that creates puzzles driving the story.
The document asks the reader to apply these theories to their own fictional narrative and provides information and examples to help understand each concept.
Narrative theory
Narrative theory analyzes how media texts communicate meaning about events. Narrative theorists suggest there are a limited number of character types that audiences use to understand narratives. For example, Vladimir Propp identified character types like the villain, hero, donor, and princess. Tzvetan Todorov proposed that most narratives follow a structure of equilibrium, disruption, resolution. Roland Barthes argued narratives can be broken down into codes like action, reference, and symbolism that help readers make sense of stories. Levi-Strauss examined how unconscious cultural values are reflected in narratives through binary oppositions such as good vs bad.
Narrative theory
This document outlines key concepts in narrative theory, including narrative structures, forms, theorists, and their theories. It discusses Vladimir Propp's identification of 8 character roles and 31 narrative functions in folk tales. It also summarizes Tzvetan Todorov's theory of disrupted equilibrium, Roland Barthes' 5 action codes, Claude Levi-Strauss' theory of binary oppositions, Victor Shklovsky's distinction between plot and story, and theories by David Bordwell/Kristin Thompson and Gill Branston/Roy Stafford. The document provides examples and activities for students to apply these narrative theories.
Action, Adventure, And Fantasy Movies
The document provides summaries of various action, adventure, fantasy and science fiction movies from the early 1980s to the early 2000s. It discusses the key elements that define these genres and provides 3 sentence summaries of popular films that exemplify them, including Raiders of the Lost Ark, Back to the Future, The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Minority Report, Pirates of the Caribbean trilogy, National Treasure, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, I, Robot, The Day After Tomorrow, The Chronicles of Narnia series, Pan's Labyrinth, I Am Legend, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.
FHT essay
Narrative theories help understand narrative structure by identifying patterns and elements within stories. Propp's theory breaks down characters into roles like hero, villain, princess that serve functions in the narrative. Star Wars and Léon apply Propp's roles. Todorov sees narratives following five steps from equilibrium to resolution. Léon fits this pattern. Lévi-Strauss argues narratives use binary oppositions like good vs evil that thicken the plot. Theories have limitations but analyze choices that reveal a narrative's underlying structure.
Narrative theory
This document summarizes key concepts and theorists related to narrative theory. It discusses how narrative theory analyzes how media texts communicate meaning through storytelling and explains common narrative structures including a beginning, middle, and end. Several influential narrative theorists are outlined, such as Propp's characterization archetypes, Todorov's structural phases, Barthes' five codes, Levi-Strauss' focus on cultural values/myths, and postmodern concepts like nonlinearity, intertextuality, and self-reflexivity. The document also provides an example analysis of a Taylor Swift song through different theoretical lenses.
Action, Adventure, And Fantasy Movies
The document provides summaries of various action, adventure, fantasy and science fiction movies from the early 2000s. It discusses key genres such as action/adventure films involving fights and stunts, and fantasy/sci-fi films involving themes of magic, supernatural beings and imaginary creatures. Specific movies summarized include The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Minority Report, Pirates of the Caribbean trilogy, National Treasure, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow and I, Robot.
Researching & Applying Narrative Theory G321 Coursework Version
This document discusses various narrative theories that can be applied when analyzing films, including Propp's character archetypes, Todorov's theory of narrative structure, Levi-Strauss' concept of binary oppositions, and types of narration. It provides examples of how some well-known films fit certain theories, such as Die Hard following Todorov's model and Psycho establishing a binary opposition through its music. The document encourages analyzing one's own creative work through these theoretical lenses.
Narrative theory
The document discusses various narrative theories that are relevant to understanding stories and media. It covers Aristotle's three unities of drama, Freytag's dramatic arc model consisting of five acts, Todorov's theory of narrative equilibrium being disrupted and then restored, Propp's character archetypes in folktales, Barthes' concept of narratives establishing and solving enigmas, Levi-Strauss' idea of binary oppositions creating meaning, and provides examples of how these theories are applied in analyzing the TV show "24."
Narrative theory
Propp identified a limited number of character types that appear in narratives, including villains, heroes, donors, helpers, princesses, fathers, dispatchers, and false heroes. Todorov suggested that narratives follow a pattern of normality, disruption of normality, and restoration of normality. Barthes identified five codes that help readers make sense of narratives: the action code, referential code, semantic code, enigma code, and symbolic code. Levi-Strauss introduced the concept of binary oppositions in narratives, which are conflicts between two opposing qualities or terms. Narrative theory analyzes how media texts communicate meaning about events through their use of characters, structure, and codes.
Horror essay
This document provides an overview of horror films including their history, genres, themes, and audience reception. It discusses how horror films aim to frighten audiences while also entertaining them. Early horror films were influenced by Gothic literature and silent German films. More recently, religious themes have become popular. The document also examines the portrayal of gender in horror films and how this has changed over time with women increasingly depicted as strong protagonists. It explores theories around audience reception and how meanings can differ between encoding and decoding of messages in films.
Creative Media BTEC- "Film Reading- Horror Essay"
Horror films are designed to frighten audiences while also entertaining them. The history of horror films can be traced back to gothic literature of the late 1700s by authors like Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe. In the early 1900s, silent films began experimenting with horror genres, adapting stories like Frankenstein. In the 1930s, Universal Studios launched the Universal Horror cycle, producing iconic horror films like Dracula and Frankenstein that helped establish the genre. As the decades passed, horror evolved through cycles of different popular subgenres, including slasher films in the 1970s-80s and torture porn in the 2000s, while still drawing on the psychological appeal of fear.
Assignment #7.pptx final
A narrative is a story that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. There are different types of narratives such as linear and non-linear narratives. Examples of non-linear narratives include The Social Network and 500 Days of Summer. Theories of narrative include structuralist Tzvetan Todorov who analyzed how narratives establish equilibrium, face disruption, and restore order. Claude Levi-Strauss viewed narrative through binary oppositions like good and evil. Vladimir Propp identified character roles and narrative functions that can be applied across different stories.
Science Fiction
Science fiction involves speculative fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and is distinguished from fantasy by being grounded in scientific possibility. It often explores settings in the future, in space, or involving new technology. Hard science fiction focuses on accurate scientific details while soft science fiction prioritizes character and emotion. Popular subgenres include cyberpunk, time travel, alternate history, military science fiction, superhuman stories, apocalyptic tales, space opera, and space westerns. Common themes revolve around the future, parallel universes, scientific predictions, space warfare, cloning, telepathy, alien languages, dystopias and utopias. Frequent characters include aliens and cyborgs.
Vladimir Propp theory
Vladimir Propp was a Russian critic interested in folk tales. He noticed many folk tales shared similar narrative structures and characters. Propp identified 8 character types that exist in all folk tales and 31 key narrative events that typically occur in stories in a particular order based on these characters. Propp's theory analyzed the functions of characters and their narrative roles. He claimed characters have motives that cause events and sides are taken in conflicts central to these stories.
Narrative theory
This document discusses various theories of narrative analysis that can be applied to different media. It defines narrative as a chain of causally linked events with a beginning, middle, and end. Narrative theory analyzes how media texts communicate events. Several theorists are discussed, including Propp, who identified common character archetypes in folk stories, and Todorov, who proposed a 5-stage model of narrative structure. Other theorists mentioned are Barthes, Levi-Strauss, and Cameron. The document also discusses postmodern narratives and how narrative analysis considers elements like editing and sound to create meaning for audiences.
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Narrative theory
- 1. Emma Mc Conologue Narrative theory Narrative theoryanalysesthe wayinwhichmediatextscommunicate meaningaboutevents. Narrative theorycanbe appliedtoarange of differentmediaincludingfilm, T.V,photographsand magazines. Narrative analysisof internetbasedmediaismore problematic,thoughmaystill be relevant.For example,youcouldconsiderhowsomeone’sFacebookprofilecreatesanarrative abouttheirlife. VladimirPropp (1928) Proppwas a Russiantheoristwhosuggeststhatthere are a limitednumberof charactertypesthat share a function. The eightcharacter typesare: - 1. The Villian(The badpersoninthe film) (LordFarquaad) - 2. The Hero (or characterwho seekssomething) (Shrek) - 3. The Donor (whoprovidesan objectwithsome magicproperty) (N/A) - 4. The Helper(whoaidsthe Hero) (Donkey) - 5. The Princess(rewardforthe hero,and objectof the villian’sschemes) (Fiona) - 6. Her father (whorewardsthe hero) (The King) - 7. The Dispatcher(whosendsthe heroon hisway) (Lord Farquaad) - 8. The False (Anti) Hero (The character whoalsolaysclaimto the princessbutis unsuitable and causescomplications). (The QueenorLord Farquaad) Whenan audience readsamediatextitdeploysitsknowledge of thesearchetypal charactersin orderto decode the meaningof the text. Nowadaysinfilmwe oftensee the charactersmerged. Todorov (1969) TzvetanTodorov was a Bulgarianliterarytheoristwhosuggestedthatmostnarrativesstartwitha state of equilibriuminwhichlife is‘normal’andprotagonistsare happy. Thisstare of normalityisdisruptedbyanoutside force,whichhastobe foughtagainstin order to returnto a state of equilibrium. Thismodel can easilybe appliedtoa wide range of fairytales,folklore,fictiontextsandfilms. Equilibrium ----> Disequilibrium ----> Resolution (New Equilibrium)
- 2. Emma Mc Conologue RolandBarthes(1960s) RolandBarthes’ narrative theoryclaimsthata narrative thatcan be brokendownintofive codesor setsof rulestohelpthe readermake sense of it. He emphasisesthe active role of readersincreatingmeaning,andtheir‘culturallyformed expectations’. The five codes: - Action code – referringtothe eventstakingplace throughactione.g.a fightor a chase. - Referential code – referringtothe informationandexplanation e.g.InGuardiansofThe Galaxyexplainingwhat the Orb does. - Semantic code – referringtothe charactersand characterisation e.g. gender,sexuality, personalityetc. - Enigma code – a narrative device thatteasesthe audience bypresentingapuzzle orriddle to be solved.Worksdelaythe story’sendingpleasurably. E.g. the questinShrek. - Symboliccode – referringtothe connotationsof signs. E.g. the highermeaningsof the film – the importance of familyin Hole Alone. Claude Levi-Strauss(1972) He wasa social Anthropologistwhostudiedmythsof tribal cultures. He saidthat charactersare usuallyexpressedinthe formof binaryoppositions. Examples: - GoodVS Bad - DomesticVS Savage - Pretty VS Ugly - InnocentVS Devious - Christian(Kings and Queens) VSPagan (Witches) - WeakPrincessVS Strong wrong doers - Safe CastlesVS Dark wildernessForest