Narrative
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Claude Levi-Strauss suggested that narratives are driven by binary opposites such as light/dark, good/evil, etc. and move towards equilibrium or resolution. Vladimir Propp studied Russian folk tales and identified a limited number of character types. Tzvetan Todorov identified most narratives follow a three-part structure of an initial equilibrium, a disturbance, and a final resolution or new equilibrium. Roland Barthes believed texts have denotations and connotations that can have open or closed meanings. Robert McKee developed a five-part narrative structure of an inciting incident, progressive complications, crisis, climax, and resolution.
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Claude Levi Strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a highly influential 20th century French anthropologist who founded the structuralist school of anthropology. He applied structural analysis to family relations and belief systems, arguing they are made up of interconnected parts. After studying law and teaching sociology in Brazil, he became a professor of anthropology in France, writing extensively on structural theory and its application to myth, ritual and kinship.
Claude Levi Strauss
Claude Levi Strauss was a pioneering French anthropologist and structuralist thinker. He believed that narratives are driven by conflicts between binary oppositions such as good vs evil. This theory helped establish structuralism as a concept. It also explains how media engages audiences through the use of protagonists, antagonists, conflict, and resolution. Levi Strauss' work is still influential for media students in understanding structuralism and deconstructing genres.
Claude levi strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a French structuralist anthropologist who was born in 1908 in Belgium and died in 2009 in France at the age of 100. He studied myths and legends from around the world and found that humans make sense of the world through "binary opposites". Narratives are often structured around the conflict between pairs of opposing concepts like good vs evil, young vs old, and man vs woman. His theory was that the conflict at the core of many stories is based on the opposition between these binary concepts.
Structuralism & Narratology
An introduction for students of literature who are looking to gain a basic understanding of the origin and principles of structurlism and narratology when applied to text.
Levi Strauss and structuralism
Claude Lévi-Strauss was a founder of structuralism in anthropology. He sought to understand the underlying patterns and structures of human thought by studying myths, kinship systems, and other cultural phenomena. He was inspired by structural linguistics and believed that relations within cultural systems form structures, just as phonemes form structures in language. Lévi-Strauss analyzed kinship systems and argued they are representations of alliances between groups rather than facts, with incest prohibitions allowing the circulation of women between groups. He also broke myths down into fundamental units called mythemes and studied their universal structures. Structuralism aimed to establish anthropology as a true science of mankind and understand culture through universal laws governing relations within systems
Claude levi strauss
Claude Levi Strauss was a structuralist anthropologist whose work influenced semiotics. He emphasized structuring oppositions in myths and language. He believed that all meaning is based on binary oppositions or conflicts between two opposing qualities or terms. He was less interested in the order of events and instead looked for deeper themes beneath the surface. He analyzed systematic oppositions in narratives and applied this theory to Western genres in the 1970s. Narratives are based on resolving oppositional forces, and position the audience to justify their own cultural values.
Narrative theories 1
The document discusses Tzvetan Todorov's theories on narrative structure. It states that Todorov divides a conventional narrative into three acts: a beginning, middle, and end. The beginning establishes equilibrium in the story world, the middle contains events that disrupt this equilibrium and introduce disequilibrium, and the end achieves a new state of equilibrium by resolving the conflicts introduced in the middle.
Literature Reviewed
This document discusses definitions and characteristics of literature. It defines literature as creative written works, such as fiction, poetry, and drama, that are considered to have lasting artistic value. Literature uses language in unique ways to transform and intensify ordinary speech. Good literature holds a mirror to nature, is original, skillfully crafted, and conscious of moral values. The document also presents three theories for classifying literature: mimetic theory views it as a mirror of life, expressive theory sees it as an expression of feelings, and affective theory considers its purpose to arouse emotions in readers.
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Claude Levi Strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a highly influential 20th century French anthropologist who founded the structuralist school of anthropology. He applied structural analysis to family relations and belief systems, arguing they are made up of interconnected parts. After studying law and teaching sociology in Brazil, he became a professor of anthropology in France, writing extensively on structural theory and its application to myth, ritual and kinship.
Claude Levi Strauss
Claude Levi Strauss was a pioneering French anthropologist and structuralist thinker. He believed that narratives are driven by conflicts between binary oppositions such as good vs evil. This theory helped establish structuralism as a concept. It also explains how media engages audiences through the use of protagonists, antagonists, conflict, and resolution. Levi Strauss' work is still influential for media students in understanding structuralism and deconstructing genres.
Claude levi strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a French structuralist anthropologist who was born in 1908 in Belgium and died in 2009 in France at the age of 100. He studied myths and legends from around the world and found that humans make sense of the world through "binary opposites". Narratives are often structured around the conflict between pairs of opposing concepts like good vs evil, young vs old, and man vs woman. His theory was that the conflict at the core of many stories is based on the opposition between these binary concepts.
Structuralism & Narratology
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Levi Strauss and structuralism
Claude Lévi-Strauss was a founder of structuralism in anthropology. He sought to understand the underlying patterns and structures of human thought by studying myths, kinship systems, and other cultural phenomena. He was inspired by structural linguistics and believed that relations within cultural systems form structures, just as phonemes form structures in language. Lévi-Strauss analyzed kinship systems and argued they are representations of alliances between groups rather than facts, with incest prohibitions allowing the circulation of women between groups. He also broke myths down into fundamental units called mythemes and studied their universal structures. Structuralism aimed to establish anthropology as a true science of mankind and understand culture through universal laws governing relations within systems
Claude levi strauss
Claude Levi Strauss was a structuralist anthropologist whose work influenced semiotics. He emphasized structuring oppositions in myths and language. He believed that all meaning is based on binary oppositions or conflicts between two opposing qualities or terms. He was less interested in the order of events and instead looked for deeper themes beneath the surface. He analyzed systematic oppositions in narratives and applied this theory to Western genres in the 1970s. Narratives are based on resolving oppositional forces, and position the audience to justify their own cultural values.
Narrative theories 1
The document discusses Tzvetan Todorov's theories on narrative structure. It states that Todorov divides a conventional narrative into three acts: a beginning, middle, and end. The beginning establishes equilibrium in the story world, the middle contains events that disrupt this equilibrium and introduce disequilibrium, and the end achieves a new state of equilibrium by resolving the conflicts introduced in the middle.
Literature Reviewed
This document discusses definitions and characteristics of literature. It defines literature as creative written works, such as fiction, poetry, and drama, that are considered to have lasting artistic value. Literature uses language in unique ways to transform and intensify ordinary speech. Good literature holds a mirror to nature, is original, skillfully crafted, and conscious of moral values. The document also presents three theories for classifying literature: mimetic theory views it as a mirror of life, expressive theory sees it as an expression of feelings, and affective theory considers its purpose to arouse emotions in readers.
The Concept of Binary Opposition
The document discusses the concept of binary opposition, which refers to pairs of terms or concepts that are opposites, such as good/bad or male/female. It outlines the history and theories around binary opposition in structuralism, post-structuralism, western thought, and Islam. Examples are given of how binary opposition is used in literature to explore differences between groups and categories of people and the problems that can arise from such divisions.
Narrative Stylistics
This document outlines the key components of narrative structure:
1) Plot - the sequence of events or storyline of a narrative. Changing the order changes the interpretation.
2) Narrative point of view - whether the perspective is first, third, or mixed person point of view.
3) Narrative techniques - such as flashbacks, which disrupt chronological order.
4) Medium - the communication channel like film, novels, which influence the narrative.
Narratology/Archetypes
The document discusses archetypes in literature. It defines archetypes as recurring symbols or motifs that represent universal human experiences. Some examples of common archetypes provided include the hero, child, and wise old man. The document outlines how archetypes can apply to characters, plots, images, and ideas. It discusses scholars like Jung who saw archetypes originating from a collective unconscious. Examples are given of archetypes found across different literary works and genres.
Narative throry
The document discusses several theorists and their contributions to understanding narrative structure:
Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified common "narrative functions" and character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov suggested stories follow a pattern of equilibrium, disruption by an outside force, and a return to equilibrium. Roland Barthes proposed five codes that can be seen in any narrative: the hermeneutic code, enigma code, symbolic code, cultural code, and semantic code. Claude Levis-Strauss studied myths and noticed they unconsciously reflected cultural values through "binary oppositions."
Narative throry
The document discusses several theorists and their contributions to understanding narrative structure:
Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified common "narrative functions" and character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov suggested stories follow a pattern of equilibrium, disruption by an outside force, and a return to equilibrium. Roland Barthes proposed five codes that can be seen in any narrative: the hermeneutic code, enigma code, symbolic code, cultural code, and semantic code. Claude Levis-Strauss studied myths and noticed they unconsciously reflected cultural values through "binary oppositions."
Claude levi strauss[1]
Claude Levi-Strauss studied myths from around the world and discovered that humans make sense of the world through binary oppositions. He found that narratives are structured around the conflict between binary opposites such as good vs evil. Levi-Strauss believed the central climax of any narrative comes from the conflict between these opposing pairs of concepts.
Narratology
Narratology is the study of narrative structure and function. It seeks to understand the basic components of stories, how they are arranged and structured, the different media used to tell stories, the various purposes stories serve, and how stories evolve over time and place. The document defines narratology as including narrative arcs, universal causal patterns called narremes that advance the story, and themes that provide meaning beyond just representing events. Narratology is important for game design as it allows games to model storytelling conventions from other media and provide gamers with a narrative to follow through the game.
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Claude Lévi Strauss - Media Theorist
Claude Lévi-Strauss was a French anthropologist and ethnologist who introduced the theory of binary oppositions. He suggested that narratives are driven by conflicts between theoretical opposites such as good vs evil, male vs female, and dark vs light. This theory of structuralism analyzes how opposing concepts define each other and is important for assessing groups of texts and genres. Lévi-Strauss believed examining myths revealed juxtaposed binary opposites that operate unconsciously in people's minds.
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Structuralism is an analytical method that applies linguistic theories to cultural phenomena beyond language. It focuses on the internal relationships between signs in a system rather than what the signs represent. Structuralism views cultural objects and activities as systems of signs and tries to isolate the underlying rules governing how the signs combine to create meaning. It had a large influence on twentieth century thought as language became a central concern.
Poststructuralism literary criticism
This document discusses post-structuralism and provides examples of its application. It begins by defining post-structuralism as studying how knowledge is produced and critiquing structuralist assumptions, arguing that history and culture influence interpretations. It notes post-structuralism is less defined as a single movement than structuralism. The document then gives two literary examples - a poem about a black rose questioning social perceptions, and a poem using an ocean metaphor for a family - to demonstrate post-structuralist analysis focusing on reader interpretation over authorial intent.
Claude Levi-Strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a renowned 20th century French anthropologist and philosopher known for establishing structuralism. He studied myths from diverse cultures and found they shared more similarities than differences, with humans making sense of the world through binary oppositions. Levi-Strauss emphasized the importance of binary structures in myth systems and language. He believed that underlying all meaning-making and social life were reconciliations of common binary opposites, showing that patterns of human thought are fundamentally the same across societies.
Narrative theory - A2 Media
This document outlines several theories of narrative including definitions, key theorists, and concepts. It defines narrative as a chain of causally linked events with a beginning, middle, and end. Theorists discussed include Propp, who identified common character archetypes; Barthes, who broke narratives into five codes; Levi-Strauss, who examined how myths reflect cultural values; and Allan Cameron, who categorized modular narrative structures like episodic and forking-path narratives. Postmodern narratives are described as playful, intertextual, and self-reflexive. Overall, the document provides an overview of narrative theory, major thinkers, and analytical approaches.
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Claude Levi-Strauss was a French anthropologist known for his work on structuralism and structural anthropology. He believed that language and thought are structured through binary oppositions, or contrasting terms like good and evil, light and dark. According to Levi-Strauss, these opposing concepts shape how we understand and perceive the world. Examples of binary oppositions in stories include heroes versus villains, as seen in Harry Potter with Harry/Voldemort and in Batman with Batman/Joker.
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This document discusses the concept of "historiographic metafiction", a type of postmodern fiction that is both metafictional and historical in its references to past texts and contexts. It argues that postmodern fiction engages with both literary and historical intertexts through parody and intertextuality. By embedding these intertextual pasts, postmodern fiction both asserts and questions notions of history and literature as human constructs. This doubles as a formal marking of historicity. The document provides examples of novels that exemplify historiographic metafiction, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude and The French Lieutenant's Woman.
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This document provides an overview of Gerard Genette's narratology. It discusses that Genette was a French literary theorist who adopted the concepts of "bricolage" from Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes. Narratology aims to understand the distinction between a story, narrative, and narration. Genette's narratology is derived from his work Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. The five key concepts in Genette's narratology are order, frequency, duration, voice, and mood. Order refers to the sequencing of events in a narrative. Frequency examines the separation between an event and its narration. Duration looks at the difference between discourse time and narrative time
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The document discusses several key concepts from post-structuralism and how they relate to writers, readers, and meaning. It argues that 1) writers are constituted by their texts and the social meanings embedded within language, rather than being original owners of meaning, 2) readers are active interpreters of texts rather than passive receivers of meaning from an author, and 3) meaning is unstable, deferred, and arises from the differences between signs rather than being directly present or fully contained within any single sign.
Deconstruction
1. Deconstruction began as a philosophical movement that questioned metaphysical assumptions in Western philosophy. Thinkers like Rene Descartes and Fredrick Nietzsche began questioning the objective truth of language.
2. Jacques Derrida developed deconstruction as a form of semiotic analysis that disputed philosophical centers of meaning and binary oppositions. He analyzed how meanings shift within language.
3. Deconstruction examines how texts undermine or defer fixed meanings through ambiguities in signs and changing relationships between signifiers and signifieds. It aims to "de-center" the search for transcendental truths or meanings.
Structuralism
The document discusses the emergence and key ideas of New Criticism in the 1920s-1930s. New Critics such as Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren, and John Crowe Ransom privileged poetry as having an organic unity and counteracting industrialization. They defined poetry through its formal structure and warned against reducing poems to thematic statements. Structuralism emerged and viewed meaning as deriving from timeless, universal structures within sign systems. Claude Levi-Strauss applied structuralism to anthropology and examined cultural concepts like totems and taboos. Lacan later reworked Freudian psychoanalysis using structuralist concepts like the real, imaginary, and symbolic orders and introduced ideas like the mirror stage.
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This document provides an overview of structuralism and post-structuralism in cultural theory. It discusses key thinkers including Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Will Wright. It examines how structuralism views language and meaning as defined by relationships and differences. Post-structuralism rejects the idea of an underlying structure determining meaning, arguing that meaning is constantly evolving. Theorists like Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault are discussed in relation to how they viewed binaries, discourse, and power.
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The document discusses the concept of binary opposition, which refers to pairs of terms or concepts that are opposites, such as good/bad or male/female. It outlines the history and theories around binary opposition in structuralism, post-structuralism, western thought, and Islam. Examples are given of how binary opposition is used in literature to explore differences between groups and categories of people and the problems that can arise from such divisions.
Narrative Stylistics
This document outlines the key components of narrative structure:
1) Plot - the sequence of events or storyline of a narrative. Changing the order changes the interpretation.
2) Narrative point of view - whether the perspective is first, third, or mixed person point of view.
3) Narrative techniques - such as flashbacks, which disrupt chronological order.
4) Medium - the communication channel like film, novels, which influence the narrative.
Narratology/Archetypes
The document discusses archetypes in literature. It defines archetypes as recurring symbols or motifs that represent universal human experiences. Some examples of common archetypes provided include the hero, child, and wise old man. The document outlines how archetypes can apply to characters, plots, images, and ideas. It discusses scholars like Jung who saw archetypes originating from a collective unconscious. Examples are given of archetypes found across different literary works and genres.
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The document discusses several theorists and their contributions to understanding narrative structure:
Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified common "narrative functions" and character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov suggested stories follow a pattern of equilibrium, disruption by an outside force, and a return to equilibrium. Roland Barthes proposed five codes that can be seen in any narrative: the hermeneutic code, enigma code, symbolic code, cultural code, and semantic code. Claude Levis-Strauss studied myths and noticed they unconsciously reflected cultural values through "binary oppositions."
Narative throry
The document discusses several theorists and their contributions to understanding narrative structure:
Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified common "narrative functions" and character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov suggested stories follow a pattern of equilibrium, disruption by an outside force, and a return to equilibrium. Roland Barthes proposed five codes that can be seen in any narrative: the hermeneutic code, enigma code, symbolic code, cultural code, and semantic code. Claude Levis-Strauss studied myths and noticed they unconsciously reflected cultural values through "binary oppositions."
Claude levi strauss[1]
Claude Levi-Strauss studied myths from around the world and discovered that humans make sense of the world through binary oppositions. He found that narratives are structured around the conflict between binary opposites such as good vs evil. Levi-Strauss believed the central climax of any narrative comes from the conflict between these opposing pairs of concepts.
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Narratology is the study of narrative structure and function. It seeks to understand the basic components of stories, how they are arranged and structured, the different media used to tell stories, the various purposes stories serve, and how stories evolve over time and place. The document defines narratology as including narrative arcs, universal causal patterns called narremes that advance the story, and themes that provide meaning beyond just representing events. Narratology is important for game design as it allows games to model storytelling conventions from other media and provide gamers with a narrative to follow through the game.
Gerard genette's structuralism & literary criticism
This document discusses Gerard Genette's structuralism and its application to literary criticism. It introduces key concepts of structuralist criticism like langue and parole, and examines how structuralism views literature as a sign system that can be analyzed using linguistic models. It outlines some of the major structuralist critics like Roland Barthes, Gerard Genette, and Tzvetan Todorov and how structuralism opposes expressive and mimetic criticism by examining the systematic dimensions of a text rather than its actual meaning. The document also discusses concepts from narratology like story versus narrative, narrating versus narration, and techniques like analepsis, prolepsis, diegesis, and mimesis.
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Claude Lévi-Strauss was a French anthropologist and ethnologist who introduced the theory of binary oppositions. He suggested that narratives are driven by conflicts between theoretical opposites such as good vs evil, male vs female, and dark vs light. This theory of structuralism analyzes how opposing concepts define each other and is important for assessing groups of texts and genres. Lévi-Strauss believed examining myths revealed juxtaposed binary opposites that operate unconsciously in people's minds.
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Poststructuralism literary criticism
This document discusses post-structuralism and provides examples of its application. It begins by defining post-structuralism as studying how knowledge is produced and critiquing structuralist assumptions, arguing that history and culture influence interpretations. It notes post-structuralism is less defined as a single movement than structuralism. The document then gives two literary examples - a poem about a black rose questioning social perceptions, and a poem using an ocean metaphor for a family - to demonstrate post-structuralist analysis focusing on reader interpretation over authorial intent.
Claude Levi-Strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a renowned 20th century French anthropologist and philosopher known for establishing structuralism. He studied myths from diverse cultures and found they shared more similarities than differences, with humans making sense of the world through binary oppositions. Levi-Strauss emphasized the importance of binary structures in myth systems and language. He believed that underlying all meaning-making and social life were reconciliations of common binary opposites, showing that patterns of human thought are fundamentally the same across societies.
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Claude lévi strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a French anthropologist known for his work on structuralism and structural anthropology. He believed that language and thought are structured through binary oppositions, or contrasting terms like good and evil, light and dark. According to Levi-Strauss, these opposing concepts shape how we understand and perceive the world. Examples of binary oppositions in stories include heroes versus villains, as seen in Harry Potter with Harry/Voldemort and in Batman with Batman/Joker.
Historiographic Metafiction - Linda Hutcheon
This document discusses the concept of "historiographic metafiction", a type of postmodern fiction that is both metafictional and historical in its references to past texts and contexts. It argues that postmodern fiction engages with both literary and historical intertexts through parody and intertextuality. By embedding these intertextual pasts, postmodern fiction both asserts and questions notions of history and literature as human constructs. This doubles as a formal marking of historicity. The document provides examples of novels that exemplify historiographic metafiction, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude and The French Lieutenant's Woman.
Genette`s Narratology
This document provides an overview of Gerard Genette's narratology. It discusses that Genette was a French literary theorist who adopted the concepts of "bricolage" from Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes. Narratology aims to understand the distinction between a story, narrative, and narration. Genette's narratology is derived from his work Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. The five key concepts in Genette's narratology are order, frequency, duration, voice, and mood. Order refers to the sequencing of events in a narrative. Frequency examines the separation between an event and its narration. Duration looks at the difference between discourse time and narrative time
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The document discusses several key concepts from post-structuralism and how they relate to writers, readers, and meaning. It argues that 1) writers are constituted by their texts and the social meanings embedded within language, rather than being original owners of meaning, 2) readers are active interpreters of texts rather than passive receivers of meaning from an author, and 3) meaning is unstable, deferred, and arises from the differences between signs rather than being directly present or fully contained within any single sign.
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2. Jacques Derrida developed deconstruction as a form of semiotic analysis that disputed philosophical centers of meaning and binary oppositions. He analyzed how meanings shift within language.
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The document discusses the emergence and key ideas of New Criticism in the 1920s-1930s. New Critics such as Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren, and John Crowe Ransom privileged poetry as having an organic unity and counteracting industrialization. They defined poetry through its formal structure and warned against reducing poems to thematic statements. Structuralism emerged and viewed meaning as deriving from timeless, universal structures within sign systems. Claude Levi-Strauss applied structuralism to anthropology and examined cultural concepts like totems and taboos. Lacan later reworked Freudian psychoanalysis using structuralist concepts like the real, imaginary, and symbolic orders and introduced ideas like the mirror stage.
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This document provides an overview of structuralism and post-structuralism in cultural theory. It discusses key thinkers including Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Will Wright. It examines how structuralism views language and meaning as defined by relationships and differences. Post-structuralism rejects the idea of an underlying structure determining meaning, arguing that meaning is constantly evolving. Theorists like Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault are discussed in relation to how they viewed binaries, discourse, and power.
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The document discusses key concepts in narrative theory, including definitions of narrative, plot, and story. It examines the work of four major narrative theorists: Tzvetan Todorov, Vladimir Propp, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Roland Barthes. Todorov identified the three-part structure of equilibrium, disequilibrium, and new equilibrium in narratives. Propp analyzed character archetypes. Levi-Strauss viewed narratives as being structured around binary oppositions. Barthes identified five narrative codes that make up every narrative.
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- Archetype, binary opposition, carnival theory, conventions, contradiction, and other terms used in structuralist and post-structuralist criticism to examine cultural and linguistic patterns.
Metafiction
This document provides an overview of the concept of metafiction. It defines metafiction as fictional writing that draws attention to itself as an artifact in order to examine the relationship between fiction and reality. Metafiction explores such questions by self-consciously displaying its own methods of construction. It reflects broader cultural interests in how humans construct and mediate their experience of the world. Metafiction uses techniques like violating narrative levels and experimental styles to blur the lines between fiction and reality.
Narrative
The document discusses various narrative structures and theories. It describes linear and non-linear narratives, such as dual narratives that show two perspectives, and flashbacks that take the audience back in time. Theories discussed include Tzvetan Todorov's theory of narrative structure involving equilibrium, disruption, recognition, repair, and reinstatement of equilibrium. Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified 31 narrative functions and 7 character types. Claude Levi-Strauss viewed narrative as creating binary oppositions that further the story through conceptual conflicts like love/hate.
Classic narrative
This document discusses several classic narrative patterns and theories. It explains Tzvetan Todorov's theory of the classic narrative pattern which follows the structure of equilibrium disrupted by an event and resolved with order restored. Vladimir Propp identified character types and actions in fairy tales. The classic pattern works through equilibrium, disruption, resolution, restored order, and new equilibrium. It also discusses Claude Levi-Strauss's structuralist ideas about binary opposites in narratives and Roland Barthes's five codes that make up all stories: action, semantic, enigma, referential, and symbolic codes.
Structuralism
Structuralism emerged in France in the 1950s through the work of Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes. It believes that phenomena can only be understood in the context of larger structures. Structuralism analyzes relationships between signs and seeks to locate systems of meaning within cultural structures. It was applied to fields like anthropology, sociology, and literature. Key thinkers were Levi-Strauss, who applied structural linguistics concepts to anthropology, and Barthes, who examined aspects of modern culture from a structural perspective.
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A Bakhtinian Reading Of William Faulkner S Quot As I Lay Dying
This document provides a summary and analysis of William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying through the lens of Mikhail Bakhtin's literary theories. It begins with background on Bakhtin's concepts of polyphony, heteroglossia, and chronotope. It then analyzes how Faulkner employs these techniques in As I Lay Dying through the use of multiple narrators with independent voices, hybridized language, and character zones. Specifically, it examines how characters like Darl, Cash, and Vardaman develop complex inner dialogues and zones of influence that go beyond their direct speech. The document argues Faulkner's techniques create an authentic polyphony and demonstrate Bakht
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Music Video Theorys
This document discusses several key theories for analyzing music videos:
1) Music videos demonstrate genre characteristics and show relationships between lyrics, music, and visuals. Visuals often reference the artist or contain intertextual references.
2) Roland Barthes saw texts as open to many interpretations depending on the codes and perspectives used. He identified five main codes that structure meaning.
3) Laura Mulvey introduced the concept of the "male gaze" where media presents a heterosexual male perspective that objectifies women. Some criticize that gaze is not always sexual or directed at women.
Narrative theory
This document discusses several narrative theorists and their contributions to understanding narrative structure. Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian fairytales and proposed that narratives can be classified based on character roles such as hero, villain, and princess. Tzvetan Todorov suggested that most narratives follow a disruption-fight-return to equilibrium structure. Roland Barthes identified five codes that enable readers to make sense of narratives, including action and enigma devices. Claude Levi-Strauss examined how stories unconsciously reflect the culture they come from through symbolic oppositions.
Roland barthes levi strauss pp
Roland Barthes was a French literary theorist and philosopher who explored semiotics and influenced various schools of thought. He viewed texts as having no single structure or meaning, but rather being composed of "signifiers" that can be interpreted in many ways depending on the codes or lenses used. Barthes identified five main codes used to unravel meaning from a text: the hermeneutic code concerning clues and mystery, the proairetic code involving tension and anticipation, the semantic code of connotation, the symbolic code of deeper meanings from opposing ideas, and the cultural code of wider societal knowledge. The anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss also studied myths and legends, finding that humans understand the world through binary oppositions
module3 teaching and assessment of lit.studies - Copy.pptx
The document discusses literature as a significant human experience. It defines literature as any form of writing that deals with human society and experiences in an artistic way. Literature comments on themes relating to the human condition, such as death, relationships, and conformity, which make it relatable to readers. It also teaches lessons about life through exploring human possibilities and helping people discover themselves and find meaning in life. The document examines different genres and elements of literature such as prose, poetry, fiction and non-fiction.
Narrative theories
Narrative theories provide frameworks for understanding how stories are structured and conveyed. The document discusses several influential narrative theorists: Vladimir Propp analyzed character archetypes and roles in folktales. Tzvetan Todorov described a five-stage structure of equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, and new equilibrium. Roland Barthes proposed that narratives activate readers through five codes: action, enigma, symbolic, semic, and cultural. Claude Levi-Strauss examined how myths unconsciously reflect a culture's beliefs through binary oppositions.
MediaFilmExchange.co.uk Powerpoint
The document introduces several key theorists and concepts relating to narrative structure. It discusses Tzvetan Todorov's concept of narrative equilibrium, Vladimir Propp's identification of 31 character functions in folktales, Roland Barthes' hermeneutic code of narrative suspense, and Claude Levi-Strauss' theory of binary oppositions in narrative meaning and structure. The document uses examples from films like Run Lola Run, True Blood, and Magnolia to illustrate these concepts.
Structuralism Sajid1
Structuralism is based on the linguistic theories of Ferdinand de Saussure and was developed further by Roman Jakobson. It views phenomena like myths, rituals, or texts as systems of signs governed by underlying rules or structures. A structuralist analysis aims to uncover these deep structures by examining how the elements of a system relate to each other synchronically. The document provides an example of how a structuralist might analyze a simple story by reducing it to an abstract system of signifiers like "high", "low", and "middle" that follow predictable patterns.
Character narrative theory
The document discusses three theorists - Vladimir Propp, Erving Goffman, and Claude Levi-Strauss - and their theories on character narratives. Propp noticed similarities in folk tales and argued that the order of characters and events are restrictive. Goffman identified four main character types in a text: protagonist, deuteragonist, bit player, and fool. Levi-Strauss found that narratives are arranged around the conflict of binary opposites such as good vs evil or life vs death.
Narrative Theories
This document discusses several narrative theories proposed by theorists like Tzvetan Todorov, Vladimir Propp, Roland Barthes, and Levi Strauss. Todorov believed that all narratives follow a pattern of equilibrium, disequilibrium, acknowledgement, solving, and a new equilibrium. Propp suggested that every narrative uses 8 character types like the villain, donor, hero, etc. Barthes proposed that narratives use 5 codes like action, enigma, symbolic, semic, and cultural to engage the reader. Finally, Levi Strauss' binary opposition theory stated that all narratives can be reduced to binary opposites like good vs evil.
Narrative theories slideshare
Vladimir Propp analyzed over 100 Russian fairy tales and proposed that narratives can be classified based on character roles and functions, such as the hero, villain, donor, dispatcher, and princess. Tzvetan Todorov suggested that most narratives follow a structure of equilibrium being disrupted by an outside force, recognition of the disruption, an attempt to repair it, and reinstatement of equilibrium. Roland Barthes identified five narrative codes - action, enigma, symbolic, semic, and cultural - that activate the reader's understanding. Claude Levi-Strauss examined how myths unconsciously reflect a culture's values through binary oppositions between conflicting qualities or terms.
Narrative theory
Narrative theory analyses how media texts communicate meaning through stories. A narrative involves a chain of causally linked events that unfold over time, typically having a beginning, middle, and end. Theorists like Propp, Todorov, Barthes, and Levi-Strauss have developed models for analyzing narratives. Propp identified common character archetypes in folktales. Todorov and Barthes described structural elements like narrative codes and disruption/restoration of equilibrium. Levi-Strauss examined how stories reflect a culture's values through binary oppositions. Narrative analysis considers various elements used to create meaning for audiences.
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Narrative
- 2. Claude Levi-Strauss and Narrative Claude Levi-Strauss was a French man who studied social and cultural developments of humankind as a social anthropology. Since he studied culture and society, some of the theories he had were relative to both literature and media, and had significant analogies of how art has been culturally structured as a convention. Claude Levi-Strauss came up with the idea that narratives are driven by two contrasting forces, or binary opposites. The binary opposites theory assumes that every force within a narrative has an opposing side which contrasts with each other. Studying an narrative therefore involves looking at these contrast within the story. Examples of binary opposites would be: Light/Dark Good/Evil Noise/Silence Youth/Age Right/Wrong Poverty/Wealth Strength/Weakness Inside/Outside Claude Levi-Strauss suggests that these opposites drive the narrative on until there is balance (equilibrium) as a resolution to the situation.
- 3. Vladimir Propp and Narrative Vladimir Propp was a Soviet famous for studying Russian folk tales of the 1920’s and devising a mythology, through reading and comparing their narrative elements. He figured that there are only a certain number of characters that appear within narratives.
- 4. Tzveten Todorov and Narrative Tzvetan Todorov is a Bulgarian born Frenchmen who experts in sociology, literature, history and philosophy. He developed similar theories on narrative to that of Vladimir Propp. He identified that most narratives have a consistent three part structure, which involves a beginning of peace (equilibrium), the disturbance of that peace and finally its restoration, or a resolution that sees a new form of peace.
- 5. Roland Barthes and Narrative Roland Barthes was a French semiotician, as well as linguist, and he developed a theory about both media and literature texts. He believed that texts had series of connotations and denotations, and that these could either be open to interpretation or intentionally given a closed and preferred meaning. In other words, what ever appeared in a piece of literature or a scene in a film can have many different meanings, or is made by the author of the text/film to be interpreted in only one obvious way from all perspectives. In summary: Roland Barthes identified that literature and film contained denotations and connotations, and that these can have open meanings or preferred meanings (closed) Open narrative – when the narrative can be interpreted with multiple perspectives to find different meanings Closed narrative – when the narrative aims to get across one preferred meaning which is expected to be interpreted in one way
- 6. Multistrand Narrative A multistrand narrative is when you tell a story through more than one perspective, or it can be a narrative with two separate plot lines that end up intervening. This for instance could be used in a film to show what happened on a day when two people met, and how they met for instance. Another example of where this could be used is to show plots from different peoples perspective that could lead up to an event.
- 7. Robert McKee and Narrative Robert Mckee is a writing instructor who is famous for conducting seminars as to how to write, which are named ‘Story Seminars’. He is most famous for ability to teach people how to make good stories with compelling narratives, teaching scriptwriting/story telling as an art. He developed his ‘Story seminars’ as a part time professor at the university of southern California. Robert Mckee has a simple 5 part structure for narratives: Inciting incident Progressive complications Crisis Climax Resolution