Nanotechnology involves science and engineering at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers. It is the study and manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular levels, where properties differ from larger scales. Nanotechnology is used across many fields like chemistry, biology, physics, materials science and engineering. It has applications in food processing, cosmetics, electronics, biotechnology, agriculture, textile, defense, energy storage and medical areas like cancer treatment, bone repair and drug delivery.

1. • Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology at the nanoscale,
which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
• Nanotechnology is the study and application of extremely small things and
is used across all other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics,
materials science, and engineering.
• In the International System of Units, the prefix “nano” means one-billionth,
or 10^(-9) ; so one nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.
• The prefix ‘nano’ is derived from the Greek word for dwarf.

2. Examples to understand nanometer
size:
•A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.
• A strand of hair is 80,000 –100,000 nanometers in
diameter.
•There are 25,400,000 nanometers per inch.
• Your fingernails grow about one nanometer per
second!

3. NANOSCIENCE
• Nanoscience is the study of
phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular
and macromolecular scales, where
properties differ significantly from
those at a larger scale.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanotechnologies are the
design, characterization,
production and application of
structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at
nanometer scale.

5. APPLICATIONSOF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Food Industry : Food processing and food packaging
• Cosmetics and Paints.
• Electronics
• Biotechnology
• Agriculture
• Textile
• Defense and Security
• Energy Storage : Fuel cell , Solar cells , Batteries, Bio fuels
• Medical and Healthcare : Cancer treatment, Bone treatment,
Drug delivery ,Diagnostic tests, Imaging, Drug developments

6. NANOTECHNOLOGYDEVICES
Electronics :
o Nano transistors
o Nano diodes
o OLED(Organic Light Emitting Diode)
Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) : AFM Tips, Probes , Cantilevers
Scanning Electron Microscopes(SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)
Carbon nanotubes

7. PROPERTIES OF NANOTECHNOLGY
•Optical
•Chemical : Structural formula , molecular structure ,
composition of nanomaterials.
•Magnetic
•Electrical
•Physical : Size , shape , specific area .
•Quantum effects

8. Material Characterization Technique
• Spectroscopic Analysis (UV-Visible Spectroscopy)
• Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) : Growth kinetics
• Dynamic Light Scattering
• Zeta Potential : For Surface charge
• Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) : 3D Visualisation
• X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) : Use to find structural properties ,
elemental-chemical composition , Crystal structure

9. Manufacturing methodof nanomaterial
• Top-down method
Top down methods involve taking a
larger bulk material and breaking it
up, shearing it, cleaving it and using
a significant amount of mechanical,
thermal or chemical energy to
transform the material into particles
in the nanoscale range.
• Bottom-up method
Bottom-up methods are methods which
build up the atomic structure from
scratch by depositing atoms under
certain conditions to build a desired
structure. These are often self-assembly
methods. Because the growth often forms
periodically, and certain crystal networks
are formed as a result, many of these
methods are often termed nucleation-
growth methods—which stems from the
initial formation of an ‘atomic nucleus’
from which the rest of the structure
grows from.