Richard Feynman gave a talk in 1959 about the potential for miniature science and engineering at the atomic scale. In 1985, buckyballs were discovered - spherical carbon molecules - leading to the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991, which are cylindrical molecules made of rolled graphene with distinct armchair, zig-zag, and chiral structures defined by a (n,m) vector specifying how the graphene sheet is rolled up.

4. • "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by
physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical
Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959.
• Richard Feynman won nobel prize for “ fundamental work
in quantum electrode”.
• In 1985, researcher reported the discovery of
“buckyball”,a round molecule consisting of 60 carbon
atoms.This led in turn to the 1991 discovery of a related
molecular shape known as the “carbon nanotube”.

8. • The first two of these, known as “armchair” (top left) and
“zig-zag” (middle left) have a high degree of symmetry.
• The terms "armchair" and "zig-zag" refer to the
arrangement of hexagons around the circumference.
• The third class of tube, which in practice is the most
common, is known as chiral, meaning that it can exist in
two mirror-related forms.
• The structure of a nanotube can be specified by a
vector, (n,m), which defines how the graphene sheet is
rolled up.