Name/Student Number:
Spanish III Part I Midterm Exam
Short Answer – Write your answers below each question. Use complete sentences. Answers
should be in Spanish.
1. ¿Qué es lo que más te gusta hacer en una excursión a un parque nacional? ¿Qué es lo que
menos te gusta?
2. ¿A qué eventos deportivos te gusta asistir?
3. ¿Por qué viajan muchos peregrinos a Santiago de Compostela hoy en día?
4. ¿Por qué se oyen ruidos a veces desde muy dentro del Popocatépetl?
5. ¿Qué obras de arte o de literatura influyen en tu vida?
6. ¿Cuál es tu opinión sobre las obras de Joan Miró?
7. ¿Qué hago para ponerme en forma?
8. ¿Qué me recomiendas para no sufrir de estrés?
9. ¿Cuándo te preocupas?
Una chica está hablando con su amiga sobre sus relaciones con gente de la escuela y su
familia. Le dice lo que piensa y su amiga le responde, expresando una opinión. Escribe las
respuestas de la amiga, usando la expresión entre paréntesis.
Modelo Algunas personas de nuestra escuela no guardan secretos. (Temo que)
Temo que algunas personas de nuestra escuela no guarden secretos.
10. José está enojado con Juan. (Siento que)
____________________________________________________________
11. En las carreras, ¿prefieres observar o participar? ¿Por qué?
12. En tu opinión, ¿cómo es la música de la salsa?
13. ¿Quién te aconseja cuando te sientes fatal?
14. ¿Qué le aconsejas a un amigo que come mucha comida mala para la salud?
15. ¿Cómo te reconcilias con tus padres después de una pelea?
16. ¿Adónde te gusta ir de cámping? ¿Por qué?
17. ¿Qué deportes jugabas cuando eras niño(a)?
18. ¿Qué obra de arte has visto que te ha impresionado más? ¿Por qué?
19. ¿Qué comes para seguir una dieta nutritiva?
20. ¿Cuáles son algunos temas que muchos poetas hispanos usan en sus poesías? Nombra 2 o
más temas, por lo menos.
Case StudiesCase Studies
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Case Study 20.1: The Big Mac Index
As you have already learned, the PPP theory predicts that in the long run the exchange rate between two cur-
rencies should move toward equalizing the cost in each country of an identical basket of internationally traded
goods. A light-hearted test of the theory has been developed by The Economist magazine, which compares prices
around the world for a “market basket” consisting simply of one McDonald’s Big Mac—a product that, though not
internationally traded, is essentially the same in more than 100 countries. The Economist begins with the price of a
Big Mac in the local currency and then converts that price into dollars based on the exchange rate prevailing at the
time. A comparison of the dollar price of Big Macs across countries offers a crude test of the PPP theory, which predicts that prices should be
roughly equal in the long run.
This chart lists the dollar
price of a Big Mac in March
2010, in 22 surveyed
countries plus the euro zone
average. By comparing th ...
Divine Roles Across Cultures MatrixHUM105 Version 31Unive.docxjacksnathalie
Divine Roles Across Cultures Matrix
HUM/105 Version 3
1
University of Phoenix Material
Divine Roles Across Cultures Matrix
Select one common divine role that recurs in world mythology.
Possible options of divine roles include the following: father or mother divinities, divinities of war, home or hearth divinities, divinities of love, divinities of wisdom, divinities of medicine or health, divinities of the wind, divinities of agriculture, divinities of the sky, ruler of all the gods, and so on.
Identify the role in the title of your matrix.
Select two myths, each from a different culture, in which the divine role appears. Identify the divinity names and cultures in columns A and B.
Complete the matrix by answering each of the five questions for both selected divinities.
Title:
Column A
Divinity Name:
Culture of Origin:
Column B
Divinity Name:
Culture of Origin:
1. How is this divinity portrayed? Describe the divinity’s role within the myth.
2. Is the divinity male or female? What function does this gender play?
3. Within the myth of origin, how does this divinity compare with other divinities? How does this divinity interact with or compare to divinities of the same gender and to divinities of the opposite gender?
4. What are the divinity’s attributes, such as divine powers or characteristics? What objects does the divinity possess, such as a weapon or animal, that assist him or her?
5. Identify one character from contemporary culture that shares characteristics of each divinity and explain why you chose each character. What real-life ideals does this divine role represent? How attainable are these ideals?
Summary: Write a 150- to 350-word short essay addressing the following: Why do so many cultures have divinities in similar roles?
Case StudiesCase Studies
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Case Study 19.1: The Big Mac Index
As you have already learned, the PPP theory predicts that in the long run the exchange rate between two cur-
rencies should move toward equalizing the cost in each country of an identical basket of internationally traded
goods. A light-hearted test of the theory has been developed by The Economist magazine, which compares prices
around the world for a “market basket” consisting simply of one McDonald’s Big Mac—a product that, though not
internationally traded, is essentially the same in more than 100 countries. The Economist begins with the price of a
Big Mac in the local currency and then converts that price into dollars based on the exchange rate prevailing at the
time. A comparison of the dollar price of Big Macs across countries offers a crude test of the PPP theory, which predicts that prices should be
roughly equal in the long run.
This chart lists the
dollar price of a Big Mac in
March 2010, in 22 surveyed
countries plus the euro zone
average. By comparing the
price of a Big Mac in the
United States (shown as
the green bar) with prices
in other coun ...
Adding Audio to Microsoft PowerPoint Presentations .docxhallettfaustina
Adding Audio to Microsoft PowerPoint Presentations:
Listen to the instructions and/or use the written explanation below.
http://www.screencast.com/t/7xgoS6b1
These are instructions for inserting audio into your Microsoft
PowerPoint presentations.
Step 1: Open up your PowerPoint presentation.
Step 2: Click on slide #1, then select your Insert tab at the top of your PowerPoint
presentation.
Step 3: Select audio on the far right. Then pull down to “record audio.”
Enter your slide name, then select “record” and click the stop button, then OK. Now you
see the audio icon is now on your slide.
If you want to redo it just record over it.
Step 4: Manual Playback: If you want your playback to be manual (each time
someone selects a slide) then follow these instructions: In order to play back
your presentation once your recorded audio is inserted for each slide, select the
slide show tab at the top, then on the far left select “start from the beginning.”
Hover over the audio speaker icon and select the play button.
OR
For Automatic Audio Playback: Select the speaker icon from your recording
on the first slide and select Audio Tools in top right hand corner and choose
“Playback” then go to Audio Options and Choose “start on click” and pull that
down to “automatically” and let go. Then go to Slide show on the top tabs then
choose “start at the beginning.” Your audio should now start automatically. If
you want each slide to playback automatically you will need to repeat this
process for each slide.
For more help, go to the question mark in the top right hand corner of your presentation
and enter the words “Add and play sound in a presentation” and information should
appear.
Make sure to save your Audio visual presentation in a place you will remember.
http://www.screencast.com/t/7xgoS6b1
That is all there is to it. Good luck!
MT220 UNIT 5 DISCUSSION
Respond to your Discussion topic after you have completed your reading
China and Mercantilism?
Reread The Country Focus: Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation on p. 156 and discuss the following:
a. Do you think China is pursuing an economic policy that can be characterized as neo-mercantilist?
b. What should the United States, and other countries, do about this?
Be sure to address the Discussion topic(s) in an initial post of at least 100 words no later than Saturday night Eastern Time. Be sure to respond to at least two others (not including the professor) and participate in the Discussion by posting on three different days of the unit.
Below is the reading from page 156.
COUNTRY FOCUS
Page 156Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation?
China’s rapid rise in economic power (it is now the world’s second largest economy) has been built on export-led growth. The country takes raw material imports and, using its cheap labor, converts them into products that it sells to developed nations. For years, the country’s e ...
Protectionism Position PaperWrite a short (1-2 page double space.docxamrit47
Protectionism Position Paper
Write a short (1-2 page double spaced) position paper that outlines your views on protectionism.
Please take a side whether you believe protectionism is beneficial or hurtful to society. Provide insight by referencing (put in quotations - Ex.– In the article, The new protectionism is shutting us out, Stanford states, “”) at least 2 of the four articles, but also thinking critically about the issue yourself.
Use the textbook reading and 4 articles I have given you to support your position.
Criteria
Level 1 (5 to 6)
Level 2 (6 to 7)
Level 3 (7 to 8)
Level 4 (8 to 10)
Knowledge
Making connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles limited effectiveness
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles with some effectiveness
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles with considerable effectiveness
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles with a high degree of effectiveness
Application
Making connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with limited effectiveness
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with some effectiveness
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with considerable
effectiveness
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with a high degree
of effectiveness
Communication
Expression and organization
of ideas and
information (clear expression, logical organization)
in written form
- expresses and
organizes ideas and information with limited effectiveness
– expresses and
organizes ideas and
information with
some effectiveness
– expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with considerable
effectiveness
– expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with a high degree
of effectiveness
Total /30 marks
Note: A student whose achievement is below 50% at the end of a course will not obtain a credit for the course
Protectionism
Read p.62-63 and answer the following 5 questions.
1. State and describe the companies affected by protectionism.
2. What impact does NAFTA have on tariffs?
3. Why did the recession cause the governments to implement "buy local" campaigns?
4. Why did Canada not establish a "Buy Canadian" policy?
5. What is your opinion of protectionism?
Read the following 3 articles on protectionism
Article 1: The new protectionism is shutting us out
Jim Stanford From Thursday's Globe and Mail
When the world plunged i ...
Divine Roles Across Cultures MatrixHUM105 Version 31Unive.docxjacksnathalie
Divine Roles Across Cultures Matrix
HUM/105 Version 3
1
University of Phoenix Material
Divine Roles Across Cultures Matrix
Select one common divine role that recurs in world mythology.
Possible options of divine roles include the following: father or mother divinities, divinities of war, home or hearth divinities, divinities of love, divinities of wisdom, divinities of medicine or health, divinities of the wind, divinities of agriculture, divinities of the sky, ruler of all the gods, and so on.
Identify the role in the title of your matrix.
Select two myths, each from a different culture, in which the divine role appears. Identify the divinity names and cultures in columns A and B.
Complete the matrix by answering each of the five questions for both selected divinities.
Title:
Column A
Divinity Name:
Culture of Origin:
Column B
Divinity Name:
Culture of Origin:
1. How is this divinity portrayed? Describe the divinity’s role within the myth.
2. Is the divinity male or female? What function does this gender play?
3. Within the myth of origin, how does this divinity compare with other divinities? How does this divinity interact with or compare to divinities of the same gender and to divinities of the opposite gender?
4. What are the divinity’s attributes, such as divine powers or characteristics? What objects does the divinity possess, such as a weapon or animal, that assist him or her?
5. Identify one character from contemporary culture that shares characteristics of each divinity and explain why you chose each character. What real-life ideals does this divine role represent? How attainable are these ideals?
Summary: Write a 150- to 350-word short essay addressing the following: Why do so many cultures have divinities in similar roles?
Case StudiesCase Studies
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Case Study 19.1: The Big Mac Index
As you have already learned, the PPP theory predicts that in the long run the exchange rate between two cur-
rencies should move toward equalizing the cost in each country of an identical basket of internationally traded
goods. A light-hearted test of the theory has been developed by The Economist magazine, which compares prices
around the world for a “market basket” consisting simply of one McDonald’s Big Mac—a product that, though not
internationally traded, is essentially the same in more than 100 countries. The Economist begins with the price of a
Big Mac in the local currency and then converts that price into dollars based on the exchange rate prevailing at the
time. A comparison of the dollar price of Big Macs across countries offers a crude test of the PPP theory, which predicts that prices should be
roughly equal in the long run.
This chart lists the
dollar price of a Big Mac in
March 2010, in 22 surveyed
countries plus the euro zone
average. By comparing the
price of a Big Mac in the
United States (shown as
the green bar) with prices
in other coun ...
Adding Audio to Microsoft PowerPoint Presentations .docxhallettfaustina
Adding Audio to Microsoft PowerPoint Presentations:
Listen to the instructions and/or use the written explanation below.
http://www.screencast.com/t/7xgoS6b1
These are instructions for inserting audio into your Microsoft
PowerPoint presentations.
Step 1: Open up your PowerPoint presentation.
Step 2: Click on slide #1, then select your Insert tab at the top of your PowerPoint
presentation.
Step 3: Select audio on the far right. Then pull down to “record audio.”
Enter your slide name, then select “record” and click the stop button, then OK. Now you
see the audio icon is now on your slide.
If you want to redo it just record over it.
Step 4: Manual Playback: If you want your playback to be manual (each time
someone selects a slide) then follow these instructions: In order to play back
your presentation once your recorded audio is inserted for each slide, select the
slide show tab at the top, then on the far left select “start from the beginning.”
Hover over the audio speaker icon and select the play button.
OR
For Automatic Audio Playback: Select the speaker icon from your recording
on the first slide and select Audio Tools in top right hand corner and choose
“Playback” then go to Audio Options and Choose “start on click” and pull that
down to “automatically” and let go. Then go to Slide show on the top tabs then
choose “start at the beginning.” Your audio should now start automatically. If
you want each slide to playback automatically you will need to repeat this
process for each slide.
For more help, go to the question mark in the top right hand corner of your presentation
and enter the words “Add and play sound in a presentation” and information should
appear.
Make sure to save your Audio visual presentation in a place you will remember.
http://www.screencast.com/t/7xgoS6b1
That is all there is to it. Good luck!
MT220 UNIT 5 DISCUSSION
Respond to your Discussion topic after you have completed your reading
China and Mercantilism?
Reread The Country Focus: Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation on p. 156 and discuss the following:
a. Do you think China is pursuing an economic policy that can be characterized as neo-mercantilist?
b. What should the United States, and other countries, do about this?
Be sure to address the Discussion topic(s) in an initial post of at least 100 words no later than Saturday night Eastern Time. Be sure to respond to at least two others (not including the professor) and participate in the Discussion by posting on three different days of the unit.
Below is the reading from page 156.
COUNTRY FOCUS
Page 156Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation?
China’s rapid rise in economic power (it is now the world’s second largest economy) has been built on export-led growth. The country takes raw material imports and, using its cheap labor, converts them into products that it sells to developed nations. For years, the country’s e ...
Protectionism Position PaperWrite a short (1-2 page double space.docxamrit47
Protectionism Position Paper
Write a short (1-2 page double spaced) position paper that outlines your views on protectionism.
Please take a side whether you believe protectionism is beneficial or hurtful to society. Provide insight by referencing (put in quotations - Ex.– In the article, The new protectionism is shutting us out, Stanford states, “”) at least 2 of the four articles, but also thinking critically about the issue yourself.
Use the textbook reading and 4 articles I have given you to support your position.
Criteria
Level 1 (5 to 6)
Level 2 (6 to 7)
Level 3 (7 to 8)
Level 4 (8 to 10)
Knowledge
Making connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles limited effectiveness
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles with some effectiveness
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles with considerable effectiveness
– makes connections
with clarity between your position and at least 2 articles with a high degree of effectiveness
Application
Making connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with limited effectiveness
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with some effectiveness
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with considerable
effectiveness
– makes connections
with insight and accuracy between your position and at least 2 articles with a high degree
of effectiveness
Communication
Expression and organization
of ideas and
information (clear expression, logical organization)
in written form
- expresses and
organizes ideas and information with limited effectiveness
– expresses and
organizes ideas and
information with
some effectiveness
– expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with considerable
effectiveness
– expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with a high degree
of effectiveness
Total /30 marks
Note: A student whose achievement is below 50% at the end of a course will not obtain a credit for the course
Protectionism
Read p.62-63 and answer the following 5 questions.
1. State and describe the companies affected by protectionism.
2. What impact does NAFTA have on tariffs?
3. Why did the recession cause the governments to implement "buy local" campaigns?
4. Why did Canada not establish a "Buy Canadian" policy?
5. What is your opinion of protectionism?
Read the following 3 articles on protectionism
Article 1: The new protectionism is shutting us out
Jim Stanford From Thursday's Globe and Mail
When the world plunged i ...
Trade deficit tax losses violates constitutional law. This presentation has sound and provide and indepth overview of the trade deficit. It provides an understanding of equal trade as a corrective action. It also invites the reader to sign a petition at the website www.CitizensForEqualTrade.org.
Series of lectures from Brian Butler, given during fall 2008 session at Thunderbird Global MBA, Miami campus:
This lecture 02: learn to use International Fisher effect (IFE), and PPP, Law of one Price, Big Mac index to estimate long term currency (FX) trends
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
Part 1 True or False Questions. (10 questions at 1 point each).docxMARRY7
Part 1: True or False Questions.
(10 questions at 1 point each)
T
F
A hash algorithm uses a one-way cryptographic function, whereas both secret-key and public-key systems use two-way (i.e., reversible) cryptographic functions.
Answer: _____
T
F
The strongest 3DES (Triple DES) requires the use of three independent keys.
Answer: _____
T
F
When it comes to the ethics of a particular situation, there is only one right answer.
Answer: _____
T
F
Packet filters protect networks by blocking packets based on the packets’ contents.
Answer: _____
T
F
The biggest advantage of
public-key
cryptography over
secret-key
cryptography is in the area of key management/key distribution.
Answer: _____
T
F
In terms of privacy laws, companies have no advantage over the government in terms of the types of data that a company can collect.
Answer: _____
T
F
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide no protection from internal threats.
Answer: _____
T
F
A Denial-of-Service attack does not require the attacker to penetrate the target's security defenses.
Answer: _____
T
F
AES uses the Rijndael algorithm.
Answer: _____
T
F
A one-time pad is a safe house used only once by an undercover agent.
Answer: _____
Part 2: Multiple Choice Questions. Print
all
the correct answers in the blank following the question; in some cases a fully correct answer may require more than one lettered choice to be selected. (
Each question is worth 2 points.
There is no guarantee of partial credit for partially correct answers.)
If person A uses AES to transmit an encrypted message to person B, which key or keys will A have to use:
a.
A’s private key
b.
A’s public key
c.
B’s private key
d.
B’s public key
e.
None of the keys listed above
Answer(s): ____
From the perspective of
entropy
:
Plaintext will have a higher entropy than the ciphertext
The unequal frequency of characters in human languages tends to reduce the entropy of plaintext messages in that language
Encrypted messages appear to be noise-like
Plaintext requires more transmission bandwidth than ciphertext
None of the above
Answer(s): _____
Protection of a software program that uses a unique, novel algorithm could be legally protected by:
a.
A patent
b.
A copyright
c.
A patent and copyright
d.
Ethical standards
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Security
threats
include which of the following:
a.
Unlocked doors
b.
Disgruntled employees
c.
Hurricanes
d.
Un-patched software programs
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Denial of service attacks include:
a.
DNS poisoning
b.
Smurf attack
c.
Ping of death
d.
SYN flood
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Part 3: Short Answer Questions.
(10 questions at 5 points each)
Alan and Beatrice are both users of PKI. Explain how they use their keys to communicate when Alan sends a private message to Beatrice, and provides proof that he sent the message.
Answer:
Briefly describe the purpose of firewalls and how .
Part 11. Why is it so important in system engineering to become .docxMARRY7
Part 1
1. Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
2. Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
3. How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
4. How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
5. What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
6. What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 2
Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 3
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
More Related Content
Similar to NameStudent Number Spanish III Part I Midterm Exam.docx
Trade deficit tax losses violates constitutional law. This presentation has sound and provide and indepth overview of the trade deficit. It provides an understanding of equal trade as a corrective action. It also invites the reader to sign a petition at the website www.CitizensForEqualTrade.org.
Series of lectures from Brian Butler, given during fall 2008 session at Thunderbird Global MBA, Miami campus:
This lecture 02: learn to use International Fisher effect (IFE), and PPP, Law of one Price, Big Mac index to estimate long term currency (FX) trends
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
Part 1 True or False Questions. (10 questions at 1 point each).docxMARRY7
Part 1: True or False Questions.
(10 questions at 1 point each)
T
F
A hash algorithm uses a one-way cryptographic function, whereas both secret-key and public-key systems use two-way (i.e., reversible) cryptographic functions.
Answer: _____
T
F
The strongest 3DES (Triple DES) requires the use of three independent keys.
Answer: _____
T
F
When it comes to the ethics of a particular situation, there is only one right answer.
Answer: _____
T
F
Packet filters protect networks by blocking packets based on the packets’ contents.
Answer: _____
T
F
The biggest advantage of
public-key
cryptography over
secret-key
cryptography is in the area of key management/key distribution.
Answer: _____
T
F
In terms of privacy laws, companies have no advantage over the government in terms of the types of data that a company can collect.
Answer: _____
T
F
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide no protection from internal threats.
Answer: _____
T
F
A Denial-of-Service attack does not require the attacker to penetrate the target's security defenses.
Answer: _____
T
F
AES uses the Rijndael algorithm.
Answer: _____
T
F
A one-time pad is a safe house used only once by an undercover agent.
Answer: _____
Part 2: Multiple Choice Questions. Print
all
the correct answers in the blank following the question; in some cases a fully correct answer may require more than one lettered choice to be selected. (
Each question is worth 2 points.
There is no guarantee of partial credit for partially correct answers.)
If person A uses AES to transmit an encrypted message to person B, which key or keys will A have to use:
a.
A’s private key
b.
A’s public key
c.
B’s private key
d.
B’s public key
e.
None of the keys listed above
Answer(s): ____
From the perspective of
entropy
:
Plaintext will have a higher entropy than the ciphertext
The unequal frequency of characters in human languages tends to reduce the entropy of plaintext messages in that language
Encrypted messages appear to be noise-like
Plaintext requires more transmission bandwidth than ciphertext
None of the above
Answer(s): _____
Protection of a software program that uses a unique, novel algorithm could be legally protected by:
a.
A patent
b.
A copyright
c.
A patent and copyright
d.
Ethical standards
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Security
threats
include which of the following:
a.
Unlocked doors
b.
Disgruntled employees
c.
Hurricanes
d.
Un-patched software programs
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Denial of service attacks include:
a.
DNS poisoning
b.
Smurf attack
c.
Ping of death
d.
SYN flood
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Part 3: Short Answer Questions.
(10 questions at 5 points each)
Alan and Beatrice are both users of PKI. Explain how they use their keys to communicate when Alan sends a private message to Beatrice, and provides proof that he sent the message.
Answer:
Briefly describe the purpose of firewalls and how .
Part 11. Why is it so important in system engineering to become .docxMARRY7
Part 1
1. Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
2. Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
3. How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
4. How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
5. What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
6. What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 2
Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 3
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1 Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used and how can these be used to compare the features and components of each IDPS? Create a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find.
Part 2: What are some of the legal and ethical issues surrounding the use of intrusion detection systems logs and other technology tools as evidence in criminal and legal matters?
Part 3: Write a 2 - 3 page APA style paper summarizing the background, description, and purpose of NIST Special Publication 800-94,
Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
. The last section of your paper should be titled "Author Reflection" and should reflect your critique of the publication examined. You are not expected to read the entire guide, you should be mainly concerned with section two of the report, titled "Intrusion Detection and Prevention Principles" and section three of the report, titled "IDPS Technologies."
Part 4:
Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 5: Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 6:
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below thenPart 2-1000 .docxMARRY7
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below then
Part 2-1000 word assignment
Your fast-food franchise has been cleared for business in all 4 countries (United Arab Emirates, Israel, Mexico, and China). You now have to start construction on your restaurants. The financing is coming from the United Arab Emirates, the materials are coming from Mexico and China, the engineering and technology are coming from Israel , and the labor will be hired locally within these countries by your management team from the United States. You invite all of the players to the headquarters in the United States for a big meeting to explain the project and get to know one another. The people seem to be staying with their own groups and not mingling.
What is the cultural phenomenon at play here (what is it called/ term)?
How do you explain the lack of intercultural communication and interaction?
What do you know about these cultures—specifically their economic, political, educational, and social systems—that could help you in getting them together?
What are some of the contrasting cultural values of these countries?
You are concerned about some of the language barriers as you start the meeting, particularly the fact that the United States is a low-context country, and some of the countries present are high-context countries. Furthermore, you only speak English, and you do not have an interpreter present.
How will this affect the presentation?
What are some of the issues you should be concerned about regarding verbal and nonverbal language for this group?
What strategy would you use to begin to have everyone develop a relationship with each other that will help ease future negotiations, development, and implementation?
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between criminal la.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the difference between criminal law and civil law?
What is privacy, in the context of information security?
What is intellectual property? Is it offered the same protection in every country of the world? What laws currently protect it in the U.S. and Europe?
What are the three general categories of unethical and illegal behavior?
Part 2: Module Practice
What does CISSP stand for? Using the Internet, find out what continuing education is required in order for the holder of a CISSP to remain current and in good standing.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between authenticat.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the difference between authentication and authorization? Can a system permit authorization without authentication? Why or why not?
What is the typical relationship between the untrusted network, the firewall, and the trusted network?
How does a network-based IDS differ from a host-based IDS?
What is a VPN? Why are VPNs widely used?
Part 2: Module Practice
Create a spreadsheet that takes eight values into eight different cells and then applies a transposition cipher to them. Next, create a row that takes the results and applies a substitution cipher to them (substitute 0 for 5, 1 for 6, 2 for 7, 3 for 8, 4 for 9, and vice versa).
.
Part 1 SQLDatabase workScenarioDevelopment of a relationa.docxMARRY7
Part 1: SQL/Database work
Scenario
Development of a relational database system for a food producing company
FoodRU is a Leicester-based food producing company. The company wants to keep details regarding both past and present employees and their assignment to shifts over time. At present, there are three defined shift patterns; the morning shift starts at 6am and finishes at 2pm, the day shift starts at 9am and finishes at 5pm, and the evening shift starts at 4pm and finishes at 12am (midnight). However, management have already indicated that they may need to add further shift patterns in the future (e.g., by adding a night shift to the existing ones so that the company can meet a high user demand for their foods). They therefore require shift details to be stored within a separate Shift table, with attributes that allow the storage of a shift name with its associated start and finish times (use the 24 hour clock for these times).
Past and present employee details are to be kept in the same Employee table, and the details to be kept are the employee’s unique 6 digit reference number, the first name, surname and any other names (if there are any) of the employee, the employee’s gender, contact address and contact telephone, the date on which the employee started his/her employment at the company and the date on which the employee finished his/her employment at the company (should s/he be a past employee). Details regarding staff assignments to shifts include the date that an employee was allocated to work a particular shift, and the date that s/he was taken off the shift (if not still assigned to it). Employees can be assigned to different shifts over time and even to the same shift over different time periods, although they cannot be assigned to more than one shift at any one time. A new employee may not yet be assigned to a shift.
Tasks:
1. Provide the table specifications for the THREE tables that are required by FoodRU to store employee, shift and assignment details. That is, for each of the three tables, you should provide, in a suitable presentation format, the name of the table and a specification of each its attributes to include:
• Attribute name
• Attribute brief description as to its meaning
• a description of the attribute’s data type/integrity (e.g., date field, character field of length 20, number field <= 10, etc. – you can use the Oracle data types within these descriptions if you want to)
• An indication as to whether the attribute is a primary key attribute and/or foreign key attribute
• An indication as to whether the attribute can or cannot take null values
Make sure your design specifies the appropriate links between the three tables. Remember to write down any additional integrity you need to enforce either at a specific table level or across two or more tables, if this is required. Also, remember to write down any justifications for the data types/integrity or for any other design features that.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat functions constitute a complete infor.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What functions constitute a complete information security program?
What is the typical size of the security staff in a small organization? A medium-sized organization? A large organization? A very large organization?
Where can an organization place the information security unit? Where should (and shouldn’t) it be placed?
Into what four areas should the information security functions be divided?
Part 2: Module Practice
Design three security posters on various aspects of information security using a graphics presentation program and clip art. Describe the methods you used to develop your design.
.
Part 1A persons lifestyle has a significant influence on the p.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
A person's lifestyle has a significant influence on the person's health and development as he or she moves into middle age (and old age). Stability and change are also common factors in an adult's life.
Describe how middle adulthood provides stability in a person's life. Explain some of the factors that would lead to stability in a person's life as he or she moves through middle age.
Describe some of the more common lifestyle issues that have a negative impact on a person's continued development. Explain how a person may be able to reverse some of the lifestyle influences.
On the basis of your readings, describe what is meant by a midlife crisis. Explain why a midlife crisis may or may not be critical.
Part 2:
Erikson, Gould, Helson, and Levinson provide different perspectives on middle age in adulthood.
Describe each of these theories as it relates to middle adulthood.
On the basis of your readings, compare and contrast these theories. Which one gives a better explanation of middle adulthood?
Justify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your text and course readings. Comment on the postings of at least two peers, and provide an analysis of each peer’s postings while also suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the definition of information secu.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the definition of information security? What essential protections must be in place to protect information systems from danger?
Define the InfoSec processes of identification, authentication, authorization, and accountability.
Define project management. Why is project management of particular interest in the field of information security?
What are the five basic outcomes that should be achieved through information security governance?
What is a threat in the context of information security? How many categories of threats exist as presented in this chapter?
Part 2: Module Practice
Find an article that talks about relative risk either from inside the organization or form external sources. Once you locate and read it, compose a 1-2 page paper that summarizes your findings and critique the article. Use a word processor to complete your assignment and submit it as a .docx or .doc document.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is a security modelWhat are the es.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is a security model?
What are the essential processes of access control?
Identify at least two different approaches used to categorize access control methodologies. List the types of controls found in each.
What is COBIT? Who is its sponsor? What does it accomplish?
What is the standard of due care? How does it relate to due diligence?
What is baselining? How does it differ from benchmarking?
Part 2: Module Practice
Make a list of at least ten information security metrics that could be collected for a small internet commerce company with 10 employees. For this senario, the company uses an outside vendor for packaging and distribution. Whom should the metrics be reported?
.
Part 1 Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that .docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that resulted in a clarification of inmate rights.
Choose any one
of the cases listed below. Summarize the facts of the case, the issue that needed to be resolved, the court’s decision, and the reasoning behind the decision.
Helling v. McKinney
(1993)
Washington v. Harper
(1990)
Hudson v. Palmer
(1984)
Bell v. Wolfish
(1979)
Bounds v. Smith
(1977)
Estelle v. Gamble
(1976)
Wolff v. McDonnell
(1974)
.
Part 1 Infrastructure DesignCreate an 8–10-page infrastructur.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Infrastructure Design
Create an 8–10-page infrastructure design document in which you:
Identify the major hardware and software components of your hypothetical e-commerce company's information systems infrastructure.
Design your e-commerce company's hardware (database and proxy servers, network equipment) and software (analytics, big data, API, content management) from a size, scale, type, and interoperability standards perspective.
Document the potential security vulnerabilities and a security design for your e-commerce company.
Use graphical tools to create a data flow diagram (DFD) for your e-commerce company.
Use sources to support your writing.
Choose sources that are credible, relevant, and appropriate.
Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment.
Part 2: Updated Gantt Chart
Use Microsoft Project to update the previously created Gantt chart with the major and minor tasks identified in the infrastructure design document.
.
part 1 I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and .docxMARRY7
part 1: I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and one of the sessions I went to was on the subject of bio-engineering a "death gene" that could be introduced into the mosquito population and destroy every mosquito on earth. The discussion that ensued was about the ethics of such a thing. I want you to tell how you feel about introducing such a gene. Look up something about this. Your reference does not have to be about this particular gene, but can be about anything that relates to the discussion. Remember to cite your reference, and write at least 150 words
part 2:
Respond to another student
respond to this
I think that with regulation of the mosquito communities would be a good thing. Mosquitos carry many dangerous diseases and if we can lower the population we can slow the rate of transmission of these diseases. This could save many many lives around the world. I would be hesitant though to release the genetically engineered mosquitos into the environment. In the article I read they releases sterile male mosquitos into the environment. This I feel is a safer way to regulate because we are not altering any genes we are just regulating a naturally occurring issue in nature. Sterile males cannot pass on the genes and also male mosquitos are not the ones who would be likely to pass on the diseases. The article stated that only females bite and therefore males would not be capable of spreading the diseases. With sterile males being released there will be less mosquitos due to lack of repopulation. This will still allow organisms relying on mosquitos for food to still be able to survive with less risk to humans. They are an invasive species so it would help to eliminate the spread of mosquitos to different areas. This will keep the spread of disease throughout areas. I do not think it is right to alter the genes for human use though. It is not how nature had intended. If the gene pops up naturally in the population then it should not be taken out but we should not introduce it due to humans "playing God" with genetics. "Mosquitoes Engineered To Kill Their Own Kind." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 22 July 2014. .
.
Part 1 Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred Marshall, should be 100-250 words
Part 2: The discussion on the first 7 pages is a satire on the economists (known as the neoclassical economists).
List 4 passages that can be considered satire.
(You need not write the entire passage.
Simply show clearly where the passage begins and ends.)
.
Parent Involvement Plan This week you will create a Parent Involve.docxMARRY7
Parent Involvement Plan
This week you will create a Parent Involvement Plan in response to the following scenario:
Imagine you are working with infant, toddler and preschool aged children in a child care center. The majority of the children has special needs and receives early intervention or are on an IEP. Many of the children’s parents work two jobs and have a difficult time participating in the center's activities. Whenever the center plans an event, the parental involvement is lower than desired. The center has tried to increase parental involvement through such methods as calling to remind parents and sending home notices, but is not having any luck.
Your assignment is to create a Parental Involvement Plan to encourage better participation from parents. Follow these steps to develop your plan:
Step 1:
Identify the issue, discuss your beliefs about the situation, and formulate conclusions and offer suggestions to the director of the child care center.
Step 2:
Create a Parent Involvement Plan that your director can copy and paste into the employee and parent handbook. Your plan should include:
The importance of early intervention and individual educational plans
Ways to assist students and their families
The importance of parent involvement
Please use the template provided and your rubric as your guide to completing this assignment.
.
Parenting Practices Over GenerationsGeneration 1 Years children.docxMARRY7
Parenting Practices Over Generations
Generation 1: Years children were raised (19XX-XXXX)
Generation 2: Years
Generation 3: Years
Parenting Practice 1: Education
Parenting Practice 2:
Parenting Practice 3:
Parenting Practice 4:
.
ParamsThe interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form wit.docxMARRY7
Params:
The interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form with the four fields listed below, a playlist queue (checked listbox) and media player will suffice).
There must be a separate file that will contain information about each soundtrack in your system. That information will be:
Title;
Artist;
Note area;
Type; and
Anything else that you wish to include on each record.
There must be a way to add data to this file.
There must be a way to delete data from this file.
There must be at least one report using data from the file.
There must be a queue to allow you to play selected music tracks in sequence (like two in a row) without manual intervention.
There must be a way to show the data in at least two different sequences (by title, by artist, etc.).
There must be documentation explaining how your Jukebox works (how you add songs, play songs, etc.).
Currently there is a Text file that contains the information about the wav files to be played, several wav files that the text file references. I have also made an access database from the text file.
.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
NameStudent Number Spanish III Part I Midterm Exam.docx
1. Name/Student Number:
Spanish III Part I Midterm Exam
Short Answer – Write your answers below each question. Use
complete sentences. Answers
should be in Spanish.
1. ¿Qué es lo que más te gusta hacer en una excursión a un
parque nacional? ¿Qué es lo que
menos te gusta?
2. ¿A qué eventos deportivos te gusta asistir?
3. ¿Por qué viajan muchos peregrinos a Santiago de
Compostela hoy en día?
4. ¿Por qué se oyen ruidos a veces desde muy dentro del
Popocatépetl?
5. ¿Qué obras de arte o de literatura influyen en tu vida?
6. ¿Cuál es tu opinión sobre las obras de Joan Miró?
2. 7. ¿Qué hago para ponerme en forma?
8. ¿Qué me recomiendas para no sufrir de estrés?
9. ¿Cuándo te preocupas?
Una chica está hablando con su amiga sobre sus relaciones con
gente de la escuela y su
familia. Le dice lo que piensa y su amiga le responde,
expresando una opinión. Escribe las
respuestas de la amiga, usando la expresión entre paréntesis.
Modelo Algunas personas de nuestra escuela no guardan
secretos. (Temo que)
Temo que algunas personas de nuestra escuela no guarden
secretos.
10. José está enojado con Juan. (Siento que)
_____________________________________________________
_______
11. En las carreras, ¿prefieres observar o participar? ¿Por qué?
12. En tu opinión, ¿cómo es la música de la salsa?
3. 13. ¿Quién te aconseja cuando te sientes fatal?
14. ¿Qué le aconsejas a un amigo que come mucha comida mala
para la salud?
15. ¿Cómo te reconcilias con tus padres después de una pelea?
16. ¿Adónde te gusta ir de cámping? ¿Por qué?
17. ¿Qué deportes jugabas cuando eras niño(a)?
18. ¿Qué obra de arte has visto que te ha impresionado más?
¿Por qué?
19. ¿Qué comes para seguir una dieta nutritiva?
20. ¿Cuáles son algunos temas que muchos poetas hispanos
usan en sus poesías? Nombra 2 o
más temas, por lo menos.
4. Case StudiesCase Studies
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Case Study 20.1: The Big Mac Index
As you have already learned, the PPP theory predicts that in the
long run the exchange rate between two cur-
rencies should move toward equalizing the cost in each country
of an identical basket of internationally traded
goods. A light-hearted test of the theory has been developed by
The Economist magazine, which compares prices
around the world for a “market basket” consisting simply of one
McDonald’s Big Mac—a product that, though not
internationally traded, is essentially the same in more than 100
countries. The Economist begins with the price of a
Big Mac in the local currency and then converts that price into
dollars based on the exchange rate prevailing at the
time. A comparison of the dollar price of Big Macs across
countries offers a crude test of the PPP theory, which predicts
that prices should be
roughly equal in the long run.
This chart lists the dollar
price of a Big Mac in March
2010, in 22 surveyed
countries plus the euro zone
5. average. By comparing the
price of a Big Mac in the
United States (shown as
the green bar) with prices
in other countries, we can
derive a crude measure of
whether particular curren-
cies, relative to the dollar,
are overvalued (red bars) or
undervalued (blue bars). For
example, because the price
of a Big Mac in Norway,
at $6.87, was 92 percent
higher than the U.S. price of
$3.58, the Norwegian krone
was the most overvalued
relative to the dollar of the
countries listed. But Big
6. Macs were cheaper in most
of the countries surveyed.
The cheapest was in China, where $1.83 was 49 percent below
the U.S. price. Hence, the Chinese yuan was the most
undervalued relative to
the dollar.
Thus, Big Mac prices in March 2010 ranged from 92 percent
above to 49 percent below the U.S. price. The euro was 29
percent overval-
ued. The price range lends little support to the PPP theory, but
that theory relates only to traded goods. The Big Mac is not
traded internation-
ally. Part of the price of a Big Mac must cover rent, which can
vary substantially across countries. Taxes and trade barriers,
such as tariffs and
quotas on beef, may also distort local prices. And wages differ
across countries, with a McDonald’s worker averaging about $8
an hour in the
United States versus more like $1 an hour in China. So there are
understandable reasons why Big Mac prices differ across
countries.
SOURCES: “The Big Mac Index: Exchanging Blows,” The
Economist, 17 March 2010; David Parsley and Shang-Jin Wei,
“In Search of a Euro Effect: Big Lessons from a Big Mac
Meal?” Journal of International Money and Finance, 27 (March
2008): 260–276; Ali Kutan et al., “Toward Solving the PPP
7. Puzzle: Evidence from 113 Countries,” Applied Economics,
41 (Issue 24, 2009): 3057–3066; and the McDonald’s
Corporation international Web site at
http://www.mcdonalds.com.
QUESTION
1. The Big Mac Index computed by The Economist magazine
has consistently found the U.S. dollar to be undervalued against
some curren-
cies and overvalued against others. This fi nding seems to call
for a rejection of the purchasing power parity theory. Explain
why this index
may not be a valid test of the theory.
Cost of a Big Mac by Country
$0.00 $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 $5.00 $6.00
Norway
Switzerland
Euro zone
Canada
Australia
Hungary
Turkey
United States
Japan
Britain
South Korea
8. United Arabs Emirates
Poland
Saudi Arabia
Mexico
South Africa
Russia
Egypt
Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
China
6.16
4.62
4.06
3.98
3.75
3.71
3.58
3.54
3.48
3.00
2.99
2.86
9. 2.67
2.56
2.44
2.39
2.37
2.28
2.36
2.12
2.16
1.83
Big Mac prices converted to U.S. dollars
$7.00
6.87
20
22212_CS_01-43.indd 4022212_CS_01-43.indd 40 11/11/11
8:06 PM11/11/11 8:06 PM
Case Study 20.2: What About China?
The U.S. trade defi cit with China of $227 billion in 2009
exceeded America’s combined defi cits with the European
Union, OPEC countries, and
Latin America. The defi cit with China grew about 15 percent
annually between 2007 and 2010. Americans spend four times
10. more on Chinese
products than the Chinese spend on American products.
Between 2007 and 2010, China’s holdings of U.S. Treasury
securities more than
doubled from $400 billion to $900 billion.
Many economists, politicians, and union offi cials argue that
China manipulates its currency, the yuan, to keep Chinese
products cheaper
abroad and foreign products more expensive at home. This
stimulates Chinese exports and discourages imports, thereby
boosting Chinese
production and jobs. At the same time, the average Chinese
consumer is poorer because the yuan buys fewer foreign
products.
As we have seen, any country that establishes a fi xed exchange
rate that undervalues or overvalues the currency must intervene
continu-
ously to maintain that rate. Thus, if the offi cial exchange rate
chronically undervalues the Chinese yuan relative to the dollar,
as appears to be
the case, then Chinese authorities must continuously exchange
yuan for dollars in foreign exchange markets. The increased
supply of yuan
keeps the yuan down, and the increased demand for dollars
keeps the dollar up.
But the charge that China manipulates its currency goes beyond
11. simply depressing the yuan and boosting the dollar. China’s
trading part-
ners increasingly feel they are being squeezed out by Chinese
producers without gaining access to Chinese markets. China
seeks every trade
advantage, especially for the 125 state-owned enterprises run
directly by the central government. For example, China offers
some domestic
producers tax rebates and subsidies to promote exports, while
imposing quotas and tariffs to discourage imports, such as a 25
percent tariff on
auto-parts imports.
China has tried to soothe concerns about the trade defi cit. Most
importantly, Chinese authorities in 2005 began allowing the
yuan to rise
modestly against the dollar. As a result, the yuan rose a total of
20 percent against the dollar between July 2005 and July 2010.
China also
announced plans to cut tax rebates paid to its exporters and to
lower some import duties. But these measures seemed to have
had little effect
on America’s monster defi cit with China.
Prior to an international fi nance meeting in June 2010, a key
European Central Bank offi cial said “the rigidity of the
Chinese monetary
regime had slowed down the recovery in the developed world.”
12. Facing political pressure to do something, China announced that
it would allow
the exchange rate to become more fl exible. We’ll see.
SOURCES: Lee Branstetter and Nicholas Lardy, “China’s
Embrace of Globalization,” NBER Working Paper 12373 (July
2006); Jason Dean and Shen Hong, “China Central Bank
Tames Yuan Appreciation Hopes,” Wall Street Journal, 22 June
2010; Yujan Zhang, “China Steel Group Accuses U.S.
Lawmakers of Protectionism,” Wall Street Journal, 5 July 2010;
and Michael Casey, “Showdown Looms Over China’s Currency
at G-20,” Wall Street Journal, 11 June 2010.
QUESTION
1. Why would China want its own currency to be undervalued
relative to the U.S. dollar? How does China maintain an
undervalued currency?
22212_CS_01-43.indd 4122212_CS_01-43.indd 41 11/11/11
8:07 PM11/11/11 8:07 PM
Case StudiesCase Studies
PUBLIC GOODS AND PUBLIC CHOICE
Case Study 16.1: Farm Subsidies
[Note: This is a more detailed look at farm subsidies than the
similar material in Chapter 16 of the text]
The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act became law in 1937
to prevent what was viewed as “ruinous competi-
13. tion” among farmers. At the time, one in four Americans lived
on a farm. In the years since, the government intro-
duced a variety of policies that set fl oor prices for a wide range
of farm products. Now, only one in fi fty Americans
lives on a farm, but this program is still with us. Subsidies in
the 2008 Farm Act cost U.S. taxpayers $15.4 billion
in 2009. Worse still, the U.S. government often sells surplus
crops overseas for lower prices. That sounds altruistic,
but U.S. exports put some poor farmers around the world out of
business. U.S. farm subsidies continue to be a sticking point in
negotiating
freer international trade agreements.
Let’s see how price supports work in the dairy industry, using a
simplifi ed example. The exhibit below presents the market for
milk. Without
government intervention, suppose the market price of milk
would average $1.50 per gallon for a market quantity of 100
million gallons per
month. In long-run equilibrium, dairy farmers would earn a
normal profi t in this competitive industry. Consumer surplus is
shown by the blue-
shaded area. Recall that consumer surplus is the difference
between the most that
consumers would be willing to pay for that quantity and the
amount they actually pay.
14. Now suppose the dairy lobby persuades Congress that milk
should not sell for
less than $2.50 per gallon. The higher price encourages farmers
to increase their
quantity supplied to 150 million gallons per month. Consumers,
however, reduce their
quantity demanded to 75 million gallons. To make the fl oor
price of $2.50 stick, the
government every month must buy the 75 million gallons of
surplus milk generated
by the fl oor price or somehow get dairy farmers to cut output to
only 75 million gal-
lons. For example, to reduce supply, the government spent about
$1 billion on milk
products in 2009 under one federal program.
Consumers end up paying dearly to subsidize farmers. First, the
price consumers
pay increases, in this example by $1 per gallon. Second, as
taxpayers, consumers
must also pay for the surplus milk or otherwise pay farmers not
to produce that milk.
And third, if the government buys the surplus, taxpayers must
then pay for storage.
15. So consumers pay $2.50 for each gallon they buy on the market,
pay another $2.50 in higher taxes for each surplus gallon the
government
must buy. Instead of paying a freemarket price of just $1.50 for
each gallon consumed, the typical consumer-taxpayer in effect
pays $5.00 for
each gallon actually consumed.
How do farmers make out? Each receives an extra $1 per gallon
in revenue compared to the free-market price. As farmers
increase their
quantity supplied in response to the higher price, however, their
marginal cost of production increases. At the margin, the higher
price just offsets
the higher marginal cost of production. The government subsidy
also bids up the price of specialized resources, such as cows and
especially
pasture land. Anyone who owned these resources when the
subsidy was introduced would benefi t. Farmers who purchased
them after that (and,
hence, after resource prices increased) earn only a normal rate
of return on their investment. Because farm subsidies were
originally introduced
more than half a century ago, most farmers today earn just a
normal return on their investment, despite the billions spent
annually on subsidies.
If the extra $1 per gallon that farmers receive for milk were
pure profi t, farm profi t would increase by $150 million per
16. month under the
government program. But total outlays by consumer-taxpayer
jumped from $150 million per month for 100 million gallons to
$375 million per
month for 75 million gallons. Thus, cost to consumer-taxpayers
increases by $225 million, though they drink 25 million fewer
gallons. Like
other special-interest legislation, farm subsidies have a negative
impact on the economy, as the losses outweigh the gains. The
real winners
are those who owned specialized resources when the subsidy
was fi rst introduced. Young farmers must pay more to get into
a position to reap
the subsidies. Ironically, subsidies aimed at preserving the
family farm raise the costs of farming.
SOURCES: Barratt Kirwan, “The Incidence of U.S. Agricultural
Subsidies on Farmland Rental Rates,” Journal of Political
Economies, 117 (February 2009): 138–164; Ani Katchova,
“A Comparison of Economic Well-Being of Farm and Nonfarm
Households,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 90
(August 2008): 733–747; Bill Egbert, “Councilman
Eric Gioia Having a Cow Over Milk Prices: $6 A Gallon Is Too
High, He Says,” New York Daily News, 5 July 2009; Calitza
Jimenez, “USDA Pulls Plug on Some Farm Subsidy Data,”
Center for Public Integrity, 21 May 2010, at
http://www.publicintegrity.org/data_mine/entry/2100/; and
Joseph Glauber, “Statement Before the Senate Judiciary
Committee,” 19
September 2009, at
http://www.usda.gov/oce/newsroom/archives/testimony/2009/Ve
17. rmontDairy.pdf.
QUESTIONS
1. “Subsidizing the price of milk or other agricultural products
is not very expensive considering how many consumers there
are in the
United States. Therefore, there is little harmful effect from such
subsidies.” Evaluate this statement.
2. Subsidy programs are likely to have a number of secondary
effects in addition to the direct effect on dairy prices. What
impact do you sup-
pose farm subsidies are likely to have on the following?
a. Housing prices
b. Technological change in the dairy industry
c. The price of dairy product substitutes
16
S
Millions of
gallons per month
$2.50
1.50
0 75 100 150
Excess quantity supplied
18. D
o
ll
a
rs
p
e
r
g
a
ll
o
n
D
Effects of Milk Price Supports
22212_CS_01-43.indd 3222212_CS_01-43.indd 32 11/11/11
8:04 PM11/11/11 8:04 PM
Case Study 16.2: Campaign Finance Reform
Critics have long argued that American politics is awash in
special-interest money. Most Americans seem to agree. Two-
thirds of those
surveyed support public fi nancing of campaigns if it eliminates
funding from large private donations and organized interest
19. groups. Since the
1970s, presidential campaigns, but not congressional races,
have been in part publicly funded. Candidates who accept public
funds must abide
by campaign spending limits. But by rejecting public funds,
candidates can ignore spending limits.
Senators John McCain and Russ Feingold proposed a ban on so-
called soft-money contributions to national parties. Soft money
allows
political parties to raise unlimited amounts from individuals,
corporations, and labor unions and to spend it freely on party-
building activities,
such as get-out-the-vote efforts, but not on direct support for
candidates. Hard money is the cash parties raise under rules that
limit individual
contributions and require public disclosure of donors. The
McCain-Feingold measure was approved as the Bipartisan
Campaign Reform Act
of 2002. The act bans the solicitation of soft money by federal
candidates and prohibits political advertising by special interest
groups in the
weeks just before an election. The contribution limit is $2,300
for the primary and $2,300 for the general election, or a
combined $4,600 for
both.
Limits on special-interest contributions may reduce their infl
20. uence in the political process, but such caps also increase the
advantage of
incumbents. Although there was anti-incumbent sentiment in the
2010 congressional election, historically about 95 percent of
congressional
incumbents usually get reelected. Incumbents benefi t from a
taxpayer-funded staff and free mailing privileges; these
mailings often amount to
campaign literature masquerading as offi cial communications.
Limits on campaign spending also magnify the advantages of
incumbency by re-
ducing a challenger’s ability to appeal directly to voters. Some
liberal and conservative thinkers agree that the supply of
political money should
be increased, not decreased. As Curtis Gans, director of the
Committee for the Study of the American Electorate argued,
“The overwhelming
body of scholarly research . . . indicates that low spending
limits will undermine political competition by enhancing the
existing advantages of
incumbency.” Money matters more to challengers because the
public knows less about them. Challengers must be able to
spend enough to get
their message out. One study found a positive relationship
between spending by challengers and their election success but
found no relation-
ship between spending by incumbents and their reelection
21. success. So campaign spending limits favor incumbents.
The U.S. Supreme Court in 2010 ruled that the federal
government may not ban certain types of political spending by
corporations and
labor unions, ruling that: “When governments seek to use its
full power, including the criminal law, to command where a
person may get his or
her information, . . . it uses censorship to control thought.”
Barack Obama and John McCain together spent a little more
than $1 billion in the 2008 presidential race (with most of that
spent by
Obama). More than a billion dollars sounds like a lot of money,
but Coke spends at least twice that on advertising each year.
The point is that
even well-meaning legislation often has unintended
consequences. Efforts to limit campaign spending may or may
not reduce the infl uence of
specialinterest groups, but by reducing a challenger’s ability to
reach the voters, spending limits increase the advantage of
incumbency, thus
reducing political competition.
SOURCES: Michael Ensley, “Individual Campaign
Contributions and Candidate Ideology,” Public Choice, 138
(January 2009): 229–238; Jess Bravin, “Supreme Court
Reverses
Limits on Campaign Spending,” Wall Street Journal, 21 January
2010; Jonathan Salant, “Spending Doubled as Obama Led
22. Billion-Dollar Campaign,” Bloomberg News, 27
December 2008, at
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=apxz
rZEHqU1o&refer=home#; the Federal Election Commission at
http://www.fec.gov/; and
Common Cause at http://www.commoncause.org.
QUESTION
1. The motivation behind campaign fi nance reform was to limit
the infl uence of special interests. In what sense could that
legislation have the
opposite effect?
22212_CS_01-43.indd 3322212_CS_01-43.indd 33 11/11/11
8:04 PM11/11/11 8:04 PM
Case StudiesCase Studies
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Case Study 19.1: The Big Mac Index
As you have already learned, the PPP theory predicts that in the
long run the exchange rate between two cur-
rencies should move toward equalizing the cost in each country
of an identical basket of internationally traded
goods. A light-hearted test of the theory has been developed by
The Economist magazine, which compares prices
around the world for a “market basket” consisting simply of one
23. McDonald’s Big Mac—a product that, though not
internationally traded, is essentially the same in more than 100
countries. The Economist begins with the price of a
Big Mac in the local currency and then converts that price into
dollars based on the exchange rate prevailing at the
time. A comparison of the dollar price of Big Macs across
countries offers a crude test of the PPP theory, which predicts
that prices should be
roughly equal in the long run.
This chart lists the
dollar price of a Big Mac in
March 2010, in 22 surveyed
countries plus the euro zone
average. By comparing the
price of a Big Mac in the
United States (shown as
the green bar) with prices
in other countries, we can
derive a crude measure of
whether particular curren-
24. cies, relative to the dollar,
are overvalued (red bars) or
undervalued (blue bars). For
example, because the price
of a Big Mac in Norway,
at $6.87, was 92 percent
higher than the U.S. price of
$3.58 the Norwegian krone
was the most overvalued
relative to the dollar of the
countries listed. But Big
Macs were cheaper in most
of the countries surveyed.
The cheapest was in China, where $1.83 was 49 percent below
the U.S. price. Hence, the Chinese yuan was the most
undervalued relative to
the dollar.
Thus, Big Mac prices in March 2010 ranged from 92 percent
above to 49 percent below the U.S. price. The euro was 29
percent overval-
25. ued. The price range lends little support to the PPP theory, but
that theory relates only to traded goods. The Big Mac is not
traded internation-
ally. Part of the price of a Big Mac must cover rent, which can
vary substantially across countries. Taxes and trade barriers,
such as tariffs and
quotas on beef, may also distort local prices. And wages differ
across countries, with a McDonald’s worker averaging about $8
an hour in the
United States versus more like $1 an hour in China. So there are
understandable reasons why Big Mac prices differ across
countries.
SOURCES: “The Big Mac Index: Exchanging Blows,” The
Economist, 17 March 2010; David Parsley and Shang-Jin Wei,
“In Search of a Euro Effect: Big Lessons from a Big Mac
Meal?” Journal of International Money and Finance, 27 (March
2008): 260–276; Ali Kutan et al., “Toward Solving the PPP
Puzzle: Evidence from 113 Countries,” Applied Economics,
41 (Issue 24, 2009): 3057–3066; and the McDonald’s
Corporation international Web site at
http://www.mcdonalds.com.
QUESTION
1. The Big Mac Index computed by The Economist magazine
has consistently found the U.S. dollar to be undervalued against
some curren-
cies and overvalued against others. This fi nding seems to call
for a rejection of the purchasing power parity theory. Explain
why this index
may not be a valid test of the theory.
26. 19
Cost of a Big Mac by Country
$0.00 $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 $5.00 $6.00
Norway
Switzerland
Euro zone
Canada
Australia
Hungary
Turkey
United States
Japan
Britain
South Korea
United Arabs Emirates
Poland
Saudi Arabia
Mexico
South Africa
Russia
Egypt
Taiwan
Indonesia
28. Big Mac prices converted to U.S. dollars
$7.00
6.87
26692_CS_01-42.indd 3926692_CS_01-42.indd 39 11/11/11
6:17 PM11/11/11 6:17 PM
Case Study 19.2: What About China?
The U.S. trade defi cit with China of $227 billion in 2009
exceeded America’s combined defi cits with the European
Union, OPEC countries, and
Latin America. The defi cit with China grew about 15 percent
annually between 2007 and 2010. Americans spend four times
more on Chinese
products than the Chinese spend on American products.
Between 2007 and 2010, China’s holdings of U.S. Treasury
securities more than
doubled from $400 billion to $900 billion.
Many economists, politicians, and union offi cials argue that
China manipulates its currency, the yuan, to keep Chinese
products cheaper
abroad and foreign products more expensive at home. This
stimulates Chinese exports and discourages imports, thereby
boosting Chinese
29. production and jobs. At the same time, the average Chinese
consumer is poorer because the yuan buys fewer foreign
products.
As we have seen, any country that establishes a fi xed exchange
rate that undervalues or overvalues the currency must intervene
continu-
ously to maintain that rate. Thus, if the offi cial exchange rate
chronically undervalues the Chinese yuan relative to the dollar,
as appears to be
the case, then Chinese authorities must continuously exchange
yuan for dollars in foreign exchange markets. The increased
supply of yuan
keeps the yuan down, and the increased demand for dollars
keeps the dollar up.
But the charge that China manipulates its currency goes beyond
simply depressing the yuan and boosting the dollar. China’s
trading part-
ners increasingly feel they are being squeezed out by Chinese
producers without gaining access to Chinese markets. China
seeks every trade
advantage, especially for the 125 state-owned enterprises run
directly by the central government. For example, China offers
some domestic
producers tax rebates and subsidies to promote exports, while
imposing quotas and tariffs to discourage imports, such as a 25
percent tariff on
auto-parts imports.
30. China has tried to soothe concerns about the trade defi cit. Most
importantly, Chinese authorities in 2005 began allowing the
yuan to rise
modestly against the dollar. As a result, the yuan rose a total of
20 percent against the dollar between July 2005 and July 2010.
China also
announced plans to cut tax rebates paid to its exporters and to
lower some import duties. But these measures seemed to have
had little effect
on America’s monster defi cit with China.
Prior to an international fi nance meeting in June 2010, a key
European Central Bank offi cial said “the rigidity of the
Chinese monetary
regime had slowed down the recovery in the developed world.”
Facing political pressure to do something, China announced that
it would allow
the exchange rate to become more fl exible. We’ll see.
SOURCES: Lee Branstetter and Nicholas Lardy, “China’s
Embrace of Globalization,” NBER Working Paper 12373 (July
2006); Jason Dean and Shen Hong, “China Central Bank
Tames Yuan Appreciation Hopes,” Wall Street Journal, 22 June
2010; Yujan Zhang, “China Steel Group Accuses U.S.
Lawmakers of Protectionism,” Wall Street Journal, 5 July 2010;
and Michael Casey, “Showdown Looms Over China’s Currency
at G-20,” Wall Street Journal, 11 June 2010.
QUESTION
1. Why would China want its own currency to be undervalued
31. relative to the U.S. dollar? How does China maintain an
undervalued currency?
26692_CS_01-42.indd 4026692_CS_01-42.indd 40 11/11/11
6:17 PM11/11/11 6:17 PM
Case StudiesCase Studies
MONEY AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Case Study 14.1: Mackerel Economics in Federal Prisons
The economist R.A Radford spent several years in prisoner-of-
war camps in Italy and Germany during World War II,
and he wrote about his experience. Although economic activity
was sharply limited, many features of a normal
economy were found in the prison life he observed. For
example, in the absence of any offi cial currency behind
bars, cigarettes came to serve all three roles of money: medium
of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
Cigarettes were of uniform quality, of limited supply (they
came in rations from the International Red Cross),
reasonably durable, and individually could support small
transactions or, in packs, larger ones. Prices measured in
cigarettes became fairly uniform and well known throughout a
camp of up to 50,000 prisoners of many nationalities.
32. Now fast-forward half a century to the U.S. federal prison
system. Prisoners are not allowed to hold cash. Whatever money
sent by relatives
or earned from prison jobs (at 40 cents an hour) goes into
commissary accounts that allow inmates to buy items such as
snacks and toiletries.
In the absence of cash, to trade among themselves federal
prisoners also came to settle on cigarettes as their commodity
money (despite offi -
cial prohibitions against trade of any kind among inmates).
Cigarettes served as the informal
money until 2004, when smoking was banned in all federal
prisons.
Once the ban took effect, the urge to trade created incentives to
come up with some
other commodity money. Prisoners tried other items sold at the
commissary including
postage stamps, cans of tuna, and Power Bars, but none of that
seemed to catch on.
Eventually prisoners settled on cans of mackerel, a bony, oily fi
sh. So inmates informally use
“macks”—as the commodity money came to be called—to settle
gambling debts, to buy
services from other inmates (such as ironing, shoe shining, and
cell cleaning), and to buy
33. goods from other inmates (including special foods prepared with
items from the commissary
and illicit items such as home-brewed “prison hooch”). At those
federal prisons where the
commissary opens only one day a week, some prisoners fi ll the
void by running mini-com-
missaries out of their lockers.
After wardens banned cans (because they could be refashioned
into makeshift knives),
the commodity money quickly shifted from cans of mackerel to
plastic-and-foil pouches of
mackerel. The mack is considered a good stand-in for the dollar
because each pouch costs
about $1 at the commissary, yet most prisoners, aside from
weight-lifters seeking extra
protein, would rather trade macks than eat them.
Wardens try to discourage the mackerel economy by limiting
the amount of food prison-
ers can stockpile. Those caught using macks as money can lose
commissary privileges, can
be reassigned to a less desirable cell, or can even spend time in
the “hole.” Still, market
forces are so strong that the mackerel economy survives in
many federal prisons.
34. SOURCES: R. A. Radford, “The Economic Organization of a
P.O.W. Camp,” Economica, 12 (November 1945): 189–201: and
Justin Scheck, “Mackerel Economics in Prisons Leads
to Appreciation of the Oily Fillets,” Wall Street Journal, 2
October 2008.
QUESTION
1. How well do pouches of mackerel satisfy the six properties
of ideal money (durable, portable, divisible, uniform quality,
low opportunity cost,
stable value)?
14
26692_CS_01-42.indd 2826692_CS_01-42.indd 28 11/11/11
6:09 PM11/11/11 6:09 PM
Case Study 14.2: The Hassle of Small Change
About 8 billion U.S. pennies were minted in 2009, and about
150 billion pennies circulated. That’s about 500 pennies per
U.S. resident. Most
pennies are resting in change jars, drawers, or other gathering
places for the lowly coin. Pennies are abandoned in the tiny
bins and donation
cans at store counters. Many people won’t bother to pick one up
on the sidewalk (as evidenced by the number you fi nd there).
The penny, like
all U.S. currency, has over time been robbed of its exchange
35. value by infl ation. Today’s penny buys only one-seventh as
much as it did in the
1950s. Pennies can’t be used in parking meters, vending
machines, or pay telephones, and penny candy is long gone. To
avoid the hassle of
small change, some restaurants, such as the Vanilla Bean Café
in Pomfret, Connecticut, charge prices exactly divisible by 25
cents. That way,
pennies, nickels, and dimes aren’t needed for any transaction.
The exchange value of the penny has declined as the cost of
minting it has risen. For more than a century, the penny was 95
percent
copper. In 1982, copper prices reached record levels, so the
U.S. Mint began making pennies from zinc, with just a thin
copper fi nish. Then the
price of zinc rose, boosting the metal cost of a penny in 2009 to
0.8 cents. Add to that the 0.8-cent minting cost per penny, and
you get
1.6 cents per coin. So the government loses 0.6 cents on each
penny minted, or $14.4 million on the pennies minted in 2009.
Nickels, which
are mostly copper, are also money losers; in 2009 they cost 6
cents to make.
Has the penny outlived its usefulness? In the face of rising
metal prices, the government has some options. First option:
mint them from a
36. lower-cost alloy. This would buy some time, but infl ation
would eventually drive the metallic cost above the exchange
value of the coin. Second
option: abolish the penny. Take it out of circulation. Countries
that have eliminated their smallest coins include Australia,
Britain, Finland, Hong
Kong, and the Netherlands. New Zealand eliminated its 5-cent
coin, as well as its 2-cent and 1-cent coins. The United States
abolished the
half-cent coin in 1857, at a time when it was worth 8 cents in
today’s purchasing power.
Third option: decree that the penny is worth fi ve cents, the
same as
a nickel. At the same time, the government could withdraw
nickels from
circulation. With pennies worth so much more, there would be
no incentive
to hoard them for their metallic value (a current problem), and
it would likely
be decades before the metallic value caught up with the
exchange value.
Rebasing the penny to 5 cents would increase the money supply
by about $6
billion, a drop in the bucket compared to a total money supply
of $1.7 trillion,
37. so the move would have virtually no effect on infl ation.
If the penny gets so little respect, why did the Treasury mint 2.4
billion
in 2009? As noted, some people are hoarding pennies, waiting
for the day
when the metallic value exceeds the exchange value. Another
source of
demand is the sales tax, which adds pennies to transactions in
44 states.
Charities also collect millions from change cans located at
check-out coun-
ters. And zinc producers lobby heavily to keep the penny around
as a major
user of the metal. Thus, the penny still has its boosters. That’s
why retailers
continue to order pennies from their banks, these banks order
pennies from the Fed, the Fed orders them from the U.S. Mint,
and the Mint
presses yet more pennies into idle service.
SOURCES: Austan Goolsbee, “Now that the Penny Isn’t Worth
Much, It’s Time to Make It Worth 5 Cents,” New York Times, 1
February 2007; Elizabeth Williamson, “Will Nickel-Free
Nickels Make a Dime’s Worth of Difference,” Wall Street
Journal, 10 May 2010; and Thomas Sargent and Francois Velde,
The Big Problem of Small Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 2002). View the rounded prices on Vanilla
38. Bean Café’s menu at http://www.thevanillabeancafe.com/.
QUESTION
1. In countries where the monetary system has broken down,
what are some alternatives to which people have resorted to
carry out
exchange?
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6:11 PM11/11/11 6:11 PM
Microeconomics (Week 6)
1. Suppose seven people are trying to decide whether to get a
pizza with pepperoni, a pizza with sausage and pepperoni, or a
pizza with everything on it. Four people want everything, one
wants pepperoni and sausage, and two want pepperoni only.
Assume that each person prefers a pizza closer to his or her first
choice to a pizza that is unlike the first choice. What is the
preference of the median voter? Which pizza will be selected if
the majority rules?
2. What dilemma faces regulators trying to regulate natural
monopolies?
3. Distinguish among private goods, public goods, natural
monopoly, and open-access goods.
4. Political corruption is epidemic in Russia today. What effect
does this have on the Russian economy? Compare and contrast
bureaus and business firms.
5. How does social regulation differ from economic regulation?
6. Additional Question: Answer in as many words as it takes to
answer - Has airline deregulation been a success? Be sure to
take into account the accessibility and flight amenities, as well
as price. What, if any, effects do you think rising fuel costs will
have on airline regulation/deregulation?
39. Microeconomics (Week 7)
1. Explain how welfare creates work disincentives.
2. Discuss the factors that cause the average income of
nonwhites to be lower than the average income of whites.
3. Education is often used as an example of a positive
externality. Are the external benefits greater for elementary,
secondary, or college education? Explain.
4. Explain why the optimal level of pollution is not zero.
According to an EPA study, the health hazards of Superfund
sites have been greatly exaggerated and air pollution tends to be
a bigger health hazard than toxic waste dumps. Why is more
attention focused on toxic waste dumps than on air pollution?
5. Explain the changes in welfare caused by the "Personal
Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act" of 1996.
6. To what extent do you think U.S. income distribution is
determined by economic factors? Use the material developed in
this unit to inform your (positive) position. To what extent do
you think the U.S. income distribution should be determined by
economic factors? Use the material developed in this unit to
inform your (normative) position.
Each question (1-5 for both) need to be answered in 75 words or
greater. The additional question (6 for both) can be answered in
as many words as it takes to answer the question. I need the
book that is being used to be referenced in APA format. The
book being used is ECON MICRO 3 by William McEachern. I
need these back Tuesday (4/9) by 7:00pm so that I have time to
read over and submit them. 7:00 EST.
Macroeconomics (Week 6)
1. Explain how banks are financial intermediaries. What are
reserves? What are excess reserves? Explain how the Fed can
affect the quantity of excess reserves in the banking system.
2. What are the three functions of money, and why are they
important?
3. What are the differences between M1 and M2?
40. 4. Discuss the factors that led to deregulation of U.S. financial
markets in the 1980s.
5. How can the Fed affect the money supply by using the
discount rate?
6. Additional Question: Answer in as many words as it takes to
answer - The chapter traces out the evolution of money from
commodity moneys to unbacked fiat moneys. How is money
likely to change during this century?
Macroeconomics (Week 7)
1. Explain how the short-run Phillips curve, the long-run
Phillips curve, the short-run aggregate supply curve, the long-
run aggregate supply curve, and the natural rate hypothesis are
all related. How do active and passive views of these concepts
differ?
2. What is meant by the demand for money? Which way does
the demand curve for money slope? Why?
3. Explain why the Fed can attempt to target either changes in
the money supply or changes in interest rates, but not both.
4. Explain how an active policy differs from a passive policy.
5. How does monetary policy affect aggregate demand in the
short run? How does monetary policy affect aggregate demand
in the long run?
6. Additional Question: Answer in as many words as it takes to
answer - What are the major similarities and major differences
between the direct and indirect channels of monetary policy?
Each question (1-5 for both) need to be answered in 75 words or
greater. The additional question (6 for both) can be answered in
as many words as it takes to answer the question. I need the
book that is being used to be referenced in APA format. The
book being used is ECON MACRO 3 by William A. McEachern
I need these back Tuesday (4/9) by 7:00pm so that I have time
to read over and submit them. 7:00 EST.