This document discusses various techniques for querying data in MySQL including joins, aggregation functions, views, unions, and subqueries. It provides examples of inner joins, outer joins, aggregation functions like sum, avg, min, max and count. It explains how to create and update views and use union operators. It also covers correlated and uncorrelated subqueries used with comparison operators, in, exists, and all/any.

1. MYSQL DATA QUERYING

2. OVERVIEWQuerying data using joinsAggregation functionsCreating and using viewsUsing union operator for queryingSubqueries.

3. Querying data using joins1.INNER JOIN()CROSS JOIN and JOIN types are all similar to INNER JOINUsed to link a table to itself.Ex: consider two tables t1 and t2.

4. Mysql>select * from t1 inner join t2;(here each row of one table is combined with each row of the other table, this join performs Cartesian product)

5. (in order to perform inner join based on certain criteria use WHERE clause)Mysql>select t1.*,t2.* from t1 inner join t2 where t1.i1=t2.i2; (inner join only selects the records which match the condition)

6. OUTER JOINS(these select even the records which donot satisfy the condition and place a NULL)1.LEFT JOIN( this forces the result set to contain a row for every entry selected from the left table, so if there is no match on the right table, we will find NULL in the result set)Mysql>select t1.*,t2.* from t1 left join t2 on t1.i1=t2.i2;

7. 2.RIGHT JOIN()(this forces the result set to contain a row for every entry selected from the right table, so if there is no match on the left table, we will find NULL)Mysql>select t1.*,t2.* from t1 right join t2 on t1.i1=t2.i2;Mysql>select t1.* from t1 left join t2 on t1.i1=t2.i2Where t1.i1 ISNULL; (left join is used to find the records where there is mismatch)

8. Join can be used for self referencingEx: consider the emp_mgr table

9. (employee table can be retrieved separately byperforming self join) employee_tableMysql>select t1.ssn,t1.name as e_name from emp_mgr as t1 inner join emp_mgr as t2 on t2.ssn=t1.mgr_ssn; 

10. USING UNION FOR QUERYINGWe can list the combined result set from differenttables.Ex://suppose we have 2 teams one for quiz and 1 for debate as followsquiz teamdebate team

11. Mysql>select name,age from quiz union select name,age from debate;(advantage of union: unique values are not repeated, it eleminates duplicate rows by default.To preserve the duplicate rows use UNION ALL)

12. Aggregate functions used to perform calculations on a group ofrecords and return a single value.Often used with GROUP BY clause of SELECTstatement.Some of the aggregate functions areSUM,AVG,MIN,MAX,COUNT etc

13. Ex:using employee databaseMysql>select * from employee;

14. 1.SUM()Returns the sum of the grouped values, Returns 0 if there are no matching values.Mysql>select dept,sum(sal)From employeeGroup by dept; 2.AVG()Returns the average of the grouped values.Mysql>select avg(sal) average_salary from employee; 

15. 3.MIN() and MAX()Mysql>select min(sal) MIN,  max(sal) MAX from employee;4.COUNT()Returns the count of values, here we can use to count the number of employee’s working in the company.Mysq>select count(*) from Employee; 

16. 5.VARIANCE()Mysql>select variance(sal) from employee;688888888.88896.STDDEV()Mysql>select stddev(sal) from employee;26246.6929

17. viewsViews are virtual tables defined in terms of other(base) tables.When the data in the underlying table changes so doesthe data in the view.But if the definitions in the table changes for ex: if weadd new columns to the table then these changes might not apply for the views created.

18. Views are updatable which means you can change the underlying table by means of operations on the view only whenthe view is mapped directly onto a single tableview must select only the columns that are simple references to the table columnsany operation on the view row must correspond to an operation on a single in the underlying table.no union operators,GROUP BY OR HAVING clauses,aggregate functions are used in the query.

19. A simple view is a way to select a subset of a tables columns.Syntax: CREATE VIEW view_name as select_query check condition;Ex:using employee databaseif we want to only select the columns name and ssn from the employee table we have to create the view.Mysql> create view vemp as select ssn,name from employee;

20. Mysql>select * from vemp;We can further get data from the view by querying using WHERE,ORDER BY and other clauses.You can provide column names explicitly by providing the names in closed parenthesis.Mysql> create view vemp (reg,enm) as select ssn,name from employee;

21. A view can be used to perform calculations automatically.Mysql>create view exp as select name, timestampdiff(year,date-of-join,’2010-01-01’) as experience from employee;Mysql>select * from exp;View can be defined on multiple tables, which makes it easy to use queries having join conditions.

22. The select condition used to create the view can be altered using the syntax:ALTER VIEW view_name select_conditionCheck_condition;The select query used to define the view can be retrieved using the syntax:SHOW CREATE VIEW view_name;To drop the view use the syntax:DROP VIEW view_name;

23. Setting privileges for the viewsPrivileges can be granted and revoked using any of the following:GRANT CREATE VIEW;GRANT SHOW CREATE VIEW;REVOKE CREATE VIEW;REVOKE SHOW CREATE VIEW;

24. sub queriesSubqueries support one select query to be nested inside the other.Subquery may return a single value,single column,single row or a table depending on the query.Subqueries may be correlated or uncorrelated.Subqueries can be tested using:Comparison operators(=,>,<)EXISTS,NOT EXISTS tests if the result of the subquery is empty.IN,NOT IN tests if the value is present in the set returned by subquery.ALL,ANY compare the value to the values returned.

25. Subqueries with comparison operatorsComparison operators when used with the subqueries,will find all the rows in the outer query which satisfy the particular relationship with the value returned by the subquery.Ex: to select the employee who is least paid we can use the subquery.Mysql>select * from e where sal=(select min(sal) from e);

26. Subqueries with IN and NOT INUsed when the subquery returns multiple values.Matches the row whose value is present in the set of values returned by the sub query.Mysql>select * from employee where ssn IN(select mgr_ssn from manager);retrieves the details of all employees who are managersMysql>select * from employee where ssn NOT IN(select mgr_ssn from manager);retrieves the details of all employees who are not managers

27. Subqueries with ALL and ANY Used along with comparison operators.ALLTests if the comparison value satisfies the particularrelationship with all the values returned by thesubquery.Mysql>select ssn,name from employee where date_of_join <= ALL(select date_of_join from employee);shows that jack is the most experienced working employee.

28. ANYTests if the comparison value satisfies theparticular relationship with any valuereturned by the subquery.Mysql>select ssn,name from employee where date_of_join<= ANY(select date_of_join from employee);this returns all the rows because every date_of_join is <= atleast one of the other date including itself

29. Subqueries with EXISTS and NOT EXISTSUsed to test if the subquery returns any row.If it returns any row.EXISTS is true and NOT EXISTis false, it returns 1.Mysql>select EXISTS(select * from employee where ssn=1111111);0Mysql>select NOT EXISTS(select * from employee where ssn=1111111);1

30. Benefits sub queriesmakes the query more Structured.reduced data redundancy and Greater ease of manipulation.sub queries are more readable than joins or unions, indeed it was the innovation of sub queries made people call the early SQL(“structured query language”).

31. Visit more self help tutorialsPick a tutorial of your choice and browse through it at your own pace.The tutorials section is free, self-guiding and will not involve any additional support.Visit us at www.dataminingtools.net