The document describes various SQL clauses and functions used to select, filter, aggregate, and format data from database tables. It explains how to use BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, COUNT, SUM, MAX, MIN, AVG, LCASE, UCASE, NOW, DATE_FORMAT, GROUP BY, and HAVING to query data based on conditions, perform calculations, group results, and format date/time values. Examples are provided to illustrate the syntax and usage of each technique.

1. BETWEEN : it is used to select values within a
range.
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND val
ue2;
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
WHERE column_name NOT
BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

2. IN :
select column_name from table_name
where column_name in (value1,value2,...);
Example:
Select * from table_name where address in
(‘delhi’ , ‘mumbai’);

3. Like
It is used only with char and varchar to match a
pattern.
Both % and _ are used with the like operator to
specify a pattern
Select column_name from table_name where
column_name like ‘a%’;
Select column_name from table_name where
column_name like ‘%d’;

4. Show who have exactly 5 characters
select column_name from table_name where
colun_name like ‘_____’ ; --5 underscores
Show all the column value whoes 2nd character
is ‘d’
Select colun_name from table_name where
column_name like ‘_d%’;
Select colum_name from table_name where
column_name like ‘%a%a%’;

5. Count (): counts all the rows
SELECT count(*) FROM table_name;
Sum(): it reurns sum of values from the selected list
of column
select sum(column_name) from table_name;
Max(): it returns the maximum value of the
selected list of item
select max(column_name) from table_name;
Min(): it returns the minimum value of the selected
list of item
select min(column_name) from table_name;

6. Avg(): it returns the average of column valuess
select avg(column_name) from table_name;
lcase() :
Select lcase(column_name) from table_name;
ucase():
Select ucase(column_name) from table_name;
Now(): show current date and time
select now();
Output:
2014-02-20 22:20:08

7. SELECT date_format( now(), '%W, %D, %M,
%Y,%T')
w – day
D – date
M – month
Y- year
T – time
Output:
Thursday, 20th, February, 2014,22:18:19

8. GROUP BY
It is used to group the data. In other word it
divide rows in a table in smaller group.
select dept_no,sum(sal) from employee group
by dept_no;
Here,
Employee - table_name
Dept_no and sal - column_name

9. HAVING
It is used to applied condition on aggregate
functions with group by.
Example:
select dept_no,max(sal) from employee group
by dept_no having sum(sal)>100;