This document discusses drought conditions and management strategies in several western U.S. states including California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Colorado. It defines drought and notes that definitions vary in different locations. Several impacts of drought are outlined, such as mandatory water use reductions, increased groundwater pumping, economic impacts to agriculture, and increased fire danger. The document also discusses various approaches for addressing drought conditions, including water transfers, conservation efforts, water recycling, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, and raising water prices.
L’Oreal Stepney, P.E., Deputy Director
Office of Water - TCEQ - PowerPoint Presentation from the Panhandle Groundwater Conservation Districts Inaugural Texas Panhandle Water Conservation Symposium
Analysed the occurrence and usage of water resources(Groundwater,Rainfall,Precipitation) in the State and the possible steps that can be taken to curb the drought.
Water in the Western United States - California: A Case StudyJonathan D'Cruz
California uses more water than any other state in the US
Each Californian uses an average of 181 gallons of water each day against the national average of 80-100 gallons each day
More water is used each day for irrigation than any other category
Total water use has been declining since the 1980s
California has been the state with the largest water use in the US since the USGS began compiling water-use data in 1950
L’Oreal Stepney, P.E., Deputy Director
Office of Water - TCEQ - PowerPoint Presentation from the Panhandle Groundwater Conservation Districts Inaugural Texas Panhandle Water Conservation Symposium
Analysed the occurrence and usage of water resources(Groundwater,Rainfall,Precipitation) in the State and the possible steps that can be taken to curb the drought.
Water in the Western United States - California: A Case StudyJonathan D'Cruz
California uses more water than any other state in the US
Each Californian uses an average of 181 gallons of water each day against the national average of 80-100 gallons each day
More water is used each day for irrigation than any other category
Total water use has been declining since the 1980s
California has been the state with the largest water use in the US since the USGS began compiling water-use data in 1950
https://waterpartnership.org.au/hydrogeology-of-the-dry-zone-central-myanmar-published/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/publications/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Hydrogeology-of-the-Dry-Zone-Central-Myanmar-Summary.pdf
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone – Central Myanmar, is a major study by Dr Leonard Drury, prepared with assistance from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI). The study revises and updates hydrogeological surveys and a drilling program begun in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. It represents an understanding of the groundwater resources of the Dry Zone based on decades of experience from hydrogeologists from Myanmar and Dr Drury’s extensive international experience (read full summary).
Download Book: Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar 118mb
Acknowledgements
This report has been prepared by Dr Len Drury, Aqua Rock Konsultants, with assistance from the Groundwater Division, Irrigation
and Water Utilization Management Department (IWUMD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI).
The figures and maps were digitised by International Centre Environmental Management (ICEM). The text was peer reviewed by
the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
The author is grateful to colleagues (active and retired) from the Rural Water Supply Division (RWSD) of the Agricultural
Mechanisation Department (AMD) and IWUMD, other government departments, universities, city and township development
committees, Non-Government Organisations, and consulting companies who readily provided their hydrogeological reports
and databases. Special thanks to Deputy Director General U Tin Maung Aye Htoo, Director U Htay Lwin, and Assistant Director
U Than Zaw (IWUMD) whose professionalism and enthusiasm was outstanding; and U Myint Thein, Hydrogeological Advisor
to the National Water Resources Committee (NWRC) – Advisory Group, who facilitated meetings and gave valuable input.
Research Interests: Hydrogeology, Myanmar, Dry Zone, and central myanmar
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
Karkheh Basin Focal Project: Synthesis of approach, findings and lessons. Poolad Karimi on behalf of the BFP1 team 2nd International Forum on Water & Food Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2008
The importance of groundwater surface water interaction - a case study on Rio...The Texas Network, LLC
Presented by Ronald T. Green, Ph.D., P.G., F. Paul Bertetti, P.G., and Marques Miller
at the Texas Water Conservation Association Conference in The Woodlands, Texas - March 2014
This is a presentation about the overall hydrogeological conditions of the state of Kerala. Also, I've presented here a case study related to the groundwater resource (of the open-dug well) contamination problem of Kodiyathur village.
https://waterpartnership.org.au/hydrogeology-of-the-dry-zone-central-myanmar-published/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/publications/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Hydrogeology-of-the-Dry-Zone-Central-Myanmar-Summary.pdf
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone – Central Myanmar, is a major study by Dr Leonard Drury, prepared with assistance from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI). The study revises and updates hydrogeological surveys and a drilling program begun in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. It represents an understanding of the groundwater resources of the Dry Zone based on decades of experience from hydrogeologists from Myanmar and Dr Drury’s extensive international experience (read full summary).
Download Book: Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar 118mb
Acknowledgements
This report has been prepared by Dr Len Drury, Aqua Rock Konsultants, with assistance from the Groundwater Division, Irrigation
and Water Utilization Management Department (IWUMD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI).
The figures and maps were digitised by International Centre Environmental Management (ICEM). The text was peer reviewed by
the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
The author is grateful to colleagues (active and retired) from the Rural Water Supply Division (RWSD) of the Agricultural
Mechanisation Department (AMD) and IWUMD, other government departments, universities, city and township development
committees, Non-Government Organisations, and consulting companies who readily provided their hydrogeological reports
and databases. Special thanks to Deputy Director General U Tin Maung Aye Htoo, Director U Htay Lwin, and Assistant Director
U Than Zaw (IWUMD) whose professionalism and enthusiasm was outstanding; and U Myint Thein, Hydrogeological Advisor
to the National Water Resources Committee (NWRC) – Advisory Group, who facilitated meetings and gave valuable input.
Research Interests: Hydrogeology, Myanmar, Dry Zone, and central myanmar
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
Karkheh Basin Focal Project: Synthesis of approach, findings and lessons. Poolad Karimi on behalf of the BFP1 team 2nd International Forum on Water & Food Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2008
The importance of groundwater surface water interaction - a case study on Rio...The Texas Network, LLC
Presented by Ronald T. Green, Ph.D., P.G., F. Paul Bertetti, P.G., and Marques Miller
at the Texas Water Conservation Association Conference in The Woodlands, Texas - March 2014
This is a presentation about the overall hydrogeological conditions of the state of Kerala. Also, I've presented here a case study related to the groundwater resource (of the open-dug well) contamination problem of Kodiyathur village.
Genome-scale in silico atpE gene knockout in Escherichia coli could drive nov...Khadem2016
One of the applications of E. coli genome-scale model is in the biological discovery of underground metabolic functions of partially characterized genes and/or enzymes. Here we report for the first time, a failed prediction of atpE gene knockout of no growth in the most recent E. coli reconstruction iJ01366 model, and a positive experimental growth on glucose, enabling a model-driven biological discovery of the underground metabolic function of this gene in E. coli metabolism. These findings unfolded what could be described as either scope gaps in the reconstruction or true biological gaps (knowledge gaps) on the missing atpE gene function in E. coli metabolism. This study informs other studies that the gaps could be pursued into the E. coli metabolism, leading to a model-driven discovery in the future.
The earth, the air, the land, and the water are not an inheritance from our forefathers but on loan from our children. So we have to handover to them at least as it was handed over to us.
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Water is the most important resource of our lifetime and the lifetime of our children. The health of our water is a key measure of how we live on land.
- Dr. Luna Leopold
1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docxpoulterbarbara
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
(the District; OCWD) was able to insulate itself from public opposition to its potable reuse
project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
To understand what challenges the District would be facing it is important to first understand
what was happening with other projects that were being developed at the same time in
Southern California. Second, it is important to understand the process by which the outreach
program was developed and how it was executed. That program was ongoing and changed
with the project to help anticipate and react to various issues that developed. Finally, it will be
shown how important it is to continue the outreach efforts and outline the various steps the
District has taken to educate people on the benefits of reuse.
Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
and north Orange County in the state of California, U.S.A. It was created by the State
Legislature in 1933 for that purpose and is governed by a 10-member Board of Directors that
sets policy, establishes the amount of pumping out of the basin and sets tariffs. The District
currently has set the amount of groundwater that can be pumped out of the basin at 77% of the
total water demands for its 19 retail agencies which serve 2.5 million people. The remaining
23% of its water supply is dependent on water that is imported into the region.
The Southern California region has a semi-arid climate, which receives approximately 355 mm
of rainfall per year. Most of its water is imported from two primary outside sources, the
Colorado River and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) in Northern California. The
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) built a 320 km aqueduct in the
1930’s bringing water from the Colorado River into Southern California and then participated in
the building of a 640 km aqueduct in the 1960’s from Northern California to bring water from
the Delta to Southern California. These supplies are enough to meet the water demands in
most years, but they are variable and the amount of water through these systems is dependent
on hydrology and certainly in the future, climate change.
Groundwater basins provide an important source of supplemental supply to the imported water
provided by MWD. A sustainably managed basin can provide a reliable source of low-cost
water, with groundwater costing half as much as imported water. The Orange County Water
District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
and recycled water for refilling its basin. This amount of water.
1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docxjeremylockett77
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
(the District; OCWD) was able to insulate itself from public opposition to its potable reuse
project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
To understand what challenges the District would be facing it is important to first understand
what was happening with other projects that were being developed at the same time in
Southern California. Second, it is important to understand the process by which the outreach
program was developed and how it was executed. That program was ongoing and changed
with the project to help anticipate and react to various issues that developed. Finally, it will be
shown how important it is to continue the outreach efforts and outline the various steps the
District has taken to educate people on the benefits of reuse.
Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
and north Orange County in the state of California, U.S.A. It was created by the State
Legislature in 1933 for that purpose and is governed by a 10-member Board of Directors that
sets policy, establishes the amount of pumping out of the basin and sets tariffs. The District
currently has set the amount of groundwater that can be pumped out of the basin at 77% of the
total water demands for its 19 retail agencies which serve 2.5 million people. The remaining
23% of its water supply is dependent on water that is imported into the region.
The Southern California region has a semi-arid climate, which receives approximately 355 mm
of rainfall per year. Most of its water is imported from two primary outside sources, the
Colorado River and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) in Northern California. The
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) built a 320 km aqueduct in the
1930’s bringing water from the Colorado River into Southern California and then participated in
the building of a 640 km aqueduct in the 1960’s from Northern California to bring water from
the Delta to Southern California. These supplies are enough to meet the water demands in
most years, but they are variable and the amount of water through these systems is dependent
on hydrology and certainly in the future, climate change.
Groundwater basins provide an important source of supplemental supply to the imported water
provided by MWD. A sustainably managed basin can provide a reliable source of low-cost
water, with groundwater costing half as much as imported water. The Orange County Water
District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
and recycled water for refilling its basin. This amount of water ...
Protecting the Source of Drinking WaterRobert Brears
IN MANY LOCATIONS around the world, ensuring
access to good quality water can be a challenge due to economic as well as domestic activities impacting the quality
of surface and groundwater supplies. To avoid having to develop new water supplies due to contamination a number of
jurisdictions are turning to water source protection methods
which involve the protection of surface water sources
and the protection of groundwater sources from contamination
of any kind.
New efforts in planning for large scale ecosystem restoration in the Sacramen...Cory Copeland
The Delta Stewardship Council (Council) is responsible for promoting the coequal goals of providing a more reliable water supply for California and protecting, restoring, and enhancing the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ecosystem that forms the upper portion of the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary. The Council is responsible for writing an enforceable Delta Plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh. After a multi-year development process that included extensive public engagement and scientific synthesis, the Council, in 2020, authorized initiation of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) environmental review of its proposed amendment to the Delta Plan focused on ecosystem protection, restoration, and enhancement. The amendment consists of six new and revised ecosystem performance measures, an updated narrative which includes four new and revised policies and 14 recommendations, and seven technical and regulatory appendices. The amendment is novel in that it focuses on landscape-scale process-based restoration, acknowledges the many social benefits from ecosystem restoration, utilizes advanced technical climate change analyses informed by best available science, and employs more rigorous tracking of progress in meeting Delta Plan objectives. The amendment embraces a portfolio of approaches to adaptively manage ecosystems in highly altered and changing landscapes, and strives to reestablish ecological processes in natural communities at a sufficient scale (and with connectivity, complexity, and diversity) to be resilient to land conversion and climate change. This digital poster will describe the collaborative science-driven process the Council used in developing the amendment, the draft currently under environmental review, and lessons for resource managers in other systems facing the challenge of planning ecosystem recovery amidst ongoing anthropogenic stressors and a rapidly changing climate.
The Ontario Municipal Board recently ruled against the Region of Waterloo for measures the Region took to curb urban sprawl. Here are the reasons why I believe they should rescind their decision.
1. Surface and Groundwater
Management in Times of
Drought
Michael J. Van Zandt, Partner
Hanson Bridgett LLP
425 Market Street, 26th
Floor
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-995-5001 Direct Phone
mvanzandt@hansonbridgett.com
2. Drought
Defining drought is difficult because
of the word normal. In many areas,
normal conditions generally mean
conditions that do not deviate from
long-term averages. However,
using averages can mask extreme
high and low water years.
3. I. WHAT IS A DROUGHT?
A. National Drought Mitigation Center
definition: “Drought originates from a
deficiency of precipitation over an
extended period of time, resulting in a
water shortage for some activity, group, or
environmental sector.”
http://drought.unl.edu/droughtbasics/whatisdrought.aspx
4. B. California Department of Water
Resources definition:
a. “Defining when drought occurs is a function
of drought impacts to water users. Drought
can best be thought of as a condition of
water shortage for a particular user in a
particular location.”
California Department of Water Resources Drought Background
http://www.water.ca.gov/waterconditions/background.cfm.
5. C. What constitutes a drought is different
in different places.
Drought in Libya could occur when annual
rainfall is less than 180 mm, but in Bali,
drought might be considered to occur after
a period of only 6 days without rain!
National Drought Mitigation Center,
http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/WhatisDrought.aspx
6. “Water year” 2015 was hot, dry and fiery,
compounding the misery brought on by a
fourth year of drought.
The most recent US Drought Monitor, released
September 8, 2015, has 46% of the state
under the most extreme drought category (D4-
Exceptional Drought).
Every region in California is missing at least a
year’s worth of precipitation.
Climate.gov
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/how-deep-precipitation-hole-california
D. Drought in California
7. E. Drought in Nevada
Like California, most of Nevada’s water goes
to agriculture. DWR estimates 60% of the
state’s water goes to irrigating crops; 22%
goes to municipal water districts.
In early February of this year, the state water
engineer ordered a 50% reduction in the
amount of groundwater that can be pumped
for crops in some valleys, home to Nevada’s
biggest agricultural producers.
http://www.agweb.com/article/drought-prompts-disaster-declaration-for-
most-of-nevada-naa-associated-press
8. F. Drought in New Mexico
The statewide percent of normal precipitation for
January 2016 was 87%, 56 driest on record.
Reservoir storage is below capacity at all lakes
across the state, at only 29% of capacity as of
February 1, 2016.
There was above normal precipitation in 2015,
and a reduction in short term drought conditions,
but a long term hydrological drought is still very
much alive.
9. G. Drought in Colorado
As of June, 2015, a federal report shows
that after years of perpetual thirst in
southeastern Colorado, the region is no
longer in a drought.
Colorado classification from the National
Weather Service was reduced from
“extreme” to “abnormally dry”
http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_28345015/report-se-colorado-no-longer-drought-after-
years
10. Runoff Forecasts
Runoff occurs as the result of precipitation –
both rainfall & snowmelt – that is in excess of the
demands of evaporation.
Water Year 2015 produced the lowest snowpack
in the Sierra Nevada since records have been
kept.
The cumulative effect is a reduction in natural
runoff. As much as 75% of water supplies in the
western states are derived from snowmelt.
11. Drought Measures
California State Water Resources Control
Board enforcing priority of water rights.
Insufficient water for all water users then water
diversions curtailed in order of priority.
California has just ended its fourth consecutive
year of below average rainfall & snowpack and
Water Year (2015) was the eighth of nine years
with below average runoff.
12. II. Impacts of a Drought
A. Required Reductions in Urban Water Use:
Voluntary conservation
mandatory rationing
extensive education and outreach programs
to reduce urban water use.
13. On February 2, 2016, The State Water
Resources Control Board adopted an
Emergency Conservation Regulation that
will extend mandatory urban conservation
through October, 2016.
Data provided by the State Water
Resources Control Board Shows that from
June 2014 through December 2015,
Californians have cumulatively saved just
over 25%, or about 1.1 million acre-feet,
compared to 2013.
http://www.acwa.com/content/drought
15. B. Increased Groundwater Pumping:
Increased reliance on groundwater to
supply urban and agricultural water users.
Lowers groundwater levels in groundwater
basins.
Causes subsidence of land surface.
Department of Water Resources Drought FAQ,
http://www.water.ca.gov/drought/faq.cfm.
16. Sustainable Groundwater
Management Act
• Passed in 2014 to regulate groundwater.
• First of its kind in California.
• Local solutions and control.
• Identified High, Medium, Low priority
basins.
• Must have a Management Agency in
place by 2016.
• Groundwater management plan by 2020.
17. SGMA
• Basin wide adjudications streamlined.
• Physical solution to overdraft.
• Adjustment to boundaries,
hydrogeological, physical, political.
• Local control by local agencies.
• Can impose restrictions on pumping.
• Will have strict reporting and measuring.
18. C. Economic Impacts. Example -
Agricultural Communities.
Revenue loss, required crop changes,
income loss, employment loss, and land use
changes, depending on the extent to which
farmers can rely on groundwater pumping
as an alternative water supply.
Particularly noticeable in large agricultural
areas. http://www.water.ca.gov/drought/docs/drought_losses.pdf.
19. D. Fire. Increased fire danger.
Direct impact on vegetation, drought reduces
moisture in living trees and woody materials on
the ground.
Reduced moisture has a direct impact on the
ability for a fire to ignite.
Dry weather conditions set a stage for wild
land forest fires to occur outside of the fire
season.
Even if we get a little bit of rain, one dry,
sunny afternoon can zap the moisture out of
the vegetation.
20. III. Water Resource Solutions
A. California Department of Water
Resources Drought Assistance:
DWR offering grants or loans to assist with
water conservation, agricultural water
recycling, groundwater management, water
quality and supply, and studies and
activities to enhance local water supply
reliability. http://www.grantsloans.water.ca.gov/.
21. B. Transfers/ Water Market: Pursue a short or
long-term water transfer to augment supply.
Both temporary and permanent transfer
provisions exist in the California Water Code.
All types of transfers must not injure any
existing legal users of water, or harm fish and
wildlife.
Most transfers require CEQA compliance.
Other requirements based on type of transfer.
22. 2. DWR Drought Water Bank:
To help facilitate water transfers, DWR
has established a Drought Water Bank.
DWR will purchase water from willing
sellers primarily upstream of the
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and
make it available to water suppliers that
are experiencing water shortages due to
drought conditions.
23. a. DWR Drought Water Bank
Transfers exempt from CEQA – DWR
complies with CEQA for all transferors /
transferees in the program that year.
For this reason, proposal must be submitted
to DWR before the calendar year begins.
24. D. Recycled Water is Drought Proof! Water
Recycling is the treating and managing of
municipal, industrial, or agricultural wastewater
to produce water that can be productively
reused. Recycled water can satisfy most water
demands as long as it is adequately treated.
Prevents pollution and maximizes resources by
redirecting nutrient enriched treated wastewater
from discharging into streams and lakes and onto
beaches for other beneficial uses.
25. E. Conservation.
Local agencies spearheading public
awareness campaigns to encourage
water conservation.
Some imposing mandatory rationing.
(Examples above.)
Department of Water Resources website
gives 20 ways the public can help to
conserve.
http://www.water.ca.gov/drought/assist/save20-indoors.cfm.
26. Water recycling provides an additional
source of water that can be used for
beneficial purposes, such as agricultural
irrigation, landscape irrigation,
groundwater recharge, in industry, for
the environment and recreation, and as
indirect potable water.
http://www.owue.water.ca.gov/recycle/docs/WaterFact23.pdf
27. C. Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and
Surface Water
Conjunctive water use refers to simultaneous use of
surface water and groundwater.
Combining surface water and groundwater
minimizes the undesirable physical, environmental
and economical effects of each solution and
optimizes the water demand / supply balance.
Usually conjunctive use of surface and ground
water is considered within a river basin
management program (both the river and the
aquifer belong to the same basin).
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5400e/v5400e0c.htm
28. Conjunctive use project issues:
Underground storage availability,
Production capacity of the aquifer(s) in terms
of potential discharge,
Natural recharge of the aquifer(s),
Comparative economic and environmental
benefits derived from the various possible
options.
29. Less water, higher prices
The price we pay for water is a small fraction of
what it actually costs to extract water, deliver it
to users and treat it after its use.
As scarcity increases, so does the cost of
supplying it from remote sources.
In Brazil and Ecuador, a small percentage of
water fees paid by city dwellers is used to
protect watersheds that supply their water. It is
extremely cost effective; healthy watersheds
produce clean water that requires less water
treatment. http://www.nature.org/tncscience/bigideas/people/art23907.html
30. Australia Drought Initiative
• Worst drought in history in 2009.
• Government worked to force conservation.
• Some cities conserved over 50% of water.
• Recycled water for irrigation.
• Electronic Billboards to motivate efforts.
• New reservoirs and pipelines.
• Desalination plants never used.
31. How Will We Know When The
Drought is Over?
“The drought could end this year, according to
state water officials. But for that to happen, as
California and Nevada enter the fifth year of the
worst drought in history, rains will have to
continue arriving in pounding, relentless waves
through April to fill depleted reservoirs and dry
rivers and push the Sierra snowpack to at least
150 percent of normal”
http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_29364616/california-drought-how-will-we-know-when-its