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DROUGHT IN CALIFORNIA
ABIGAIL NICKRANT
Source: California droughts test history of endless
growth
From: New York Times, April 4, 2015
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
• Manifest Destiny:
• Westward Expansion
• 1848: California Becomes a State
• Gold Rush - mining
• Dam funding
• 1906: Mulholland & Eaton bring
water to L.A. through the Owens
Valley Water Project and LA
aqueduct
• Second “gold rush” climate and jobs
• State Water Project Initiated
“The American West was won by water management. What
happens when there is no water left to manage?”
Source: California Dept of Water
Resources
From: History of the California Water
Project, DWR, 2015
Source: Metropolitan Water District: Historical Background
From: Water and Power Associates, 2014
THE COLORADO RIVER
Bending state borders to incorporate the
Colorado
• The “Wet” 20th Century
• Water management built off of flood
conditions throughout the west
• The flood is over
Source: Discover Magazine
From: Top 100 Stories of
2013: #67, Colorado River in
Drought’s Grip, T. Yulsman,
2014
2000
2013
Source: Colorado River Watershed
From: Roaring Fork Conservancy, 2015
COLORADO RIVER TODAY
Source: Saving the Colorado River
Delta one habitat at a time
From: National Geographic, 2014
CALIFORNIA AND
WATER USAGE
TODAY
1900: 2 MILLION
1950: 10 MILLION
2015: 38 MILLION
2050: 50 MILLION
(PROJECTED)
Source: Regional per Capita Water Use in California
From: The Southern California Water Villain, PPIC, 2015
WATER SOURCES IN CALIFORNIA
LAND USAGE WATER SOURCES PRECIPITATION
Source: A tale of two California water suppliers: The State Water Project
vs. The Colorado River
From: The Los Angeles News Group, 2014
Source: Turning off the Tap
From: California Dept of Water Resources
Source: Ground Water Atlas of the United States: CA/NV
From: USGS, 2015
DROUGHT CONDITIONS THROUGH THE
YEARS
Source: U.S. Drought Monitor Map Archive
From: United States Drought Monitor, April 7, 2015
THE SCIENCE OF DROUGHT
• Climate throughout the state varies tremendously
• Entire state considered in drought
• Extreme drought every 20-50 years
• Severity of drought caused by the “Ridiculously
Resilient Ridge”
Source: The California Drought: who gets the water and who is hung out to dry?
From: earthjustice.org, 2014
Source: California drought isn’t getting any better
From: Pioneer Review, 2014
WATER IN CALIFORNIA
THE AVERAGE AMERICAN USES 98 GWPD
THE AVERAGE CALIFORNIAN USES 196 GWPD
STOCKTON DECREASED WATER USAGE TO 56 GWPD
SAN DIEGO INCREASED DEMAND 8.3% IN 2 YRS
WATER MOVED THROUGHOUT THE STATE
CONSTANTLY, NOT THIS YEAR
STATE WATER PROJECT (SWP) ONLY DELIVERING 5%
REQUESTED WATER TO FARMS
AVERAGE OF 17% INCREASE IN SWP WATER
ALLOCATION FOR COUNTIES/CITIES
Source: California’s hot, dry winters tied to climate change
From: California Dept of Water Resources, 2014
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WATER SHORTAGE IN
CALIFORNIA
• 80% OF CALIFORNIAN WATER USAGE GOES TO
AGRICULTURE
• 54% TO IRRIGATION
• CALIFORNIA IS THE WORLD’S 7TH LARGEST ECONOMY
• 428,000 ACRES EXPECTED TO LAY FALLOW THIS YEAR
Source: California is tapping water that rained 20,000 years ago to deal with epic drought
From: Inhabitat, 2015
Source: California Drought: Farmer loses 1,000 acres of almond trees to California drought
From: NBC News Online, 2015
Source: A trip to the almonds in California
From: Mother Earth News, 2012
WHY THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT AFFECTS
EVERYONE
• THREE-YEAR STRETCH OF DROUGHT THUS
FAR
• 80% OF CALIFORNIA IN
EXTREME/EXCEPTIONAL DROUGHT
• 80% CALIFORNIAN WATER USED BY
CALIFORNIA FARMS
• $810 MILLION IN LOSSES IN CENTRAL
VALLEY ALONE
• $453 MILLION SPENT TO PUMP GROUND
WATER
• 17,000 AGRICULTURAL JOBS LOST
• 428,000 ACRES LAY FALLOW
• GROUNDWATER DRILLING = SINKING
GROUND
• SKYROCKETING FRUITS AND VEGETABLE
PRICES
• HALF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND NUTS
GROWN IN CALIFORNIA
• FISH EVACUATIONS AND WILDFIRES
• CALIFORNIA: $687 MILLION
• FEDERAL: $183 MILLION
• PREDICTED: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WILL
ONLY GET DRIER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
WILL GET HOTTER
• LESS WATER FOR ALL
IMPACT OF
MANDATORY
WATER
RESTRICTIONS
• MAY 2015, MANDATORY 25% WATER
USAGE CUT FOR ALL HOUSEHOLDS
• AS OF APRIL 7, 2015, WATER USAGE
HAS DECREASED 2.7% SINCE
FEBRUARY
• SOME REGIONS SEE AN INCREASE IN
WATER DEMAND
• USAGE PER PERSON HAS DECREASED
• BOOST IN DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION
• HIGHER TEMPERATURES MEAN MORE
WATER USAGE NEEDED
Source: What Does a 20% Reduction in Daily Water Use Look Like?
From: USDA: Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 2015
LITERATURE CITED:
BAJZELJ, B., RICHARDS, K. S., ALLWOOD, J. M., SMITH, P., DENNIS, J. S., CURMI, E., & GILLIGAN, C. A. (2014). IMPORTANCE OF FOOD-DEMAND MANAGEMENT FOR CULTURE MITIGATION. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 4, 924-929. HTTP://DOI:10.1038/NCLIMATE2353
BLOCH, M., & PARK, H. (2015, APRIL 1). HOW MUCH WATER CALIFORNIANS USE AT HOME. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/INTERACTIVE/2014/UPSHOT/MAPPING-THE-SPREAD-OF-DROUGHT-ACROSS-THE-US.HTML?ABT=0002&ABG=0
BOSTOCK, M., & QUEALY, K. (2015, APRIL 2). MAPPING THE SPREAD ACROSS THE U.S. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/INTERACTIVE/2014/UPSHOT/MAPPING-THE-SPREAD-OF-DROUGHT-ACROSS-THE-US.HTML?ABT=0002&ABG=0
BREITLER, A. (2015, APRIL 7). CONSERVATION EFFORTS TAKE A TUMBLE. THE RECORD. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.RECORDNET.COM/ARTICLE/20150407/NEWS/150409755/101095/A_NEWS
GREEN, L., JR. (2014, JANUARY 31). CALIFORNIA DROUGHT ISN'T GETTING ANY BETTER. PIONEER REVIEW. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WILLIAMSPIONEER.COM/ARTICLE/55805
HOWARD, B. C. (2014, DECEMBER 15). SAVING THE COLORADO RIVER ONE HABITAT AT A TIME. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://NEWS.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/NEWS/SPECIAL-FEATURES/2014/12/141216-COLORADO-RIVER-DELTA-RESTORATION-WATER-DROUGHT-
ENVIRONMENT/
KUNZIG, R. (2008, FEBRUARY). DRYING OF THE WEST. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://NGM.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/2008/02/DRYING-WEST/KUNZIG-TEXT/1
LUND, J., MENDELLIN-AZURA, J., & HARTER, T. (2014). WHY CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE NEEDS GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT. CALIFORNIA WATERBLOG, 1-25. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.YOLOWRA.ORG/TECH_AGENDAS/2014/GROUNDWATERARTICLES(TO).PDF
MARTINEZ, M., & MEEKS, A. (2015, APRIL 3). HOW HISTORIC CALIFORNIA DROUGHT HURTS THE NATION, OFTEN FOR THE WORSE. CNN. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.CNN.COM/2015/04/03/US/CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT/
MIESZKOWSKI, K. (2014, JULY 23). WHY THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT AFFECTS EVERYONE. REVEAL. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.REVEALNEWS.ORG/ARTICLE-LEGACY/WHY-THE-CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT-AFFECTS-EVERYONE/
NAGOURNEY, A., HEALY, J., & SCHWARTZ, N. D. (2015, APRIL 4). CALIFORNIA DROUGHTS TESTS HISTORY OF ENDLESS GROWTH. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2015/04/05/US/CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT-TESTS-HISTORY-OF-ENDLESS-GROWTH.HTML?SMID=TW-
NYTIMES&_R=0
NATIONAL DROUGHT MITIGATION CENTER. (2015). UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN [WHAT IS DROUGHT?]. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://DROUGHT.UNL.EDU/DROUGHTBASICS/WHATISDROUGHT.ASPX
NPR: TALK OF THE NATION. (2013, MAY 29). COLORADO CRISIS: AMERICA'S GREAT RIVER DWINDLES IN DROUGHT (INTERVIEW BY N. CONAN) [AUDIO FILE]. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NPR.ORG/2013/05/29/187079884/COLORADO-CRISIS-AMERICAS-GREAT-RIVER-DWINDLES-IN-DROUGHT
ROGERS, P., & ST. FLEUR, N. (2014, FEBRUARY 7). CALIFORNIA DROUGHT: DATABASE SHOWS BIG DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WATER GUZZLERS AND SIPPERS. SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.MERCURYNEWS.COM/SCIENCE/CI_25090363/CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT-WATER-
USE-VARIES-WIDELY-AROUND-STATE
SIEGLER, K. (2015, APRIL 7). CALIFORNIA FARMERS GULP MOST OF STATE'S WATER, BUT SAY THEY'VE CUT BACK [NEWSGROUP POST]. RETRIEVED FROM NPR.ORG WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.NPR.ORG/BLOGS/THESALT/2015/04/07/398106067/CALIF-S-FARMERS-GULP-MOST-OF-STATES-WATER-BUT-
SAY-THEYVE-CUT-BACK
TAPIA, L. (2012). WATER USAGE IN THE WEST [FACT SHEET]. RETRIEVED APRIL 7, 2015, FROM THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS: WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITTEE WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.CSGWEST.ORG/POLICY/WESTERNWATERUSAGE.ASPX
UC DAVIS: CENTER FOR WATERSHED SERVICES. (2015). REGIONAL PER CAPITA WATER USE IN CALIFORNIA [FACT SHEET]. RETRIEVED FROM PPIC WEBSITE: HTTPS://WATERSHED.UCDAVIS.EDU/MYTHS/THE+SOUTHERN+CALIFORNIA+WATER+VILLAIN/#3
UNITED STATES DROUGHT MONITOR. (2015, APRIL 7). U.S. DROUGHT MONITOR MAP ARCHIVE [FACT SHEET]. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://DROUGHTMONITOR.UNL.EDU/MAPSANDDATA/MAPARCHIVE.ASPX
USDA: FOREST SERVICE, PACIFIC SOUTHWEST REGION. (2015). WHAT DOES A 20% REDUCTION IN DAILY WATER USE LOOK LIKE? RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.FS.USDA.GOV/DETAIL/R5/LANDMANAGEMENT/?CID=STELPRD3818371
WATER AND POWER ASSOCIATES. (2014). METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WATERANDPOWER.ORG/MUSEUM/METROPOLITAN_WATER_DISTRICT.HTML
WATKINS, A. B. (2005). THE AUSTRALIAN DROUGHT OF 2005. WMO BULLETIN, 54(3), 1-7. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.GEO.UIO.NO/EDC/DOWNLOADS/THE_AUSTRALIAN_DROUGHT_OF_2005_-_OFFPRINT_OF_WMO_BULLETIN_2005_54(3)_156-162.PDF
WINES, M. (2014, JANUARY 5). COLORADO RIVER DROUGHT FORCES A PAINFUL RECKONING FOR STATES. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2014/01/06/US/COLORADO-RIVER-DROUGHT-FORCES-A-PAINFUL-RECKONING-FOR-STATES.HTML
WOODSIDE, C. (2011). FEARS FOR AMERICA'S PARCHED SOUTHWEST. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 1, 383-384. HTTP://DOI:10.1038/NCLIMATE/269
YULSMAN, T. (2013, JANUARY 23). TOP 100 STORIES OF 2013: COLORADO RIVER IN DROUGHT'S GRIP. DISCOVER MAGAZINE. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://DISCOVERMAGAZINE.COM/2014/JAN-FEB/67-COLORADO-RIVER-IN-DROUGHTS-GRIP

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Drought in California

  • 1. DROUGHT IN CALIFORNIA ABIGAIL NICKRANT Source: California droughts test history of endless growth From: New York Times, April 4, 2015
  • 2. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND • Manifest Destiny: • Westward Expansion • 1848: California Becomes a State • Gold Rush - mining • Dam funding • 1906: Mulholland & Eaton bring water to L.A. through the Owens Valley Water Project and LA aqueduct • Second “gold rush” climate and jobs • State Water Project Initiated “The American West was won by water management. What happens when there is no water left to manage?” Source: California Dept of Water Resources From: History of the California Water Project, DWR, 2015 Source: Metropolitan Water District: Historical Background From: Water and Power Associates, 2014
  • 3. THE COLORADO RIVER Bending state borders to incorporate the Colorado • The “Wet” 20th Century • Water management built off of flood conditions throughout the west • The flood is over Source: Discover Magazine From: Top 100 Stories of 2013: #67, Colorado River in Drought’s Grip, T. Yulsman, 2014 2000 2013 Source: Colorado River Watershed From: Roaring Fork Conservancy, 2015
  • 4. COLORADO RIVER TODAY Source: Saving the Colorado River Delta one habitat at a time From: National Geographic, 2014
  • 5. CALIFORNIA AND WATER USAGE TODAY 1900: 2 MILLION 1950: 10 MILLION 2015: 38 MILLION 2050: 50 MILLION (PROJECTED) Source: Regional per Capita Water Use in California From: The Southern California Water Villain, PPIC, 2015
  • 6. WATER SOURCES IN CALIFORNIA LAND USAGE WATER SOURCES PRECIPITATION Source: A tale of two California water suppliers: The State Water Project vs. The Colorado River From: The Los Angeles News Group, 2014 Source: Turning off the Tap From: California Dept of Water Resources Source: Ground Water Atlas of the United States: CA/NV From: USGS, 2015
  • 7. DROUGHT CONDITIONS THROUGH THE YEARS Source: U.S. Drought Monitor Map Archive From: United States Drought Monitor, April 7, 2015
  • 8. THE SCIENCE OF DROUGHT • Climate throughout the state varies tremendously • Entire state considered in drought • Extreme drought every 20-50 years • Severity of drought caused by the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” Source: The California Drought: who gets the water and who is hung out to dry? From: earthjustice.org, 2014 Source: California drought isn’t getting any better From: Pioneer Review, 2014
  • 9. WATER IN CALIFORNIA THE AVERAGE AMERICAN USES 98 GWPD THE AVERAGE CALIFORNIAN USES 196 GWPD STOCKTON DECREASED WATER USAGE TO 56 GWPD SAN DIEGO INCREASED DEMAND 8.3% IN 2 YRS WATER MOVED THROUGHOUT THE STATE CONSTANTLY, NOT THIS YEAR STATE WATER PROJECT (SWP) ONLY DELIVERING 5% REQUESTED WATER TO FARMS AVERAGE OF 17% INCREASE IN SWP WATER ALLOCATION FOR COUNTIES/CITIES Source: California’s hot, dry winters tied to climate change From: California Dept of Water Resources, 2014
  • 10. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WATER SHORTAGE IN CALIFORNIA • 80% OF CALIFORNIAN WATER USAGE GOES TO AGRICULTURE • 54% TO IRRIGATION • CALIFORNIA IS THE WORLD’S 7TH LARGEST ECONOMY • 428,000 ACRES EXPECTED TO LAY FALLOW THIS YEAR Source: California is tapping water that rained 20,000 years ago to deal with epic drought From: Inhabitat, 2015 Source: California Drought: Farmer loses 1,000 acres of almond trees to California drought From: NBC News Online, 2015 Source: A trip to the almonds in California From: Mother Earth News, 2012
  • 11. WHY THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT AFFECTS EVERYONE • THREE-YEAR STRETCH OF DROUGHT THUS FAR • 80% OF CALIFORNIA IN EXTREME/EXCEPTIONAL DROUGHT • 80% CALIFORNIAN WATER USED BY CALIFORNIA FARMS • $810 MILLION IN LOSSES IN CENTRAL VALLEY ALONE • $453 MILLION SPENT TO PUMP GROUND WATER • 17,000 AGRICULTURAL JOBS LOST • 428,000 ACRES LAY FALLOW • GROUNDWATER DRILLING = SINKING GROUND • SKYROCKETING FRUITS AND VEGETABLE PRICES • HALF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND NUTS GROWN IN CALIFORNIA • FISH EVACUATIONS AND WILDFIRES • CALIFORNIA: $687 MILLION • FEDERAL: $183 MILLION • PREDICTED: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WILL ONLY GET DRIER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WILL GET HOTTER • LESS WATER FOR ALL
  • 12. IMPACT OF MANDATORY WATER RESTRICTIONS • MAY 2015, MANDATORY 25% WATER USAGE CUT FOR ALL HOUSEHOLDS • AS OF APRIL 7, 2015, WATER USAGE HAS DECREASED 2.7% SINCE FEBRUARY • SOME REGIONS SEE AN INCREASE IN WATER DEMAND • USAGE PER PERSON HAS DECREASED • BOOST IN DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION • HIGHER TEMPERATURES MEAN MORE WATER USAGE NEEDED Source: What Does a 20% Reduction in Daily Water Use Look Like? From: USDA: Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 2015
  • 13. LITERATURE CITED: BAJZELJ, B., RICHARDS, K. S., ALLWOOD, J. M., SMITH, P., DENNIS, J. S., CURMI, E., & GILLIGAN, C. A. (2014). IMPORTANCE OF FOOD-DEMAND MANAGEMENT FOR CULTURE MITIGATION. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 4, 924-929. HTTP://DOI:10.1038/NCLIMATE2353 BLOCH, M., & PARK, H. (2015, APRIL 1). HOW MUCH WATER CALIFORNIANS USE AT HOME. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/INTERACTIVE/2014/UPSHOT/MAPPING-THE-SPREAD-OF-DROUGHT-ACROSS-THE-US.HTML?ABT=0002&ABG=0 BOSTOCK, M., & QUEALY, K. (2015, APRIL 2). MAPPING THE SPREAD ACROSS THE U.S. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/INTERACTIVE/2014/UPSHOT/MAPPING-THE-SPREAD-OF-DROUGHT-ACROSS-THE-US.HTML?ABT=0002&ABG=0 BREITLER, A. (2015, APRIL 7). CONSERVATION EFFORTS TAKE A TUMBLE. THE RECORD. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.RECORDNET.COM/ARTICLE/20150407/NEWS/150409755/101095/A_NEWS GREEN, L., JR. (2014, JANUARY 31). CALIFORNIA DROUGHT ISN'T GETTING ANY BETTER. PIONEER REVIEW. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WILLIAMSPIONEER.COM/ARTICLE/55805 HOWARD, B. C. (2014, DECEMBER 15). SAVING THE COLORADO RIVER ONE HABITAT AT A TIME. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://NEWS.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/NEWS/SPECIAL-FEATURES/2014/12/141216-COLORADO-RIVER-DELTA-RESTORATION-WATER-DROUGHT- ENVIRONMENT/ KUNZIG, R. (2008, FEBRUARY). DRYING OF THE WEST. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://NGM.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/2008/02/DRYING-WEST/KUNZIG-TEXT/1 LUND, J., MENDELLIN-AZURA, J., & HARTER, T. (2014). WHY CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE NEEDS GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT. CALIFORNIA WATERBLOG, 1-25. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.YOLOWRA.ORG/TECH_AGENDAS/2014/GROUNDWATERARTICLES(TO).PDF MARTINEZ, M., & MEEKS, A. (2015, APRIL 3). HOW HISTORIC CALIFORNIA DROUGHT HURTS THE NATION, OFTEN FOR THE WORSE. CNN. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.CNN.COM/2015/04/03/US/CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT/ MIESZKOWSKI, K. (2014, JULY 23). WHY THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT AFFECTS EVERYONE. REVEAL. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.REVEALNEWS.ORG/ARTICLE-LEGACY/WHY-THE-CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT-AFFECTS-EVERYONE/ NAGOURNEY, A., HEALY, J., & SCHWARTZ, N. D. (2015, APRIL 4). CALIFORNIA DROUGHTS TESTS HISTORY OF ENDLESS GROWTH. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2015/04/05/US/CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT-TESTS-HISTORY-OF-ENDLESS-GROWTH.HTML?SMID=TW- NYTIMES&_R=0 NATIONAL DROUGHT MITIGATION CENTER. (2015). UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN [WHAT IS DROUGHT?]. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://DROUGHT.UNL.EDU/DROUGHTBASICS/WHATISDROUGHT.ASPX NPR: TALK OF THE NATION. (2013, MAY 29). COLORADO CRISIS: AMERICA'S GREAT RIVER DWINDLES IN DROUGHT (INTERVIEW BY N. CONAN) [AUDIO FILE]. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NPR.ORG/2013/05/29/187079884/COLORADO-CRISIS-AMERICAS-GREAT-RIVER-DWINDLES-IN-DROUGHT ROGERS, P., & ST. FLEUR, N. (2014, FEBRUARY 7). CALIFORNIA DROUGHT: DATABASE SHOWS BIG DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WATER GUZZLERS AND SIPPERS. SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.MERCURYNEWS.COM/SCIENCE/CI_25090363/CALIFORNIA-DROUGHT-WATER- USE-VARIES-WIDELY-AROUND-STATE SIEGLER, K. (2015, APRIL 7). CALIFORNIA FARMERS GULP MOST OF STATE'S WATER, BUT SAY THEY'VE CUT BACK [NEWSGROUP POST]. RETRIEVED FROM NPR.ORG WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.NPR.ORG/BLOGS/THESALT/2015/04/07/398106067/CALIF-S-FARMERS-GULP-MOST-OF-STATES-WATER-BUT- SAY-THEYVE-CUT-BACK TAPIA, L. (2012). WATER USAGE IN THE WEST [FACT SHEET]. RETRIEVED APRIL 7, 2015, FROM THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS: WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITTEE WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.CSGWEST.ORG/POLICY/WESTERNWATERUSAGE.ASPX UC DAVIS: CENTER FOR WATERSHED SERVICES. (2015). REGIONAL PER CAPITA WATER USE IN CALIFORNIA [FACT SHEET]. RETRIEVED FROM PPIC WEBSITE: HTTPS://WATERSHED.UCDAVIS.EDU/MYTHS/THE+SOUTHERN+CALIFORNIA+WATER+VILLAIN/#3 UNITED STATES DROUGHT MONITOR. (2015, APRIL 7). U.S. DROUGHT MONITOR MAP ARCHIVE [FACT SHEET]. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://DROUGHTMONITOR.UNL.EDU/MAPSANDDATA/MAPARCHIVE.ASPX USDA: FOREST SERVICE, PACIFIC SOUTHWEST REGION. (2015). WHAT DOES A 20% REDUCTION IN DAILY WATER USE LOOK LIKE? RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.FS.USDA.GOV/DETAIL/R5/LANDMANAGEMENT/?CID=STELPRD3818371 WATER AND POWER ASSOCIATES. (2014). METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WATERANDPOWER.ORG/MUSEUM/METROPOLITAN_WATER_DISTRICT.HTML WATKINS, A. B. (2005). THE AUSTRALIAN DROUGHT OF 2005. WMO BULLETIN, 54(3), 1-7. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.GEO.UIO.NO/EDC/DOWNLOADS/THE_AUSTRALIAN_DROUGHT_OF_2005_-_OFFPRINT_OF_WMO_BULLETIN_2005_54(3)_156-162.PDF WINES, M. (2014, JANUARY 5). COLORADO RIVER DROUGHT FORCES A PAINFUL RECKONING FOR STATES. NEW YORK TIMES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2014/01/06/US/COLORADO-RIVER-DROUGHT-FORCES-A-PAINFUL-RECKONING-FOR-STATES.HTML WOODSIDE, C. (2011). FEARS FOR AMERICA'S PARCHED SOUTHWEST. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 1, 383-384. HTTP://DOI:10.1038/NCLIMATE/269 YULSMAN, T. (2013, JANUARY 23). TOP 100 STORIES OF 2013: COLORADO RIVER IN DROUGHT'S GRIP. DISCOVER MAGAZINE. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://DISCOVERMAGAZINE.COM/2014/JAN-FEB/67-COLORADO-RIVER-IN-DROUGHTS-GRIP