An Arabidopsis thaliana promoter trap line called FG28 was identified that showed constitutive expression of the GUS reporter gene in all plant tissues from the seedling stage to maturity. A bidirectional promoter trap vector was constructed containing the GUS and GFP reporter genes at the left and right borders of the T-DNA. This vector was used to generate transgenic Arabidopsis plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Screening of the T1 generation on kanamycin selection identified line FG28 with GUS expression in leaves, roots, stems, inflorescences, ovules, anthers, and siliques.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS) having International Impact (ICV: 27.39, GIF: 0.471; IBI Factor: 2.8; NJIF: 2.14; GSCIF: 0.364), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants' research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS) having International Impact (ICV: 27.39, GIF: 0.471; IBI Factor: 2.8; NJIF: 2.14; GSCIF: 0.364), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants' research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
Pl visit-www.hortflorajournal.com
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS) having International Impact (ICV: 27.39, GIF: 0.471; IBI Factor: 2.8; NJIF: 2.14; GSCIF: 0.364), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants' research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS) having International Impact (ICV: 27.39, GIF: 0.471; IBI Factor: 2.8; NJIF: 2.14; GSCIF: 0.364), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants' research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
Pl visit-www.hortflorajournal.com
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles in all fields of plant sciences. Austin Journal of Plant Biology provides a new platform for botanists, researchers, scientists, scholars and academicians to publish their work & update the recent advances in plant sciences.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials) and Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment of research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Sciences (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level. HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India) www.hortflorajournal.com
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
Molecular Diversity Analysis of Some Local Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Genot...AI Publications
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes have been widely used as a spice and flavoring agent in foods and beverages in Bangladesh as well as in all over the world for its economical and medicinal values. The present investigation was undertaken for the assessment of 13 local ginger genotypes collected from different region of Bangladesh through 7 RAPD primers. Genomic DNA was extracted from ginger genotypes using CTAB method. A total of 34 distinct and differential amplification bands ranging from 150-1200 bp were observed with an average of 1.14 polymorphic bands per primer. The overall gene diversity was detected 0.8052 and the value of PIC was detected 0.7532. The RAPD marker generate enough polymorphism for possible use in diversity studies through cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA classified 13 ginger genotypes into four groups and showed in two dimensional scatter plot. The genetic similarity coefficients among genotypes ranged from 0.103 to 0.654. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity-coefficient using UPGMA grouped the genotypes into two clusters: Cluster A and Cluster B. The cluster ‘A’ had only one genotype Kaptai local and the second cluster ‘B’ had rest of twelve genotypes. The prevalence level of polymorphism in the local genotypes of ginger will help to breeders for ginger improvement program.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
ABSTRACT- The adult plant resistance (APR) gene Lr34 and Lr46 of wheat is associated with leaf tip necrosis (Ltn),
and provide resistance against multiple diseases, viz. leaf rust, stripe rust, stem rust, powdery mildew and spot blotch.
APR gene Lr46 is also associated with Ltn. Lesion mimic (lm) mutants express hypersensitive responses in the absence of
pathogens and also confer resistance to biotrophic pathogens, including leaf rust. However, association between spot
blotch and Ltn is reported, but not with Lm and Ltn. Five hundred diverse lines of spring wheat including two hundred
and ninety four wami population including were screened for Lr34 (CsLv34, 150 bp), Lr46 (STS1BL2, 600bp) and three
lesion mimic genes, viz. lm (Xwmc85.1 and Xgwm264) on 1B, lm1 (Xbarc147 and Xwmc674) on 3BS, and lm2 (Xgwm513
and Xgwm149) on 4BL.Lr34alone was found in only one line, but in 31% of lines it was in combination with Lr46. In
contrast, Lr46 was present singly in 63% of lines. The Lm genes appeared to increase spot blotch severity whereas Lr34
alone or with Lr46 provided moderate to high level of resistance. Lm expression was absent when both Lr34 and Lr46
were present indicating their masking effect on Lm genes. The presence of Lr46 alone showed variable Lm expression.
This suggests that the presence of Lr34 + Lr46 and/or absence of Lm genes enhance resistance to spot blotch.
Key-words- Leaf tip necrosis (Ltn), Lesion mimics (Lm), Spot blotch, Phenotypic marker, Adult plant resistance (APR)
Topic- Genetic Variability and Stability Analysis in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
PRESENTED
BY
CHIRANJEEV
Id. No. – 4213, M. Sc. (Ag.)
In the presence of External examiner and Members of Advisory Committee
Venue: Seminar class room
On date: 27/10/2020
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY MEERUT-250110 (U.P.) India
A mutant line in arabidopsis showing TDA insertion within reverse strand in Promoter region of AP2 gene. Mutant line showing GFP expression ovule as well as in anther
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles in all fields of plant sciences. Austin Journal of Plant Biology provides a new platform for botanists, researchers, scientists, scholars and academicians to publish their work & update the recent advances in plant sciences.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials) and Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Plant Biology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment of research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Sciences (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level. HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India) www.hortflorajournal.com
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
Molecular Diversity Analysis of Some Local Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Genot...AI Publications
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes have been widely used as a spice and flavoring agent in foods and beverages in Bangladesh as well as in all over the world for its economical and medicinal values. The present investigation was undertaken for the assessment of 13 local ginger genotypes collected from different region of Bangladesh through 7 RAPD primers. Genomic DNA was extracted from ginger genotypes using CTAB method. A total of 34 distinct and differential amplification bands ranging from 150-1200 bp were observed with an average of 1.14 polymorphic bands per primer. The overall gene diversity was detected 0.8052 and the value of PIC was detected 0.7532. The RAPD marker generate enough polymorphism for possible use in diversity studies through cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA classified 13 ginger genotypes into four groups and showed in two dimensional scatter plot. The genetic similarity coefficients among genotypes ranged from 0.103 to 0.654. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity-coefficient using UPGMA grouped the genotypes into two clusters: Cluster A and Cluster B. The cluster ‘A’ had only one genotype Kaptai local and the second cluster ‘B’ had rest of twelve genotypes. The prevalence level of polymorphism in the local genotypes of ginger will help to breeders for ginger improvement program.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
ABSTRACT- The adult plant resistance (APR) gene Lr34 and Lr46 of wheat is associated with leaf tip necrosis (Ltn),
and provide resistance against multiple diseases, viz. leaf rust, stripe rust, stem rust, powdery mildew and spot blotch.
APR gene Lr46 is also associated with Ltn. Lesion mimic (lm) mutants express hypersensitive responses in the absence of
pathogens and also confer resistance to biotrophic pathogens, including leaf rust. However, association between spot
blotch and Ltn is reported, but not with Lm and Ltn. Five hundred diverse lines of spring wheat including two hundred
and ninety four wami population including were screened for Lr34 (CsLv34, 150 bp), Lr46 (STS1BL2, 600bp) and three
lesion mimic genes, viz. lm (Xwmc85.1 and Xgwm264) on 1B, lm1 (Xbarc147 and Xwmc674) on 3BS, and lm2 (Xgwm513
and Xgwm149) on 4BL.Lr34alone was found in only one line, but in 31% of lines it was in combination with Lr46. In
contrast, Lr46 was present singly in 63% of lines. The Lm genes appeared to increase spot blotch severity whereas Lr34
alone or with Lr46 provided moderate to high level of resistance. Lm expression was absent when both Lr34 and Lr46
were present indicating their masking effect on Lm genes. The presence of Lr46 alone showed variable Lm expression.
This suggests that the presence of Lr34 + Lr46 and/or absence of Lm genes enhance resistance to spot blotch.
Key-words- Leaf tip necrosis (Ltn), Lesion mimics (Lm), Spot blotch, Phenotypic marker, Adult plant resistance (APR)
Topic- Genetic Variability and Stability Analysis in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
PRESENTED
BY
CHIRANJEEV
Id. No. – 4213, M. Sc. (Ag.)
In the presence of External examiner and Members of Advisory Committee
Venue: Seminar class room
On date: 27/10/2020
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY MEERUT-250110 (U.P.) India
A mutant line in arabidopsis showing TDA insertion within reverse strand in Promoter region of AP2 gene. Mutant line showing GFP expression ovule as well as in anther
It is a process of cell division. Somatic Cells are multiply using mitosis. Mitosis is further divided into 4 steps.
Prophase
Metaphase
Aaphase
Telophase
Example skin
Since pesticide is a major issue in agriculture field. One should focus on pesticide degradation for improving the sustainability of agriculture. In this poster we have shown a strategy of potential nitrogen fixing Bacterial candidates for pesticide degradation.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana promoter trap line showing constitutive
expression of the GUS reporter gene
Sharma Pooja 1, M. Ravikumar 1, Chandra Ankita1, Gupta Navin 1, Borah Priyanka 1,
kumar Vajinder 1, Siwach Priyanka 2, Srinivasan R.1 and Bhat S. R.1
1 National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi-110012, India;
2 Department of Biotechnology, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa-125055, Haryana, India
email: pooja0029@gmail.com
Summary: Regulation of gene expression plays a key role in determining growth and development of organisms. A
vast majority of natural variation is now believed to result from differences in gene regulation rather than due to
differences in genes per se. In order to find novel plant promoters we developed a bidirectional promoter trap vector
which carries GUS and GFP reporter genes at the left and right borders, respectively, of the T-DNA. Using this promoter
trap vector, a large number of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants were generated through Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation. Screening of T1 plants for reporter gene expression identified a line FG28, which showed GUS staining
in all plant parts such as leaf, root stem, inflorescence, ovule, anther and silique. Further examination of progeny
revealed GUS expression from seedling stage to maturity.
Methodology:
Construction of Bidirectional promoter trap vector carrying GFP at RB and GUS at LB
Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with Bitrap vector by floral dip method
Screening of promoter trap lines of Arabidopsis thaliana in T1 generation on MS containing
kanamycin as a selection marker.
Identification of GUS expression in different tissues of T1 population by histochemical
assay.
Cloning of the T-DNA insertion flanking sequence by Thermal Asymmetric Inter-Laced (TAIL)
PCR
Southern hybridization
