The document discusses various aspects of music during the American Civil War era, including: 1) Lowell Mason helped bring cultivated European music to New England through his hymn compositions and music education reforms while William Billings represented vernacular Yankee tunesmith music. 2) Jenny Lind brought cultivated music to large public concerts in the United States, performing over 130 shows to huge audiences. 3) Brass bands and marches became popular during this time with the development of new brass instruments and as woodwinds were replaced in military bands. Patriotic marches were composed and performed.

1. Civil War Music: Public Performances and Private Amusements

2. Lowell Mason (Note connection with George Root.) Boston! 1 st one to bring music to public education Composed many songs in hymn format Worked to reform religious music Although influenced by William Billings a Yankee Tunesmith (mid-1700s) Mason sought to bring European (art) Music to New England

3. Cultivated v. Vernacular Music Vernacular would include: Minstrel Songs, Folk Songs, sentimental ballads… versus classical music Vernacular would feature popular songs with accessible lyrics that a common audience understood. Cultivated music might include opera, choral music, think Handel, Haydn, Verdi, Mozart

4. Dwight’s Journal of Music Began as an attempt to elevate the public’s taste in music Began 1852-1881 Reports on different musical groups Gottschalk was criticized for his implementation of vernacular banjo…but was praised for his virtuoso piano playing

5. Jenny Lind Swedish Nightingale PT Barnum $10,000 a night Avg. income was $500 a year Cultivated music in circus 130 concerts in 93 cities (1850-1851) Henry Bishop’s 1 st track “Home Sweet Home” was commonly performed by Jenny Lind Trills!

6. Home, Sweet Home by Bishop Simple with 4 bar phrases and a range of an octave. Lyrics originate from a French play translated by John Howard Payne (American playwright) Plot is similar to Beauty and the Beast

7. Louis Moreau Gottschalk 1829-1869 Grew up in New Orleans Studied music in Paris in the 1840’s Technique and incorporating vernacular music from New Orleans heritage Dwight’s was not complimentary on his vernacular style, but liked his technique. Popular songs: The Banjo and The Bamboula (drums) Banjo includes quote from Camptown Races (Foster) Most popular piano work was “The Last Hope”

8. Orchestras and Choral Societies Vocal music was sacred in nature. Handel and Haydn Society in Boston around 1815 performed oratorios (operas) Men sang in falsetto to fill soprano sections. (Women generally weren’t allowed to join.) H&H were normally accompanied by 12 orchestra players on loan from a philharmonic society. This was the most prominent of the choral groups.

9. Germania Society Played 900 concerts between 1848-1854. Boston was home until they disbanded in1854. 25 musicians from Germany Monster concerts (Gottschalk and Patrick Gilmore) National Peace Jubilee Organized by Patrick Gilmore who composed/directed “When Johnny Comes Marching Home” Designed to reunify and heal America after the Civil War Early Monster Concert Louis Jullien in 1853 came from France w/ 25 musicians he brought over Fireman’s Quadrille which featured a real blaze.

10. Claudio Grafulla Washington’s March features the Dodworth Saxhorn band and was composed by Claudio Grafulla Grafulla leads the 7 th Regiment Band of New York during the Civil War Was a composer/arranger of others songs: Un Ballo in Maschera Quickstep, too Washington’s March was composed for virtuoso players, technically difficult, unusual in that has no introduction!!! Today the Washington Greys exist but are from the 8 th Regiment 42 nd Infantry Division not the 7 th regiment. The Washington Greys were named for our President, traditionally grey was the color of US soldiers prior to the Civil War.

11. Brass Instruments & Marches Woodwinds were used prior to 1830s as they had greater range, with the development of valves for brass instruments greater range could be made. Bugle most popular , Halliday created the 5 valve standard issue military bugle Aldophe Sax created saxhorns by 1845 the saxhorn was made as well as the saxophone. Percussion-snare drum placed high on the left side since 1600s, Bass drum and cymbals were issued too Brass Bands and Marches become popular by 1845

12. Marches Marches typically begin with an Intro. Strains or sections are different, typically 8 bar length, usually there is a contrasting section called a trio that is played in a subdominant and is lyrical. The trio section is usually softer in dynamics and more sparse in texture Marches on the CD: Washington March, The Battle Cry of Freedom, Un Ballo in Maschera Quickstep

13. Stephen Foster Known as the American Minstrel Died nearly broke yet wrote many popular songs, no royalties for songwriters yet. Sold to Christy’s Minstrels and others, actually sold rights of his songs to a publisher (Firth & Pond) that would rip him off so he could get a cash advance. Hit songs include: Jeanie with the light brown hair, Camptown Races , Oh’ Susanna, Suwannee River…Beautiful Dreamer last song he wrote Many thought he was from the South but like Dan Emmet was not. See hyperlink for timeline and correlating links http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/foster/timeline/timeline2.html

14. Minstrel Shows Originates with the Virginia Minstrels , popularized what was coined Ethiopian Style but its caricature of blacks was negative. Parts 1 st opening semi-circle …..2 nd olio… 3 rd walk around Interlocutor- straight man, not in blackface Tambo and Bones (blackface) on either side They spoke in black dialect and were very racist. Olio featured banjo solos, clog dances, speeches. Walk around parodied the ring shout.